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Eldest Wolf Prince Eobreth in fey form; Remember that horse sized armored gray wolf Morgan befriended, that was only mentioned in passing?

Tale 0: Death at the Wolf Gate (chapter 1. Prince Eobreth and Scorpio 1/4) part 2. Stories of Fey

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Eobreth Was Morgan’s First fey friend. He was a Aliki Wolf; the royal fey of the Wolf Kingdom. The wolf kingdom, or more the Wolf King, is the source and incarnation of filiform and coniform fey, and all sound and night spells. The children he has with his Queen Flowen, are the Aliki Wolves, which are grey wolves big enough to ride, with silver and gold armor. They are proud warriors, great hunters, and dangerous nobles. Royal wolves were famously summoned in the times of old, by kings blackmailing mages for advantages in war. Aliki Wolves had a reputation among humans, for being dangerous. Eobreth and Morgan knew about the tarnished image of wolf children; yet inside, neither of them cared. Face to Face with such a beast, Morgan did not flinch before Eobreth, but instead his eyes sparked in awe. This respect from a human is something Eobreth seeked, and thus he decided to join Morgan on quests; that led to Morgan becoming King Mage. Eobreth even lived on Tiberius Gate with Morgan, and met all of his friends. He was the oldest thing on the gate; for Eobreth was the first born Aliki Wolf. Therefore, he was wise, brave, and warm. Even to men who made him fight battles against his will, Eobreth showed compassion and love. He was a treasure beloved by all other fey.

Eobreth both hated and loved men. He was the one who convinced the beast kings to make the kingdom stones; because it would mean there would be a King Mage. The King Mage would be the only human capable of calling any fey to their side. If no other magic using human could control fey, Eobreth would no longer be summoned and controlled by the prince of the Far North. King’s were all born into magic houses, and had a court mage by blood or contract. Magic was an asset in a time of political unease. Mages were used to control fey, and forced to wield magic for harm; against their peaceful and unbiased natures. Eobreth could still hear the cries of war, and the vile taste of human blood against his will. As a fey he does not desire to kill, cannot hate, and thus has no malice. Additionally, Eobreth was half human like all royal fey. He had a moral compass and empathy to know these humans did not want to be violent, and had loved ones at home. Just like him. Eobreth wondered what made them want to kill, and what caused men to murder. Eobreth watched mages die summoning him. Mages who were or could have been, his friends.

Summoning fey requires so much magic, it could kill even powerful mages by destroying their bodies as they went dark; and the magic going through them, consumed them. When Eobreth was finally free, and the kingdom stones were made, he remained in the day veil. Eobreth’s empathy made him see the good in the kingdoms of men. He decided he wanted to be around it. Like humans, Eobreth loved the colour, beauty, and compassion that was in the world. He chose not to return to the shadow veil, for he loved the good in humanity too much. Eobreth became a retired war veteran; quietly watching the world and enjoying its peace, as a sigh of relief, after years of traumatic events. This is why Eobreth was in a forested public park when he met Morgan. Eobreth came to the park to watch people hike and play. Humanity at it’s most innocent and happy. It made Eobreth want to start a family, fall in love, and live with humans without fear of execution. He was fully aware both his beast and human forms would terrify to the point of violence. Aliki Wolves are bigger than horses, stronger then bears, having teeth and jaws that crush, and clad in armour. Even if they were noble and honourable, Royal Wolves could insight primal fear upon first glance. This is why Eobreth was warmed, to find even one human, one mage, who didn’t see him as a tool or a monster; but as someone with a heart. Morgan gave Eobreth the greatest honour for a wolf child: Morgan said Eobreth was a heroic, brave, and reliable friend.

Eobreth didn’t pay attention to Morgan’s school friends, when they visited Tiberius Gate, until he saw Scorpio Knightheart. A girl housed in the monkey kingdom, who was a new found warlock mage. Her hair and eyes were red as carnelian, and matched her fairy robes. A sign she had gone dark in her youth, which is more common in mages. Scorpio wore her wavy hair up in pigtails, and yelled everything she said. This was common, as she was easily angered and an extremely passionate person. Eobreth found this breath taking for some reason. He could find no other answer then that she must be the mage of his dreams. Eobreth had become infatuated and enchanted by everything about Scorpio; from her walk, to her laughter. He knew she was on the gate by scent alone, as she smelled enchantingly like cinnamon and cut pine. To the small club of young mages, Scorpio was just a side character. She literally the baker’s daughter. Yet Scorpio made Eobreth feel what he thought he never would; romantic interest.

Unlike other fey emersed in infatuation, Eobreth was too noble and shy to stare at, or speak to Scorpio. Instead, he brought her things like a puppy with tail wagging, and acted like a gentleman towards her. Whenever Eobreth did, Scorpio had the special honour of seeing him in human form. Eobreth preferred to be in his true fey form, as a giant wolf, thus no other human, including Morgan, had ever seen his human half. Eobreth looked like a prince in this form; a handsome young man, but with grey hair and scruff. He was well built, and was adorned in wolf kingdom robes of thick fur and armor. To Scorpio, Eobreth was now both a radiant prince and a cute husky. Scorpio gave in, after months of special attention from Eobreth. He approached her at school, in town, and on Tiberius Gate. Mages fall in love so easily, like all love is an inescapable and instant spell. Scorpio Requited his love, and decided to kiss Eobreth one winter’s noon. And then something unexpected happened; Instead of just getting anklets, from casting the true love’s spell, they transformed. Scorpio’s hair went white, her clothes turned into a white fur coat with hood and crown, and fur boots laced in white buckskin. Eobreth was taller, his armor thicker, and his furs embroidered. They had become Wolf King and Queen; the positions supposedly held by Eobreth’s father and mother.

Eobreth’s father, and his carnavora fey little siblings, vanished from all if Ealden Cynedom. He felt it in his core. After centuries, Eobreth was forced finally returned home to the shadow veil, and searched for any sign of his human family. His mother, and the young royal twins, may have turned into human mages. For his search, Eobreth brought Scorpio along, wanting to keep her safe by his side; her love was to precious to part from in his time of fear. But after searching with the strongest of senses and hunting skills in the veils, Eobreth found the wolf kingdom was completely empty. Eobreth, confused and sad, took his beloved father’s seat upon the rocks of the Wolf Kingdom’s throne. Scorpio was not to leave his side for now. Eobreth warned that she could be hurt by men, and he needed her help rebuild his kingdom, and care for the new fey. He would not let his only queen, and saviour of the new Wolf Kingdom, die at the hands of humans before a single Aliki Wolf pup was born. Scorpio agreed, but not just for her love of magic, but because she did not want to see Eobreth alone and broken. Scorpio was but a fifteen-year-old girl, who had disappeared with all the fey of the Wolf Kingdom. Centuries ago, this had also happened to Raven Queen Odette, who was a princess of the Grand West that disappeared at the age of twelve. However, no matter the age, a missing person in a world of magic is cause for concern. Even if they are safely loved in the hands of magic itself.

But the consaquences of the dissapearence of the wolf kingdom didn’t just effect Eobreth and Scorpio. Firstly, was Amadeus Rosethorn, Morgan and Scorpio’s friend. He was brought to Eobreth, in the shadow veil, before the day had ended. Amadeus was the one who introduced Scorpio to Morgan and the Gate, and thus magery and Eobreth. When Morgan and Amadeus came to Eobreth’s new throne, Scorpio hid in the secret den; curled up in worry. Amadeus had been enfayed by the previous Wolf King, Eobreth’s father. The fey inside Amadeus was a moon serval that agreed to give Amadeus it’s magic, if he promised to protect the ones he loved. Lending the power to become a superb mage paladin. Which was Amadeus’s life goal. Unknown to Amadeus at the time, moon servals are frosty white with midnight markings, and shimmer in the moon as they guard sleeping travelers.  The perfect aid for Amidase’s life passion, as a quest companion. This is how Wargs are made; Mages make unbreakable pacts with a fey, who will live inside them; enchanting the mage with the fey’s abilities. The Wolf King had done this as a favour, because Amadeus pledged his friendship to Morgan to make up for bullying him. Seeing Morgan as a brother, the Wolf King agreed to help Amadeus become a hero worthy of the Wolf Kingdom, and thus worthy to protect Morgan.

However, the moon serval that lived inside Amadeus, had died with the previous Wolf King; and when a fey dies inside a Warg, the human dies with them. Eobreth was indebted to Morgan for their friendship. Thus, Eobreth wasted no time making a special child to enfey Amadeus once more, so he could still be a paladin at Morgan’s side. Another Moon Serval to help both worlds of men and fey. Eobreth also gave Morgan the wolf Stone without question, while this meeting took place. The beast stone made its way back to Eobreth when he became the new Wolf King. Without all ten kingdom stone, Morgan could remain King Mage; which Eobreth would not have. Morgan was like a brother already, and Eobreth wanted him to still be King Mage. Who better to judge who should be King mage, then the one responsible for their existence? Before Amadeus and Morgan left, Eobreth had one favour to ask:

“where are my mother and royal siblings? They are regular human mages now that father is dead. I need to know if they are alive and safe. I need to know how my father died.” Eobreth asked in a new booming growling voice. The warble of his sadness resonated in his words. Morgan shook his head; he had no answers. He was uncomfortable not having answers. As a seer, Morgan knew many things, and answered may questions with encyclopedic insight; but he had no clue about what to do if a beast king ever died. Nor any clue, until now, what happens to the Queen and royal fey when this happens. Moreover, Morgan was equally broken by the loss of an entire fey kingdom, and a brother. The beast kings had also become like the siblings he never had. Until Eobreth asked about it, Morgan was so caught up saving Amadeus’s life, and grieving with Eobreth, that he forgot to ask about the new Wolf Queen. When the boys returned to the day veil, it was to a region wide amber alert looking for Scorpio.

NEXT--->

Understanding Enzymes for Plant Growth

Soil contains enzymes that interact with the surrounding soil constituents. These include minerals, nutrients and rhizosphere among numerous others. Enzymes are biocatalysts that speed up essential biochemical reactions for plants and rhizobacteria while stabilizing the soil by degrading wastes and contributing to nutrient recycling.

The Benefits of Enzymes for Plant Growth

The nutritional quality of the soil can be improved by introducing enzyme-producing microbes or agricultural enzymatic formulations along with adding manure and fertilizer to it. Proteases when added to soil, degrade proteins in it and increase the amount of available nitrogen in the soil, thus improving the soil fertility. When urease is added to the soil, it increases bioavailable nitrogen levels that are beneficial for plant nutrition. Introducing enzymes to the soil promotes rhizobacteria that promote plant growth while reducing dependence on harmful chemical fertilizers and improving crop yield at the same time.

Soil enzymes also play a crucial role in the remediation of soil. Soil gets polluted in many ways and through impurities like heavy metals, polyphosphate rocks, urea, starch and cellulose residues. Contrary to popular belief the animal and plant fats are also not easily absorbed by plants either. Enzymes and selected microbes synergistically break down these residuals into compost, quickly making the soil fertile. These nutrients are now readily available for the plants as nutrition.

Agricultural Enzymes- Sources

The source of soil enzymes can be microbes, plants, and animals. There are numerous enzymes found in the soil. The main among them are dehydrogenases, hydrogenases, oxidases, catalases, peroxidases, lipase, phosphatase, nuclease, phytase, amylase, cellulase, xylanase, dextranase, glucosidase, galactosidase, invertase, proteinase, peptidase, glutaminase, amidase, urease, inorganic pyrophosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, aspartate decarboxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase among several others. Commercially these enzymes are sourced from microbe cultures of both fungi and bacteria. Though bacterial cultivation is an easy process compared to fungi, fungi have a larger portfolio of enzymes that can work in extreme conditions.

Types of Enzymes for Plant Growth

Enzymes help in soil conditioning and make it nutrient-rich. Some key enzymes that are particularly beneficial include amylase, lipase, cellulase, phosphatase, urease, phytase and chitinases.

1. Amylase

Amylases are widely found in soil and are essential for a range of activities. Amylases break down complex polysaccharides like starch into simpler forms of sugar or glucose that are readily absorbed by the plants and promote growth.

2. Phosphatase

The phosphatase agricultural enzymes hydrolyze organic phosphorus compounds to inorganic phosphorus compounds. The latter is essential for enriching phosphorus in soils that lead to better fertility. Phosphatase can work in a broad range of pH and temperature and work both in acidic and alkaline soils.

3. Lipase

Lipases are enzymes that break down lipids and fats, animal or vegetable sources into simpler forms making it easier for plants to absorb. They also assist in the seed germination process by hydrolyzing the triacylglycerols into fatty acids. These fatty acids are in turn converted to simple sugars that provide the nascent plant embryo with sufficient nutrition.

4. Phytase

Phytase enzymes hydrolyze phytic acid into inorganic usable phosphorus. It also releases soluble zinc, iron and other nutrients beneficial to plant life like Myo-inositol, Myo-inositol phosphate, and inorganic monophosphate.

5. Urease

Urease is considered a very important enzyme for plant nutrition. It hydrolyzes urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia, both of which are essential for plant nutrition.

6. Cellulase

Cellulase enzyme hydrolyzes cellulose present in the form of crop residue into simpler forms and sugar that are readily absorbed by the soil. Cellulose is abundantly found in the soil and its breakdown provides the much-needed nutrients to the soil.

7. Chitinases

Chitinases have a whole other way of working as enzymes for plant growth along with promoting plant growth. These enzymes work on fungus species that are detrimental to plant health. These enzymes destroy the fungus and protect the host plant from attack by breaking down the fungal cell wall made of chitin.

Conclusion

Soil enzymes and select microbes play a key role in plant growth. They render nutrient-rich soil, decrease composting time, build plant immunity against fungus and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. They are increasingly being used in organic farming. They help increase crop yields and provide healthy organic food options to humanity.

Enzybiotics, A New Class of Enzyme Antimicrobials Targeted against Multidrug–Resistant Superbugs-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT

Summary

Gut microbiota with 2X1012 bacterial populations is essential for synthesis of vitamins, coenzymes and many other biomolecules in human and animal. But high dose of antibiotics destructed (since 1928) such bacteria in the alimentary tract posing a threat to extinct of human life. As a result signalling from human and bacteria orchestrated to build a defence to protect symbiotic relations saving both life forms. Bacteria synthesized hundreds of new genes (MDR Genes) to destroy antibiotics in different modes of actions. G-20 leaders and scientists have vowed a strong action plans (as assembled recently in Germany) to abolish the horror of superbugs which are claiming millions of death worldwide. Enzymes as therapeutic antibiotics has taken as emerging new antimicrobials derived from bacteriophages as well as bacteria like Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Histeria monocytogenes. Simply, autolysins, lysozymes, lysins and bacteriocins are great enzybiotics. Genetically modified enzybiotic (GMEnzy) has now a new field of enzyme antibiotic production using molecular biology and genetic engineering principles to overcome the antibiotic resistance. GMEnzy database has built for researchers and is available at http:// biotechlab.fudan.edu.cn/database/gmenzy/.   

Introduction

The term enzibiotic was coined from two words, enzyme and antibiotic and usually refers as the bacteriophage enzymes that attack the cell wall of bacteria with lyses [1]. However, enzybiotic present in bacteria, bacteria infected phages and in body fluids like tears, saliva and animal mucous [2]. Antibiotics had used 80 years with success to eradicate pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio species. However, last two decades gradual increase of clinical isolates had shown with >95% now ampicillin and amoxicillin resistant which was controlled by synthesis of new derivatives of penicillin like cephalosporin and carbapenem drugs [3]. In 2009 NDM-1 Escherichia coli was found however, resistant to all class of penicillins including Beta-lactamase inhibitors like cavulinate and sulbactam but avibactam [4]. Skin infections by MRSA Staphylococcus aureus, PDR nosocomial infections by Pseudomonas aeroginosa and XDR tuberculosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now serious threat to human and alternative approaches should be needed to overcome such crisis [5]. MDR genes (blaTEM, amp, blaNDM, blaOXA, sul1/2, catB3, aacA4, aacC2, aph, aad, dhfr, arr3,strA/B,etc) and drug efflux genes (tetA, acrAB-TolC, mexAB-oprM, mcr, macAB, norA, mdtA etc.) are wide spread in conjugative plasmids and chromosomes of superbugs which are also found in rain, sea and river water posing a threat to global peoples [6].

Thus a new field of science is enzybiotics which is under clinical trial in many research foundations. If enzybiotic is injected into patient with success then all physicians believe that such single enzyme or chimera enzyme would be most useful in superbug cure [7]. It is to save gut microbiota that provide life saving coenzymes involved in glycosysis, TCA cycle and ATP generation [5].   

Result

Some important enzybiotics are:

(a) Lysins. PlyG is Phage-y amidase which can destroy Bacillus anthracis (Figure 1) [8].

(b) Bacteriocins. Lysostaphin is Streptococcus simulans enzyme that acts as endopeptidase on Staphylococcus aureus and many Streptococcei sp. (Figure 2) [9].

(c) Autolysins. S. equidermis autolysin enzyme lyses β (1-  >4) glycoside bong between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl  muraminic acid of many bacteria (Figure 3) [10].

(d) Lysozymes. Egg white lysozyme is muramidase that destroy peptidoglycans and very effective against Gram (+) bacteria [11].

The lysins are 453-473aa long extracellular enzymes and have been sequenced from Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus agalactiae and others (protein ids. WP_061713285, WP_043026720, WP_070043600) with 50-150 mutations among themselves [12,13]. The multispecies bacteriocin (protein id. WP_013103375) has only 54% amino acid similarities to the Leuconostoc sp. Bacteriocin secretory protein (protein id. WP_030058663) but further pharmacological data are lacking. Autolysins are also much diverged as S. aureus enzyme (protein id. AAA99982; accession no. L41499) has only 60% homology with 8% gap to other autolysin enzymes (protein id. BAD83399) [14]. Genetically recombinant Lysins have great potential in curing MDR-bacteria [15-18]. P2neumococcal LytA autolysin, a potent therapeutic agent in peritonitis-sepsis caused by highly beta-lactamase resistant Streptococcus pneumonia [19,20].   

Discussion

Enzybiotics is an emerging field of medicinal science with many molecular approaches have undertaken which have patent litigations and many data are hidden from GenBank database now [13]. It also has combined with phage therapy technologies targeting both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial pathogenesis originating from MDR genes of superbugs [10]. We believe as MDR genes are created both from human and bacteria symbiosis, it will be there with gut microbiota [5]. So to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria alternative to antibiotics will be forthcoming like gene medicines (antisense, Casper-Cas, SiRNA, miRNA, ribozyme) and nanodrug-carriers [21]. Thus enzybiotic is in good place in molecular medicine and its success is ahead. Novel chimerical endolysins with broad antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was reported [16,22]. About 1144 enzybiotics along with 216 natural resources (heterogeneous phyto-antibiotics) have been listed in GMEnzy database [2,13,23,24].

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UCI-led study first to reveal specific molecular mechanism that controls the transition from ...

... show that disabling N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA)—an intracellular enzyme–in the spinal cord during a 72-hour time window following ... from Google Alert - Spinal https://ift.tt/3nk7IG3

Enzyme secreted by deer ticks helps them survive on skin

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NIMHANS Research Jobs 2020 – Biotech & Bioinfo JRF Position

New Post has been published on https://biotechtimes.org/2020/08/16/nimhans-research-jobs-2020-biotech-bioinfo-jrf-position/

NIMHANS Research Jobs 2020 – Biotech & Bioinfo JRF Position

NIMHANS Research Jobs 2020

NIMHANS Research Jobs 2020 – Biotech & Bioinfo JRF Position. Job seekers with MSc Biophysics / Bioinformatics / Biotechnology are eligible to apply for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) at NIMHANS Bengaluru. National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Science Biotech JRF Vacancy.

Biotech & Bioinfo JRF Position

NIMHANS invites applications from the eligible candidates, for filling up the posts of “Junior Research Fellow” on contract basis in the SERB funded project entitled “Structural insights into understanding the molecular mechanism of PlyGRCS Endolysin and Putative Amidase from Staphylococcus Aureus: Potential biotherapeutic agents against Staphylococcal infections” under Dr.B.Padmanabhan, Professor and Head, Department of Biophysics & Principal Investigator.

Name of the Position: Junior Research Fellow JRF

No. of Position: One

Emoluments: Rs. 31,000 + 24% HRA Per month

Essential Qualification:

Post-Graduate in Biophysics / Bioinformatics / Biotechnology. Qualified CSIR – NET, DBT – JRF, GATE or equivalent.

Experience:

Applicant should have substantial experience in Molecular Biology & Protein Biochemistry, Bioinformatics: Molecular modeling, molecular dynamics, library development Cell biology.

Desirable:

One or two years of research experience in the relevant field. Experience in protein crystallography.

Duration of the Post:

The initial appointment will be made for a period of one year and will be extended further depending upon the performance of the candidate.

How to Apply:

1. Eligible candidates fulfilling the criteria must email their application, along with resume and age proof to [email protected] the candidates, who apply, should invariably mention the Notification No., Date, email ID, Contact No. & Postal address, failing which the application will not be considered.

Selection Procedure:

Eligible candidates will be shortlisted and the interview details will be communicated to them by email.

The last date for receipt of filled in softcopy of the applications along with the relevant documents is 19.08.2020.

Download Notification

Clinical Applications Of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) In Inflammation Management

PEA fit in to endocannabinoid household. Palmitoylethanolamide has been used in lots of studies dedicated to the managing of chronic pain using different underlying clinical ailments and was demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.

Methods or layout

The population will likely probably undoubtedly be patients who have pain that is chronic, the intervention will soon be the administration of Palmitoylethanolamide alone or in conjunction with different medication for that pain control, the contrast are the standard treatment in keeping with all the present guidelines for the treatment of discomfort. The consequences will be the reduction of pain not restricted to specific scales putting out the pain outcome data explained in the research.

NAEs are released from cells in a reaction to noxious stimulation. As all NAEs the Palmitoylethanolamide features a local impact, and its own tissue levels are regulated through the total amount of creation and degradation action. Two intracellular amidases, expressed from the cells, are included with lipid amide degradation: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing acid amidase.

The effects of the Palmitoylethanolamide are due to the interaction with several pathways: At first, it minimizes , via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, both the activation and recruitment of mast cells in sites of nerve injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators from such cells; second it inhibits the microglia activation and also the recruitment of mast cells into back following peripheral nerve trauma, together with following spinal neuroinflammation or spinal cord accident. In the start, PEA was also assumed to become an agonist of the cannabinoid type II receptor (CB2); then, inside their own research, Sugiura et al. have demonstrated that Palmitoylethanolamide includes just a exact lower affinity with this receptor, so which explains why cb 2 antagonists do not inhibit any of its anti-microbial results.

Some studies focused on using Palmitoylethanolamide in a multitude of pain circumstances. By way of instance, it could have a favorable effect like adjuvant for the procedure of the backpain that is very low or it was used alone for serious pain management in critically ill elderly patients, whereas the usage of analgesics can lead to risky of adverse impact. Encouraging effects have been demonstrated using an ultra-micronized formula of PEA as well as the combo therapy with acid to reduce chronic prostatitis/chronic nasal congestion.

Significance of this review

Soreness control remains often unsatisfactory, although soreness therapy provides lots of alternatives. As a way to strengthen the alternatives, the use of the Palmitoylethanolamide for your procedure of inflammatory or chronic soreness might be a tactic that is valid. That may be the very first scoping inspection that outlines the literature on the use of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in pain administration.

Clinical Applications Of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) In Chronic Pain Management

PEA belong into endocannabinoid family, a group of fatty acid amides. PEA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and has been utilized in a lot of studies focused on the management of persistent illness one of patients with clinical conditions.

Methods or layout

The population will be patients who have pain that is chronic, this intervention will soon be the management of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) independently or in conjunction with other medication to that pain management, the comparison are the standard treatment in keeping with all the recent instructions for the treatment of discomfort. The Outcomes will be the reduction of pain not only restricted to specific scales putting out the pain outcome data described within the studies that are integrated.

PEA is an endogenous fatty acid amide, an analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), that is one of your household N-acylethanolamines (NAE). NAEs are discharged from tissues in reaction to stimuli. As all NAEsas well as the Palmitoylethanolamide has a neighborhood effect, and its particular tissue levels are regulated via the balance of generation and degradation exercise. Two intracellular amidases, expressed in the inflammatory cells, have been included in lipid amide degradation: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) along with N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing acid amidase.

The effects of the Palmitoylethanolamide are thanks to its interaction with several pathways: in the first, it lessens through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, both the activation and recruitment of mast cells in sites of neural injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators from these cells; secondlyit inhibits the microglia stimulation and the recruitment of mast cells to back following peripheral nerve injury, together with next spinal neuro-inflammation or spinal cord accident. Inside the start, Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) was likewise assumed to become an agonist of the cannabinoid type II receptor (CB2); afterwards, within their own research, Sugiura et al. have demonstrated that Palmitoylethanolamide includes just a exact minimal affinity for this particular receptor, also clarifying why CB2 antagonists do not inhibit some of its anti-inflammatory outcomes.

Some studies focused on the use of Palmitoylethanolamide in a multitude of chronic pain problems. By way of instance, it could have a beneficial effect like adjuvant for the procedure of this back pain that is minimal also plus it was used exclusively in seriously ill patients, even whereas the usage of analgesics may lead to risky of negative influence for chronic pain control. Effects have been demonstrated using the combination treatment with lipoic acid along with an formulation of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) at the treatment of non-surgical radiculopathies to significantly lessen pelvic pain syndrome.

Value of the review

Although several choices are offered by pain therapy, pain control remains often unsatisfactory. As a way to strengthen the solutions that are curative, using the Palmitoylethanolamide for the procedure of inflammatory or chronic pain might be considered described as a valid technique. For our understanding, it is the scoping review that summarizes the literature findings on the use of Palmitoylethanolamide in chronic pain management.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) - Secure And Also Helpful For Inflammation Control

Palmitoylethanolamide fit in to endocannabinoid spouse and children, a group of fatty acid amides. PEA has been used in studies focused on the management of persistent illness with different clinical problems and has been demonstrated to own analgesic and anti-inflammatory exercise.

Methods or layout

The people will be patients who have chronic pain, the intervention will be the administration of Palmitoylethanolamide alone or in combination with other drugs to your pain control, the contrast are the standard remedy in accordance with the current instructions for the treatment of discomfort. The Results are the reduction of pain not only confined to scales placing out the pain outcome data described in the reports that are included.

NAEs are released from tissues in reaction to stimulation. As all NAEs, also the Palmitoylethanolamide has a local result, and its own tissue degrees are tightly regulated via the balance of degradation and manufacturing exercise. Two intracellular amidases, expressed from the inflammatory cells, happen to be included in lipid amide degradation: fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and also N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing acid amidase.

The effects of the Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) are thanks to the interaction with different pathways: At first, it lowers , via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, the activation and recruitment of mast cells in sites of nerve injury and the discharge of proinflammatory mediators from such cells; secondlyit inhibits the microglia stimulation and also the recruitment of mast cells to back following peripheral nerve trauma, together with subsequent spinal neuroinflammation or spinal cord accident. Within the start, Palmitoylethanolamide was also assumed to become an agonist of the cannabinoid type II receptor (CB2); afterwards, in their research, Sugiura et al. have demonstrated that Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) includes simply a very minimal affinity for this receptor, so which explains why cb 2 antagonists don't inhibit any of its anti-microbial consequences.

Some studies concentrated on the use of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in numerous of inflammation conditions. By way of instance, it can have a beneficial influence like tubal such as the procedure of the back pain that is low or it used alone for persistent pain management. Results are shown from the treatment of radiculopathies with the combination treatment with lipoic acid along with an formulation of Palmitoylethanolamide to significantly cut back nasal congestion.

Significance of this review

Although lots of alternate options are offered by soreness therapy, discomfort management remains often unsatisfactory. In order to strengthen the solutions that are curative, the use of this PEA for your procedure of chronic or inflammatory soreness could possibly be a tactic that is valid. Here may be the scoping inspection which summarizes the literature findings on using PEA in pain management.

Quorum Quenching, or how to Blind a Bacteria

Possibly the simplest statement you could make to describe a bacterial cell is that it doesn’t have any eyes. Can it see anything? Are these cells aware of the world around them, or do they just lifelessly react to simple stimuli? To answer these questions there has been a burst of study on what is known as quorum sensing and its counterpart, quorum quenching.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a chemical technique that individual cells can use to judge the density of other cells around them or, put more simply, how busy their environment is. Gram-positive bacteria passively secrete signaling molecules called autoinducing peptides (AIPs) into the empty space around them. In normal circumstances the concentration of this chemical is too low to be detected by receptors on the surface of the cells. As shown in the figure above, however, when there are a large number of cells close together the concentration of AIPs becomes high enough to beat a ‘threshold’ level of required receptor activation to modify DNA expression! Gram-negative bacteria use N-Acyl homoserine lactones (AHL) in addition to AIP, which can skip the need for receptors entirely by binding directly to internal proteins. By capitalizing on this concentration-dependent gene expression, QS, bacteria can coordinate expensive activities like virulence and phosphorescence!

If QS is how cells can see the world, then quorum quenching (QQ) is the inevitable tool that other cells developed to disrupt it and dominate the environment. QQ works by blocking cell receptors, destroying QS messengers directly, or restricting the creation of messengers by enzymes. Target cells relying off of QS will be fooled and believe that their environment is different than it really is and will express the wrong genes at the wrong times, giving a leg up to the quenching source.

For instance, AHLs are degraded by proteins called amidases and lactonases. The gram-positive Bacillus bacteria are vulnerable to AHLs produced by foreign bacteria and do not use them for their own QS. To defend themselves from these toxic compounds Bacillus produce AiiA, a lactonase capable of breaking down AHL. In this scenario AHL is like a hostile antibiotic that Bacillus has gained immunity to through AiiA, but nearby gram-negative bacteria are left lost and confused without their AHL in the process! 

Interestingly, sometimes AHLs are inhibited by the same organism that created them, like in P. aeruginosa. A pathogenic bacteria, P. aeruginosa colonizes host tissues and uses QS to swap energy from mobility-granting pili and flagella to toxins and other biofilm-related activities. When the time comes to swarm to other tissues, the bacteria emit lactonases to disrupt their own QS and revert back to their highly mobile and infectious form! This adaptive ability sheds light on the incredible versatility of QS regulation.

On the flip side, QQ really is rarely benign, even in P. aeruginosa. Past studies demonstrated that P. aeruginosa QS and QQ chemicals slow the growth of common yeast and help to outcompete it. More recent exploration, however, shows that yeast can mount its own defense and release specialized alcohols that muddle with P. aeruginosa QS. This two-sided battle has been frequently described as chemical warfare through QS.

QS is an exploding 21st-century field that is not yet even close to understood. The ability of bacteria to sense their surroundings, and in turn be trapped in an illusory world through QQ, is both amazing as biology and eyebrow-raising for its potential for new medicines. Either way, bacteria are clearly not blobs and much more active than we usually think!

Further Reading

https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/40/1/86/2467695#61542538

New in Pubmed: Two short peptidoglycan recognition proteins from Crassostrea gigas with similar structure exhibited different PAMP binding activity.

Related Articles

Two short peptidoglycan recognition proteins from Crassostrea gigas with similar structure exhibited different PAMP binding activity.

Dev Comp Immunol. 2016 Dec 29;:

Authors: Yang C, Wang L, Jia Z, Yi Q, Xu Q, Wang W, Gong C, Liu C, Song L

Abstract Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) is an essential molecule in innate immunity for both invertebrates and vertebrates, owing to its prominent ability in specifically recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and eliminating the invading bacteria. In the present study, the full length cDNA of two PGRP genes, CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4, were cloned from oyster Crassostrea gigas. Their amino acid sequences both contained one signal peptide, one typical PGRP/amidase domain with conserved catalytic residues responsible for amidase activity (55H, 90Y, 164H, 172C in CgPGRPS2, and 98H, 133Y, 207H, 215C in CgPGRPS4), and specific PGN recognition (84R, 85W, 104R, 109V in CgPGRPS2, and 127G, 128W, 147R, 152V in CgPGRPS4), and they shared 55.9% sequence similarity. The mRNA transcripts of CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 were constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues, including haemocytes, hepatopancreas, mantle, gonad, heart, adductor muscle and gill, with the highest expression level in adductor muscle and hepatopancreas, respectively. Both CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasma. The recombinant protein of CgPGRPS2 (rCgPGRPS2) could bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PGN and mannan (Man), as well as various microorganisms including Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Yarrowia lipolytica. The recombinant protein of CgPGRPS4 (rCgPGRPS4) exhibited higher binding affinity to PGN, lower binding affinity to LPS, while no binding activity to Man and Y. lipolytica. The results indicated that CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 could function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the innate immune response of oyster, and they exhibited a certain degree of functional differentiation in recognition of Man.

PMID: 28042081 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Protease Composition in Tissue Extracts of Hydrobionts from Antarctic Region: Recent Study | Chapter 13 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 1

Aims: Marine hydrobionts, which grow in extreme conditions, e.g. low temperatures, are an important source of enzymes with unique properties. By this reason the proteases from cold-water organisms could have a considerable biotechnological and therefore, commercial significance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the proteolytic potential of marine hydrobionts from Antarctic region (an example of Odontaster validus and Glyptonotus antarcticus).  Methodology: SDS-PAGE was carried out for the determination of protein composition in extracts. The proteolytic activity was monitored by zymographic technique. Further, the samples were preincubated with protease inhibitors EDTA, PMSF and SBTI and then total proteolytic (with casein as substrate) activity was measured. Gel filtration chromatography was applied for the fractionation of tested extracts. Collagenolytic and trypsin-like (amidase activity) activities were assessed with help of native collagen type I and L-BApNA respectively. Results: The results of gelatin zymography provided evidence for the presence of active enzymes in extracts of both hydrobionts whereas fibrinogen zymography revealed the presence only one clear area in extract of O. validus. Specific protease inhibitors were used to identify the nature of proteases present in tissue of investigated hydrobionts. Based on this analysis, the proteolytic enzymes in extract of O. validus might be classified as metal-dependent proteases, whereas the enzymes in extract of G. antarcticus were most likely trypsin-like proteases. Tissue extracts were separated by gel filtration chromatography on seven fractions for O. validus and six fractions for G. antarcticus. Further enzymatic activity assay in obtained fractions revealed that both hydrobionts possessed significant collagenolytic activity, which was detected in the first four fractions.  Conclusion: The current study gives some information about protease composition in tissue extracts of hydrobionts of Antarctic region. It could be useful for better understanding of functional and catalytic characteristics of proteases from cold-water organisms. Author (s) Details Nataliia Raksha ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine. Tetiana Halenova ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine. Tetyana Vovk ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine. Oleksii Savchuk

ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.

Lydmila Ostapchenko

ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.

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Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage_ Crimson Publishers

Anti-Cancer Effects of Zinc (II) Ion in Tumor Formation and Growth, Proliferation, Metastasis and DNA Damage  by  Ishida T* in  Degenerative Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities

From the results on antibacterial activities, the killing mechanisms have become clear that bacteriolysis for S. aureus peptidoglycan(PGN) cell wall is due to the inhibition of PGN elongation by the activities of PGN autolysins of amidases, and the other, for E. coli cell wall are due to destruction of outer membrane structure by degrading of lipoprotein at C-, N-terminals, owing to PGN formation inhibition by activities of PGN autolysins of amidase and carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase.

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Lux played today's #LongestWord: AMIDASE for 60pts, def'n at https://t.co/AmiJUGgXfL #game #scrabble #playmath #learn pic.twitter.com/wwfyxYHF2o

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