#historical sound change
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welcome back! Ages ago I think you posted a link to a dictionary of common sound changes any chance you still have that resource or something like it? need some guidance so I'm not doing something totally wacky like all my Ts becoming Qs
Got a couple things for you. The first is the Index Diachronica, which is a searchable website. It's a database of hundreds of natural language sound changes.
Second is William Annis's "Paterns of Allophony", an article on Fiat Lingua that represents visually common sound changes.
Hope you find those useful!
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Evolution of gender and case system from Latin to modern Romance
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look i know yall don’t want to hear or acknowledge this but tumblr’s existing tools for visibility are godawful for the smaller artists/devs/writers/podcasters/etc trying to move over here after gaining most of their following on twitter, and not being sure how much of that following will jump to a different site. even blaze sucks now because a lot of peoples’ kneejerk reaction is to scroll past or leave a rude comment. i don’t think staff’s solutions to this are right or even that there is a right solution it just sucks all around tbh
#like. do i agree with the proposed changes? not really!#i think some of the reblog stuff sounds nice and bug fixes are always good. but that's it#but also i see where they're coming from and i think there's nuance here. something tumblr is historically bad at
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Do you have any literature on sound changes involving ejective consonants? Specifically ejective consonants changing into something else?
I don't know of any general surveys, but several individual cases are of course found in literature in more detail. It would be worthwhile to have some compiled data on this though! For a start I'll collect some examples in this post.
The best-described case might be Semitic, where any handbook (or even just the Wikipedia article) will inform you about *kʼ > q, tsʼ > (t)s etc. being attested in Arabic / Aramaic / Hebrew. Offhand I don't know if there is a particular locus classicus on the issue of reconstructing ejectives for Proto-Semitic, though.
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Cushitic, which I've been recently talking about, has open questions remaining especially in what exactly to reconstruct for various correspondences involving ejective affricates, but at least the development of the ejective stops seems to be well-established. Going first mainly per Sasse (1979), The Consonant Phonemes of Proto-East Cushitic, Afroasiatic Linguistics 7/1, three developments into something else appear across East Cushitic for *tʼ:
*tʼ > /ɗ/ (alveolar implosive): Oromo, Boni, Arboroid (Arbore, Daasenech, Elmolo), Dullay, Yaaku and, at least word-internally, Highland East Cushitic.
*tʼ >> /ᶑ/ (retroflex implosive): Konsoid (Konso, Dirasha a.k.a. Gidole, Bussa). (As per Tesfaye 2020, The Comparative Phonology of Konsoid, Macrolinguistics 8/2. Some other descriptions give these too as alveolar /ɗ/.)
*tʼ >>> /ɖ/ (retroflex voiced plosive): Saho–Afar, Somali, Rendille.
Presumably these all happen along a common path *tʼ > ⁽*⁾ɗ > ⁽*⁾ᶑ > ɖ. Note though that Sasse reconstructs *ɗ and not *tʼ — but comparison with the case of *kʼ, the cognates elsewhere in Cushitic, and /tʼ/ in Dahalo and word-initially in Highland East Cushitic I think all point to *tʼ in the last common ancestor of East Cushitic. (As per other literature, I don't think East Cushitic is necessarily a valid subgroup and so this last common ancestor may also be ancestral to some of the other branches of Cushitic.)
For *kʼ there is a wide variety of secondary reflexes:
Saho–Afar: *kʼ > /k/ ~ /ʔ/ ~ zero (unclear conditions).
Konso: *kʼ > /ʛ/ (no change in Bussa & Dirasha).
Daasenech: *kʼ > /ɠ/ word-initially, else > /ʔ/.
Elmolo: *kʼ > zero word-initially, else > /ɠ/.
Bayso: *kʼ > zero.
Somali: *kʼ > /q/, which varies as [q], [ɢ] etc.; merges in Southern Somali into /x/). Before front vowels, > /dʒ/.
Rendille: *kʼ > /x/.
Boni: *kʼ > /ʔ/.
though some of them again could be grouped along common pathways like *kʼ > *q > *χ > x, *kʼ > *ʔ > zero.
*čʼ > /ʄ/ happens at minimum in Konso (corresponds to /tʃʼ/ in Bussa & Dirasha). Proposed developments of a type *čʼ >> /ɗ/ in some other languages could go thru a merger with *tʼ first of all.
No East Cushitic *pʼ seems to be reconstructible, but narrower groups show *pʼ > /ɓ/ in Konsoid (corresponds to Oromo /pʼ/) and maybe *pʼ > /ʔ/ in Sidaamo (corresponds to Gedeo /pʼ/; mainly in loans from Oromo).
There is also an unpublished PhD from University of California at LA: Linda Arvanites (1991), The Glottalic Phonemes of Proto-Eastern Cushitic. I would be interested if someone else has access to this (edit: has been procured, thank you!)
Secondary developments of *tʼ and *kʼ in the rest of Cushitic, per Ehret (1987), Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8 (he also reconstructs *pʼ *tsʼ *čʼ *tɬʼ, but I'm less trustful of their validity):
Beja: *tʼ > /s/, *kʼ > /k/.
Agaw: *tʼ > *ts (further > /ʃ/ in Bilin and Kemant), *kʼ > *q (further word-initially > /x/ in Xamtanga and Kemant, /ʁ/ in Awngi)
West Rift: *kʼ > *q (and *tʼ > *tsʼ).
(The tendency for assibilation of *tʼ is interesting; although plenty of Cushitic languages get rid of ejectives entirely, none seems to have a native sound change *tʼ > /t/.)
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The historical phonology of the largest Afrasian branch, Chadic, is much more of a work in progress, but I would trust at least the following points as noted e.g. by Russell Schuh (2017), A Chadic Cornucopia:
*tʼ > *ɗ perhaps already in Proto-Chadic (supposedly all Chadic languages have /ɗ/);
*kʼ > /ɠ/ in Tera (Central Chadic);
/tsʼ/ in Hausa and some other languages corresponds to /ʄ/ or /ʔʲ/ in some other West Chadic languages, not entirely clear though which side is more original.
Tera /ɠ/ alas does not seem to be discussed in detail in the Leiden University PhD thesis by Richard Gravina (2014), The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic; he e.g. asserts /ɠəɬ/ 'bone' to be an irregular development from *ɗiɬ, while Schuch takes it as a cognate of e.g. Hausa /kʼàʃī/ 'bone'. (Are there two etyma here, or might the other involved Central Chadic languages have *ɠ > /ɗ/?)
If Olga Stolbova (2016), Chadic Etymological Dictionary is to be trusted (I've not done any vetting of its quality) then Hausa /tsʼ/ is indeed already from Proto-Chadic *tsʼ, and elsewhere in Chadic often yields /s/, sometimes /ts/ or /h/. Her Proto-Chadic *kʼ mostly merges with /k/ when not surviving. (She also has an alleged *tʼ with no ejective reflexes anywhere, and alleged *čʼ and *tɬʼ which mostly fall together with *tsʼ, but also show some slightly divergent reflexes like /ʃ/, /ɬ/ respectively.)
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Moving on, a few other examples I'm aware of OTTOMH include the cases of word-medial voicing in several Koman languages and in some branches of Northeast Caucasian (Chechen and Ingush in Nakh; *pʼ in most Lezgic languages). Also in NEC, the Lezgic group shows complicated decay of geminate ejectives, broadly:
> plain voiceless geminate in Lezgian, Tabassaran & Agul (same also in Tindi within the Andic group);
> voiceless singleton (aspirated) in Kryz & Budux;
Rutul & Tsaxur show some of both of the previous depending on the consonant, as well as word-initially *tsʼː > /d/ and *tɬʼː > /g/ — probably by feeding into the more general shift *voiceless geminate > *unaspirated > voiced (which happens in almost all of Lezgic).
in Udi, both short and geminate ejectives > plain voiceless geminates (plus a few POA quirks like *qʼʷ > /pː/, even though *qʷ > /q/).
Again I don't know if this has been described in better detail anywhere in literature, this is pulled just from the overviews in the North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary plus some review of the etymological data by myself.
Ejectives in Kartvelian are mostly stable in manner of articulation, but there's a minor sound correspondence between Karto-Zan *cʼ₁ (probably = /tʃʼ/) versus Svan /h/ that newer sources like Heinz Fähnrich (2007), Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch for some reason reconstruct as *tɬʼ or *tɬ. The Svan development would then probably go as *tɬ⁽ʼ⁾ > *ɬ > /h/, after original PKv *ɬ > /l/.
I do not know very much about the historical phonology of any American languages, including if there's anything interesting happening to ejectives there; if someone else around here does, please do tell!
#phonology#phonotypology#ejectives#historical linguistics#sound change#anonymous#cushitic#chadic#lezgic#kartvelian
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i can't believe this keeps happening to me. i figure out a theory i think i might want to apply in my thesis, go look at the text that has the theory, and find that that text already mentions jane eyre
#DORRIT COHN WHEN I GET YOU#i'm trying to apply discordant narration bc i'm really realising how significant the judgements of the narrative voice are#for our understanding of the story#but cohn already said that the narrator's judgement are concordant with the overall story#which obviously. it's an “autobiography”#i'm not really sure how to angle this??#bc on the one hand it really makes sense to comment on how the narrative voice is the one that makes judgement statements most of the time#which are what one might say mostly relates to contemporary discourse#(along with pure description)#but it feels too risky bc it may start to sound like i'm saying that the narrative voice is expressing brontë's judgements#which is not what i mean at all#this is what i get for trying to write a historically contextualising thesis (not actually my thing)#narration is actually more my thing which is why i keep ending up back there#oh. that's what this is#i'm subconsciously trying to change the angle of the thesis to be about narration#fuck this is another completely separate essay isn't it#if you never hear from me again it's because i drowned in new essay ideas that can only come to fruition if i do a phd (not in my plans)#(at least not for another decade)#jag borde ha vetat att det här skulle hända
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hypothetical struggle between Christianity and paganism in bbc merlin? 👀 one that's very neurodivergent? 👀 do tell
Okay, so Athurian times take place in the early dark ages. Which was probably a weird time for religion in Britain. Because the Roman occupation had just come to an end, leaving behind the structure of catholicism at least with those in positions of power. But religious beliefs were still in the process of blending together with the local practices and other religions, leading to some odd gnostic beliefs. Obviously, bbc merlin doesn't talk about Christianity within Camelot but I think we can assume the catholic church would have a position at the round table. Presumably, Arthur would grow up instructed in catholic belief, go to mass, and have bishops or whatever advising him. He would rule by Devine right, sanctioned by the pope and magic would be characterized as demonic. And that somehow raises the stakes for me, imaging magical merlin within the walls of a very catholic Camelot.
I just have this image of merlin in the back of a cathedral as Arthur attends mass. Kneeling in this beautiful building, head bowed low as the congregation sings praise to a foreign God in a foreign tongue. A God that would apparently have merlin tied to a stake and burned alive. And merlin choking out his empty prayers, echoing in the verbal praise under the isolation of his nonbelief and magical association. Full of fear and venom.
The hypothetical struggle I imagine is one of catholic enforcement pushed by Arthur's religious advisors and Arthur's morality. Because Arthur is a good person and slaughtering a people on the basis religion is insane. So, what does it mean for Arthur if he stops listening to his advisors and starts accepting magic? He has to contend with a spiritual struggle, not just the secular issues presented in the show. And I would looooooove to watch that. The bending of Arthur's beliefs into something more flexible and less rigidly Christian according to the church of the time
#my knowledge on this topic in terms of historical accuracy is blurry so im im wrong: pls for the love of god correct me#but idk if arthur was catholic the entire structure of his idea of the universe would have to change if he started accepting magic#and i think that would be a super interesting transition. where would he land? would he shift to being a more gnostic style Christian?#lose his faith? idk id probably make him like my dad who thinks hell is a human construct and that all are welcom in the kingdom of heaven#and that people should just be kind to eachother. very les mis to love another person is to see the face of god#bc i loooove that idea. i find it fascinating. idk i just think religion is interesting#bc its like how ppl fundamentally understand the universe to work and that is so wild. like i can understand why it was so important in ye#oldy times lol. idk im just a bit fixated on it atm. like its the type of obsession thst feels too big for my head so its straining at the#seams. its also weird bc since its religion my brain is doing that awful thing where its questioning my interest in the topic like r u#questioning ur lack of faith? and im like bro no this is academic interest leave me alone. bc im prone to intrusive thoughts and obsessive#behavior. so thsts fun. but its not too unmanageable rn. so its interesting#idk i probably sound unhinged. lmao i headcanon ✨️ catholic!arthur ✨️ and his fall from grace in the eyes of the church rip#ay religion in not necessarily bad but human institutions are usually fucked#merlin rambling#unrelated
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proposal accepted, let me get you something beautiful for u next time i come back :)
btw narratology is the study of narrative and its structure, we're working on a few narrative games and need some explanation^^
ALSO THANK YOU LEONA SIMP ANON FOR THE BOOB STRAP IDEA AND THANK YOU LULU FOR DRAWING ALSO DRAWING IT. im on the floor
-hypmic anon (currently crawling on the floor to get something pretty for next time)
Everyone is invited to our wedding ❤️🩷 I’m literally the happiest person ever 🫶
#gonna change my name to hypmic anons wife frfr#HGAJ I’m glad I can be of service to all the Leona simps and appreciators#I’m gonna go feral the moment I see his spell drive card#literally gonna change everything#it’ll be a historic event frfr#also narrotology sounds fun yet like it’ll murder my insides#I bestow all of my luck onto you and your studies ✨🫶 tehe#ohh youuu#you don’t need to get me anything❤️❤️ seeing your messages is more then enough 💕💕#hypmic anon❤️
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people in my tags when they realize ray doesn't just materialize out of nowhere when it's time for a guitar solo and dissappear into the ether once his solo is over:
#idk how to tell you this but gerard aint writing 90% of that musical shit#HISTORICALLY ray does the bulk of the musical composing re: melody and then frank and mikey write parts. which can and do totally change#the vibe and sound - but like yall HAVE to know the solos are usually the last things right like#im not even musician person and i knoe this#AND YES DANGER DAYS WAS A BIT DIFFERENT#and yes frank and ray are flexible with lead 'parts' though rau is always always solos like it. idk#HOWEVER its deeply collaboritve and that is why its so beautiful#but. some of yall dont. get why ray is so.#tag.txt
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i need a horse like whatever they did to horses back then that they used to ride into battle like this. i need a horse that could ride head first towards a giant elephant and not give a fuck
#this sounds like im watching lotr as a genuine historical reenactment and yknow what yeah. i wont change that#anyway i need a bomb proof motherfucker
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Don't you ever let anyone tell you that it is too late to switch jobs/careers. Not ever.
Found a job at 18 & stuck with it? Cool.
Wanna change things up every 5 years? Do it.
Wanna start in a new field after devoting 20+ years to a single company? It's never too late!
We only have one dang life on this planet, if you wanna go wild and test all kinds of jobs out & find something your passionate about at 28,39,52? DO IT!
#inspired by personal life stuff lol can you tell#I get looked at SO FUNNY SO OFTEN when I tell new coworkers that I'm 28#glad that you found aomething early on and stuck with it but that's not a universal experience!#I worked as a tour guide for historical places & in customer service since I was 16#and guess what. I'm just not passionate about it anymore. it bores me to death. I just want something new#I'm trying to find a job that's fun again. sue me for not wanting to be miserable at my job. like I see so many others#why is it so weird for people if you wanna change things up every 10 years?? i legit don't get it#I do understand that you stay bc of better pay and rank in your work field but if it's just not fun anymore? why torture yourself?#I know I'm gonna fall down to a ''starter's paycheck'' again. I know that for some that sounds crazy#but it's so worth it if you like what you do again. isn't it?#I test-trial-worked at a dentist's yesterday & the girl showing me around & teaching me stuff was 19#which my sister commented on as 'being embarrassing'. why. why are we pushed so hard into 'one career until you keel over'?#that shit makes me so tired man#I'll probably never be able to stay at a job for more than 10 years cause I'll just get fed up with it & need something new#so what?#woodenelaramble
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2022 reads // twitter thread
Wrath Goddess Sing
adult fantasy
reimagining of the trojan war where achilles is a trans woman, living on an island safe for trans people until she is recruited for the war.
greek & egyptian gods
monstrous gods!!
#Wrath Goddess Sing#aroaessidhe 2022 reads#this is good!!!#I have seen people who are familiar with the original complain about changed storylines and changes to the gods so like.#I kinda saw it as a new fantasy world inspired by greek mythology rather than the usual historical fantasy of greek myth books?#(as someone with only basic knowledge of it all)#there is sex and relationships but the main focus is on her platonic relationships 👍 love that#maybe felt like the thing with [spoiler] was unnecesary but. idk.#ALSO the audiobook narrator is really good at sound effects jkdhfgf#am a little uncomfortable with the amount of slavery included?#like i know that slaves were very much a thing in ancient greece and in the original story#but idk. made me feel a bit weird
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it’s just that the notion that people don’t like that ty wants to be a centurion because they’re “like shadowhunter cops” is so fucking ridiculous and i’m seriously questioning your reading comprehension skills. ty’s entire deal is that he wants to be a detective. what do you idiots think a detective IS. and furthermore your interpretation of his character is all wrong if you’re worried about his problematic career. he IS problematic!!! he’s the worst fucking boy alive!!! did you miss the narcissistic sociopath tendencies? did you ignore the issues because he was sad that one time? congratulations you fell right into his trap. fucking idiot.
#and FURTHERMORE. as if cassie herself isn’t aware of the fact that shadowhunters are the cops of their universe IN A BAD WAY.#other people rightfully don’t like the shadowhunters because historically they’ve been raised on the belief of their own supremacy and think#their status allows them to control those they see as ‘lesser’ it’s quite literally within the narrative that historically shadowhunter#culture has caused problems for everyone else. it’s like the plot of tmi.#clary and all cassie’s other protagonists whole deal is that they want to build a better more equal world#that’s the whole point of what happened at the end of qoaad when the clave split in two#OUR guys side belive in change and innovation. the other side clings to the tradition of their supremacy culture#like that’s the whole point you sound ridiculous when you call centurions shadowhunter cops. you’re so stupid#beth.txt#tsc
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literally thank you dovid katz for putting everything you’ve ever published online
(https://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/dovid_bibliography.htm -- his bibliography arranged by date here
https://www.dovidkatz.net/ -- and more of his stuff available here)
#i use this stuff sooo often literally god bless you dovid#i really really admire his commitment to collecting things and making them available to all#he's teaching a class in yivo over winter semester about the history of yiddish which has actually already filled up lol#there's also a class on death in the yiddish imagination#salivating at the mouth BUT they're both in english and both $325 and idk if i'm willing to pay $325 for an english class lol#54 and change per session -- i wonder actually if they intentionally made it (almost) a multiple of 18 lol#i think i might just email him and ask him for the bibliography he's going to use#also i DID take a class with him in the summer with the workers circle and he has the affect of...idk a gaon or sth#like he sounds like the type of voice you'd hear on a recording of a historical event#anyway i am finishing my incompletes from last semester so i am once more in the yiddish historical linguistics rabbithole#and i once again want to emphasize that from the very beginning the field of yiddish historical linguistics is a field of interpersonal beef#the moment a thought on the origins of yiddish even crossed one guy's mind the next guy was already furiously typing on his typewriter#but also many of them were really great scholars so a lot of them were like#YOU ARE WRONG AND YOU'RE A BITCH AND I HATE YOU BUT YOUR METHODS ARE GREAT AND THE WORK YOU DID CONTRIBUTED SO MUCH TO THE FIELD#also a lot of great work on yiddish linguistics has been and continues to be done in german#bc that's who's doing work on comparative german(ic) linguistics#which means i might actually have to learn german eventually 😭 instead of what i've been doing which is ctrl+f term [term that i want]#and then running the surrounding paragraphs through google translate
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z.ionism in the tags, tbd
#at this point#you have to wonder just how sacred this land really is to you if you're willing to do this much crime directly against g-d on and over it#i am studying quite a lot right now & reading a LOT about the zionist perspective bc it's an integral part of the books we are given tbh#and so much of the phrasing is about this yearning for what sounds like a completely understandable thing but the thing about it is#it's ancient and it's an ideal and the world has changed *so much* since that yearning took root#when it says we are meant to yearn for a return to isr.ael it makes so much more sense to conceptualize that as The People(hood)#it is *understandable* after everything that the people have been put through over history to want a safe returning point! yeah!#How Ever!!!!!!!!#in what FUCKING WORLD does it make sense to create an environment like this out of that place? to exemplify hypocrisy?#in class we literally study and talk so much about all sorts of historical events that are so similar#and about how amazing it rly is that the torah never actually shies away from the wrong that the ancient ppl have done#because it takes accountability in ways no other holy book does and it says ''we cannot ever do this again. we must never do this again.''#how the fuck are so many people blind to the fact that this is the exact same thing as a Lot of the shit we already understand as wrong#i am just. beside myself constantly at the double standard it puts a sadness in my *bones* it makes me feel ill#the way the perspective is presented is absolutely like... you can see Why a lot of people attach to (and fall for) it.#it's presented in an appealing and touching and personal and *necessary* way. that is how it's phrased.#but it cannot possibly overshadow the reality of what's being done on that soil right now and what is happening to another People.#sorry but i cannot believe this is what my g-d wants.#a.txt#zionism tw#world#antizionism is not antisemitism! js!!!!
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the main reason i don’t take “i’m a native speaker of the source language” as the be-all, end-all for translation arguments in fandom specifically (as in, between fans who are not professional or even hobbyist translators) is bc, well. sometimes.......... native speakers............ are bad at their own language, too.
#we're on tumblr. we've seen the reading comprehension on this site which is mostly americans whose native language is ostensibly english#alternatively i don't take 'i asked someone who is a native speaker of the source language' as the be-all end-all of t/l arguments#like yes ofc native speakers opinions should be considered. and if i didn't speak any of the source language then fuck man#i'm not qualified to argue with them LOL. but this post is mostly me thinking abt things w/cn origin#bc i've been told my whole life my mom is Very Highly Educated in chinese language arts and speaks appropriately#and it's still pretty frustrating when she tries to make me speak in the same kind of language bc i just don't hear it around that often#but i think it has at least taught me to *think* abt things in that kind of Highly Educated highly-referential/symbolic way#even if i lack the knowledge base of references/symbols to utilize it myself i can go digging for them when t/l from cn --> en#which i think is pretty interesting bc it places me in this kind of 'historically this is what the word has meant' pov#which is just not smth we really do/consider in english esp when looking at modern texts but i think is rlly necessary in chinese#even when looking at texts written in the modern day! and thinking abt it that's probably the source kernel for some gnshn discourse#bc cn is such a context-heavy language; context which goes beyond the meaning of the bare words on the page#bc en doesn't consider historical context of words we're not used to reading into words w/different historical nuances#and since deciding whether the historical or the modern connotations should apply in a certain context is a Skill#the arguments end up sounding like 'historically it has meant x' 'so what? it means y in the modern day'#'yes but the historical meaning adds depth and nuance that changes the interpretation in this context' 'why should it tho?'#and the answer to that is just bc that's how it goes in the language!! Sometimes Other Languages And Cultures Do Things Differently!#anyway this kind of thinking definitely also affects how i write; with all the highly deliberate word choices#and occasional referential nature of my phrasing and whatnot. i like to imagine i have a somewhat chinese writing style in english#like not entirely. i don't craft my native english sentences the way i would craft an english translation of a chinese sentence#the latter of which i typically try to keep similar to the way cn sentences flow which is Different from good en sentence flow#but the extremely specific wording at times and trying to pack a lot of meaning into a few choice words using external context/references#that feels like something i can bring into my english writing and have it read as an english work w/echoes of another language hidden under#花話
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I fell asleep again and dreamed some shit about ocs. The one off shark asshole for one scene to show husk and niff do more than just clean and serve booze now has a backstory.
The other one i started making as a jokey thing for an anon ask for something and then gave up on bc i got shy and then just rotated in my brain for a bit has a much more extended backstory now too.
And I have a mighty need to draw them both and hammer out more details
#hazbin ocs#quit eavesdropping toots#im still workin on names but i think one is gonna be Kenneth O'Searcaigh#first name may change? wanna make sure theres no like. historical or currently living person who might have thay name n be upsetti abt it#and the other rn is just goin as Mimicry because corvids and their ability to mimic sounds and speech#and bc they currently can not speak its kind of a dick move by whoever#and im debating if Mimicry is maybe involved lowkey somehow in voxtech shit bc their life had a llllot of tech shenanigans#like. hacking and identity theft and tinkering with AI/Deepfake shit bc it helped them get what they wanted#or if they are doin their own thing or under some other techy demon shit bc why not#and part of their thing is like genuinely considering selling their soul to unfuck their ability to talk#they are VERY NEW to hell. like. within the last 5 years.#O'Searcaigh is an oldie. like. was in his late teens/20s 'round the second wave of IRA in the 1920s ish#anyway. if u felt likenu could ask shot abt them maybe help me flesh them out o:#not Kenneth anymore its gonna be Kenney
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