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30 June Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji): 92nd Birth Anniversary

By

Siraj Syed

Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji): 92nd Birth Anniversary 30 June 1928-24 August 2000

From sleeve notes written for SaReGaMa’s LEGENDS CD set in 2009: More than half a century after the cobra swayed to the clavioline, masquerading as the been, in ‘Tan dole mera man dole’, its notes still reverberate across India, and in many other parts of the world. It was, and remains, Kalyanji Virji Shah’s best-known musical signature. Kalyanji had first used the instrument in a film called Naag Panchami (1953, music Chitragupta), but that went largely un-noticed. ‘Tan dole’, a Hemant Kumar tune from a box-office hit, was the chart-topper of 1954, so listeners took good notice of its mesmerising been theme. Developed in France by a designer named Constant Martin, the clavioline was introduced in 1947. Five years later, musician Kalyanji was playing it here, in India, in film song takes. Four years after Nagin, Kalyanji had arrived as music director, with Samrat Chandragupta. And the following year, younger brother Anandji, who was a child actor and chorus singer too, joined him to create the K-A team that stood firm for over 40 years. Nevertheless, as Anandji, some four years younger (now 88), is often heard saying, “Kalyanjibhai is watching all this from above. He is very much with us in spirit.” Kalyanji Virji Shah died in the year 2000, at the age of 72.

Born in Kundrodi village of the Mundra taluka in Kutchh, the brothers grew up in Mumbai, where their father ran a food-grain store. Inclined more towards music than academics, they developed the self-taught ability to play a host of instruments, and formed part of school bands. By 1944-45, the teenager siblings had started playing in film song recordings. Big brother set up his own band in 1950, calling it Kalyanji and Party, with Purshottam Upadhyaya singing ‘Too mera chaand maen teree chaandnee’, the super-hit Naushad tune from Dillagi, to thunderous encores. The band performed in Bombay and in other nearby towns. For a while, the businessman in him did surface, and Kalyanji started a tailoring shop in partnership with a friend. Destiny, however, ensured that the shop did not prosper, drawing Kalyanji even closer to a world where a needle was something that played a gramophone record, not a device to stitch clothes with.

Many of us have heard the popular tunes the brothers composed for films like Samrat Chandragupta, Bedard Zamana Kya Jane, Chhalia and Bluff Master, the last two being the earliest directorial forays of director Manmohan Desai, but few would be aware that it was producer Subhash Desai, Manmohan’s brother, who gave Kalyanji his music directorial his break. Impressed with his prowess at song recordings of various recognised composers, Subhash saw a competent future music director in Kalyanji, and made him an offer that was strange, but nevertheless one that he could not refuse. Would he agree to a contract offering him 11 film assignments as music director, with a fee of Rs. 5,000 for the first film, Rs. 10,000 for the second…a recurring Rs. 5,000 increment per film, non-negotiable? The offer was too good to resist, so Kalyanji agreed, but he did ask Subhash, “Why11 films? Why not 10? Or 12?” The reply was convincing, “Eleven is my lucky number.” As it transpired, they did not do 11 films together, but Kalyanji’s career choice was made.

The K-A success story begins with Kalyanji’s kingly debut, Samrat Chandragupta. ‘Chahe paas ho’ is a touching lyric, with a tinge of sadness, as is the next number, ‘Door kahin tu chal’, another Rafi-Lata duet, from Bedard Zamana Kya Jaane, both penned by Bharat Vyas. With a title like Madari, there had to be a snake-charmer and his been in play, and the theme track, penned by Faruk Kaiser and rendered by Lata and Mukesh, indeed provided flashbacks of the legendary Kalyanji patent. Soon after he wrote his first song for them in Chandrasena, Gulshan Bawra penned a real gem in Satta Bazar, and this time the brothers invited their mentor Hemant Kumar to join Lata in the recording room, with amazing results. Who can forget ‘Tumhe yaad hoga’? Not yet the He Man he was to become in his later years, Dharmendra in Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere was emoting to Mukesh’s emotion-charged playback, rendering Shamim Jaipuri’s rich poetry. Graduating from smaller set-ups into a Raj Kapoor vehicle, K-A hit big time in Chhalia. Nonsensical verse from a sensible writer, Qamar Jalalabadi, ‘Dum dum diga diga’, with Mukesh providing playback to Raj’s on-screen antics, set the aisles afire.

Soon, they were signed to compose for Mehndi Lagi Mere Haath, a Shashi Kapoor starrer, and Bluff Master. Both films enjoyed reasonable success and the music went around too. In Bluff Master, we find the rare phenomenon of four voices being used for the same actor: Mukesh, Hemant Kumar, Shamshad Begum (Shammi Kapoor in drag) and Rafi. It was Rafi who immortalised ‘Govinda ala re’ and sang the duet ‘Husn chala kuchh aisi chal’ with Lata. Anand Bakhshi wrote inspired lyrics for Phool Bane Angaare, and Mukesh, as usual, delivered them with consummate artistry. By 1964, K-A were in the Premier League. That very year, they came up with such melodious tracks as the lilting ‘Humsafar mere humsafar’ (Purnima), where they teamed up with Gulzar, a rarity, and the two Mukesh solos from Ji Chahta Hai and Himalaya Ki God Mein. The former was written by Majrooh, not a K-A regular. Another infrequent teaming worked very well, as Hasrat Jaipuri wrote and Rafi sang in great style, ‘Dil beqarar sa hai’ (Ji Chahta Hai). Melodious, hummable and catchy. A ghazal on Shammi Kapoor with Bakhshi writing and Rafi singing may not be a common occurrence, but just savour ‘Teri zulfen pareshan’ (Preet Na Jane Reet). Staying with Mukesh on Shashi, after MLMH, the duo came up with a moody duet in Juari, ‘Humsafar ab yeh safar kat jayega’. If there was still any doubt about the standing of the duo in the rankings, Jab Jab Phool Khile laid to rest all criticism. Every track was heard everywhere. The songs had it all: pathos, fun, longing, depression, pep. For both K-A and Anand Bakhshi, the success of JJPK was to remain a milestone forever.

Rafi provided playback for debutant Rajesh Khanna in the theme song of his debut vehicle, Raaz, re-uniting K-A with Shamim Jaipuri, producing haunting results. Indeevar’s lyrics sang of cruel fate in Dil Ne Pukara, and who better to voice them than Mukesh, as ‘Waqt karta jo wafa’. In the same vein was the Suhag Raat lament, ‘Khush raho’. Manna De came in to give playback for Pran in Upkar and Zanjeer, rendering two of his most acclaimed numbers. It took the duo 19 hours to record ‘Mere desh ki dharti’, the patriotic anthem of Upkar. Saraswatichandra, based on a literary classic, needed the linguistic mastery of Indeevar to weave in the songs, and the author of ‘Kasme vaade pyar vafa’ made it count. Filmfare awarded the duo for the best music of the year. It was still pristine K-A, full of melody, working with Lata and Mukesh. Another award followed some years later, for Kora Kagaz, which had a pathos-laden title-track in the voice of Kishore. Not many might realise, but K-A used Kishore Kumar for the first time in the 1968 film Suhag Raat, singing a sad song, a full decade after the duo had started their career. A comic song was rendered by Manna De while Mukesh was called-upon to put across the other sad lyric.

Only Rafi could have set swinging mood for Shashi Kapoor to gyrate on screen in ‘Nain milakar chaen churana’ (Aamne Saamne). Rafi for Shashi it was again in Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati and Raja Saab. Part of the female vocals in Raja Saab came from Suman Kalyanpur. Suman had sung for K-A in MLMH and JJPK too, and was to partner Manhar in his first hit number in Vishwas. Giving Hemlata her break in the same film, K-A paired her with good-old friend Mukesh. Soon, the duo was to show its preference for rotating the strike, training and honing a host of budding singing talent, while reverting to the established names with equal regularity. Like a lot of extremely popular Mahendra-Manoj Kumar, Kishore-Amitabh Bachchan and Kishore-Rajesh Khanna outings. Incidentally, K-A took three days to record the back-ground score of Suhaag Raat, while they needed a whole month for Purab Aur Paschim. For the ‘Om jai Jagdeesh Hare’ bhajan of PAP, the composers used 50 chorus singers to get the effect normally created by violins. They called it human resonance. Delay (natural echo) was the highlight of ‘Mere mitwa’ (Geet). The child-like double speed of ‘Na sun sun sun bura’ (Priya) was simply achieved by recording on spool-tape at a particular speed and playing it back at double the speed. Most of their work was done at the Famous, Tardeo, recording studio.

There is Rafi, and not Kishore, for Rajesh Khanna, oozing sensuality as only he could, in Chhoti Bahu: ‘Yeh raat hai pyasi pyasi’, echoing musician hero Rajendra Kumar’s heart-rending call in Geet and charting a romantic route for Dharmendra in Kab Kyon Aur Kahan? He also offers love lessons in Upaasna; in the Haath Ki Safai duet, he makes a solemn promise of eternal love; and he goes on Dilip Kumar for the intoxicating ‘Peete peete’ duet with Asha Bhosle in Bairaag. As Western as it gets is the rare title chorus ‘Pretty pretty Priya’ (Priya) and as Sanskritised as it can get is the Kishore hilarity ‘Priye praneshwari’ (Hum Tum Aur Woh). Kalyanji-Anandji made Shatrughan Sinha sing in Kashmakash, Amitabh Bachchan in Laawaris and Anil Kapoor in Chameli Ki Shaadi. They also gave ample opportunities to the emerging talent of 70s’ generation, as you can sample on the Shailendra Singh, Suresh Wadkar, Anwar, Alka Yagnik and Kanchan tracks.

Known for their hundreds of stage performances, in India and abroad, both brothers also enjoyed a sturdy reputation as funsters, with a joke for every occasion and a keen sense of self-deprecating humour. They once famously described themselves as medical practitioners. “We offer all lines of treatment. If some producer approaches us with symptoms that demand a classical approach, we recommend the Ayurvedic style of medicine: Slow, but efficacious in the long-term. On the other hand, if some film-maker wants to experiment with the musical score of his film, we suggest Homoeopathic type of tunes: May work, may not. Some element of risk is involved. If, however, he wants the juke-boxes to jingle and listeners to start singing along instantaneously, we churn out Allopathic compositions: Like injections, they have instant, strong effect, but the effect may wear out sooner.” Music, along with laughter, is the best medicine known to mankind. Kalyanji-Anandji have already issued a statutory warning to your troubles to keep away, for there’s no place for them, ‘Mere angne men tumhara kya kaam hae?’

Lock kardo Sab 🔐 . . Afsos k sath Pakistan men corona cases ki tadaad 6000 se tajawuz kar gai hai aur ham ab tak samjhny KO tayar nhi hain k hamain ghar bethna hai , hamary samnay Italy , America , Spain , France aur Iran buri tarah tabah horahy hain par ham ab tak intezar kar rahay hain kab hamara b in Jesa haal Jo aur hosh k nakhun Len ham, khudara apni hizfazat karen aur apnay chahnay walon KO mehfooz rakhen aur Allah se maafi mangen ♥ . . . . . . . #syedhamzarizvi #stayhome #makkah #corona #stayhomestaysafe #muhammad #islam #umrah #allah #muslim #quran #mekkah #haji #madina #mecca #hajj #umrohmurah #khwaja #masjidilharam #islamicquotes #islamic #travelumroh #mekah #sunnah #saudiarabia #travel #masjidnabawi #alhamdulillah #allahuakbar #covid_19 https://www.instagram.com/p/B_FRf5KHhil/?igshid=aon4ghy1hdfk

Events 10.23

42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Second Battle of Philippi: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat Brutus's army. Brutus commits suicide. 425 – Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of six. 501 – The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theoderic the Great, discharges Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius. 1086 – At the Battle of Sagrajas, the army of Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeats the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI. 1157 – The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the civil war in Denmark. King Sweyn III is killed and Valdemar I restores the country. 1295 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris. 1641 – Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster tried to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, to force concessions to Catholics. 1642 – Battle of Edgehill: First major battle of the First English Civil War. 1694 – British/American colonial forces, led by Sir William Phips, fail to seize Quebec from the French. 1707 – The first Parliament of Great Britain meets. 1739 – War of Jenkins' Ear starts: British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, reluctantly declares war on Spain. 1812 – Claude François de Malet, a French general, begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte, claiming that the Emperor died in Russia and that he is now the commandant of Paris. 1850 – The first National Women's Rights Convention begins in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. 1861 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D.C., for all military-related cases. 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Westport: Union forces under General Samuel R. Curtis defeat Confederate troops led by General Sterling Price at Westport, Missouri, near Kansas City. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz concludes with a decisive Prussian victory. 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies an airplane in the first heavier-than-air flight in Europe at Champs de Bagatelle, Paris, France. 1911 – First use of aircraft in war: Italo-Turkish War: An Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines. 1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins. 1915 – Women's suffrage: In New York City, 25,000–33,000 women march on Fifth Avenue to advocate their right to vote. 1917 – Lenin calls for the October Revolution. 1929 – Wall Street Crash of 1929. After a steady decline in stock market prices since a peak in September, the New York Stock Exchange begins to crash. 1935 – Dutch Schultz, Abe Landau, Otto Berman, and Bernard "Lulu" Rosencrantz are fatally shot at a saloon in Newark, New Jersey in what will become known as The Chophouse Massacre. 1939 – The Japanese Mitsubishi G4M twin-engine "Betty" Bomber makes its maiden flight. 1941 – World War II: Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov takes command of Red Army operations to prevent the further advance into Russia of German forces and to prevent the Wehrmacht from capturing Moscow. 1942 – World War II: Second Battle of El Alamein: At El Alamein in northern Egypt, the British Eighth Army under Field Marshal Montgomery begins a critical offensive to expel the Axis armies from Egypt. 1942 – All 12 passengers and crewmen aboard an American Airlines DC-3 airliner are killed when it is struck by a U.S. Army Air Forces bomber near Palm Springs, California. 1942 – World War II: The Battle for Henderson Field begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on October 26. 1944 – World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf: The largest naval battle in history begins in the Philippines. 1946 – The United Nations General Assembly convenes for the first time, at an auditorium in Flushing, Queens, New York City. 1955 – Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm defeats former emperor Bảo Đại in a referendum and founds the Republic of Vietnam. 1955 – Saar Statute referendum, 1955 to decide if the Saar region is to become an independent territory under economic union with France. 67% of voters rejected the statute, leading to the reunification of the Saar with Germany in 1957. 1956 – Thousands of Hungarians protest against the government and Soviet occupation. (The Hungarian Revolution is crushed on November 4). 1958 – The Springhill Mine bump: An earthquake traps 174 miners in the No. 2 colliery at Springhill, Nova Scotia, the deepest coal mine in North America at the time. By November 1, rescuers from around the world had dug out 100 of the victims, marking the death toll at 74. 1965 – Vietnam War: The 1st Cavalry Division (United States) (Airmobile), in conjunction with South Vietnamese forces, launches a new operation seeking to destroy North Vietnamese forces in Pleiku in the II Corps Tactical Zone (the Central Highlands). 1970 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas. 1972 – Operation Linebacker, a US bombing campaign against North Vietnam in response to its Easter Offensive, ends after five months. 1973 – The Watergate scandal: US President Richard M. Nixon agrees to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations. 1982 – A gunfight breaks out between police officers and members of a religious cult known as the "Christ Miracle Healing Center and Church" in Miracle Valley, Arizona. The shootout leaves two cultists dead and dozens of cultists and police officers injured. 1983 – Lebanese Civil War: The U.S. Marines barracks in Beirut is hit by a truck bomb, killing 241 U.S. military personnel. A French army barracks in Lebanon is also hit that same morning, killing 58 troops. 1989 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös, replacing the communist Hungarian People's Republic. 1989 – Bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine; the biggest bankruptcy in the Nordic countries until then. 1991 – Signing of the Paris Peace Accords which ended the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Commemorated as a public holiday in Cambodia. 1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb prematurely detonates in the Shankill area of Belfast, killing the bomber and nine civilians. 1995 – Yolanda Saldívar is found guilty of first-degree murder in the shooting death of popular Latin singer Selena. Saldívar was sentenced to life in prison, eligible for parole in 2025. 1998 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian Chairman Yasser Arafat reach a "land for peace" agreement. 2002 – Moscow theater hostage crisis: Chechen terrorists seize the House of Culture theater in Moscow and take approximately 700 theater-goers hostage. 2004 – A powerful earthquake and its aftershocks hit Niigata Prefecture in northern Japan, killing 35 people, injuring 2,200, and leaving 85,000 homeless or evacuated. 2007 – A powerful cold front in the Bay of Campeche causes the Usumacinta jackup rig to collide with Kab 101, leading to the death and drowning of 22 people during rescue operations after evacuation of the rig. 2011 – A powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes Van Province, Turkey, killing 582 people and injuring thousands. 2011 – The Libyan National Transition Council deems the Libyan Civil War over. 2012 – After 38 years, the world's first teletext service (BBC's Ceefax) ceases broadcast due to Northern Ireland completing the digital switchover. 2015 – The lowest sea-level pressure in the Western Hemisphere, and the highest reliably-measured non-tornadic sustained winds, are recorded in Hurricane Patricia, which strikes Mexico hours later, killing at least 13 and causing over $280 million in damages.

Events 10.23

42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Second Battle of Philippi – Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat Brutus's army. Brutus commits suicide. 425 – Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of six. 501 – The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theoderic the Great, discharges Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius. 1086 – At the Battle of Sagrajas, the army of Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeats the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI. 1157 – The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the civil war in Denmark. King Sweyn III is killed and Valdemar I restores the country. 1295 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris. 1641 – Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster tried to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, to force concessions to Catholics. 1642 – Battle of Edgehill: First major battle of the First English Civil War. 1694 – British/American colonial forces, led by Sir William Phips, fail to seize Quebec from the French. 1707 – The first Parliament of Great Britain meets. 1739 – War of Jenkins' Ear starts: British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, reluctantly declares war on Spain. 1812 – Claude François de Malet, a French general, begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte, claiming that the Emperor died in Russia and that he is now the commandant of Paris. 1850 – The first National Women's Rights Convention begins in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. 1861 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D.C., for all military-related cases. 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Westport: Union forces under General Samuel R. Curtis defeat Confederate troops led by General Sterling Price at Westport, Missouri, near Kansas City. 1867 – Seventy-two Senators are summoned by Royal Proclamation to serve as the first members of the Canadian Senate. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz concludes with a decisive Prussian victory. 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies an airplane in the first heavier-than-air flight in Europe at Champs de Bagatelle, Paris, France. 1911 – First use of aircraft in war: Italo-Turkish War: An Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines. 1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins. 1915 – Women's suffrage: In New York City, 25,000–33,000 women march on Fifth Avenue to advocate their right to vote. 1917 – Lenin calls for the October Revolution. 1929 – Wall Street Crash of 1929. After a steady decline in stock market prices since a peak in September, the New York Stock Exchange begins to crash. 1935 – Dutch Schultz, Abe Landau, Otto Berman, and Bernard "Lulu" Rosencrantz are fatally shot at a saloon in Newark, New Jersey in what will become known as The Chophouse Massacre. 1939 – The Japanese Mitsubishi G4M twin-engine "Betty" Bomber makes its maiden flight. 1941 – World War II: Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov takes command of Red Army operations to prevent the further advance into Russia of German forces and to prevent the Wehrmacht from capturing Moscow. 1942 – World War II: Second Battle of El Alamein: At El Alamein in northern Egypt, the British Eighth Army under Field Marshal Montgomery begins a critical offensive to expel the Axis armies from Egypt. 1942 – All 12 passengers and crewmen aboard an American Airlines DC-3 airliner are killed when it is struck by a U.S. Army Air Forces bomber near Palm Springs, California. 1942 – World War II: The Battle for Henderson Field begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on October 26. 1944 – World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf: The largest naval battle in history begins in the Philippines. 1946 – The United Nations General Assembly convenes for the first time, at an auditorium in Flushing, Queens, New York City. 1955 – Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm defeats former emperor Bảo Đại in a referendum and founds the Republic of Vietnam. 1956 – Thousands of Hungarians protest against the government and Soviet occupation. (The Hungarian Revolution is crushed on November 4). 1958 – The Springhill Mine bump: An underground earthquake traps 174 miners in the No. 2 colliery at Springhill, Nova Scotia, the deepest coal mine in North America at the time. By November 1, rescuers from around the world had dug out 100 of the victims, marking the death toll at 74. 1965 – Vietnam War: The 1st Cavalry Division (United States) (Airmobile), in conjunction with South Vietnamese forces, launches a new operation seeking to destroy North Vietnamese forces in Pleiku in the II Corps Tactical Zone (the Central Highlands). 1970 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas. 1972 – Operation Linebacker, a US bombing campaign against North Vietnam in response to its Easter Offensive, ends after five months. 1973 – The Watergate scandal: US President Richard M. Nixon agrees to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations. 1982 – A gunfight breaks out between police officers and members of a religious cult known as the "Christ Miracle Healing Center and Church" in Miracle Valley, Arizona. The shootout leaves two cultists dead and dozens of cultists and police officers injured. 1983 – Lebanese Civil War: The U.S. Marines barracks in Beirut is hit by a truck bomb, killing 241 U.S. military personnel. A French army barracks in Lebanon is also hit that same morning, killing 58 troops. 1989 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös, replacing the communist Hungarian People's Republic. 1989 – Bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine; the biggest bankruptcy in the Nordic countries until then. 1991 – Signing of the Paris Peace Accords which ended the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Commemorated as a public holiday in Cambodia. 1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb prematurely detonates in the Shankill area of Belfast, killing the bomber and nine civilians. 1995 – Yolanda Saldívar is found guilty of first-degree murder in the shooting death of popular Latin singer Selena. Three days later, Saldívar was sentenced to life in prison, eligible for parole in 2025 1998 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian Chairman Yasser Arafat reach a "land for peace" agreement. 2002 – Moscow theater hostage crisis: Chechen terrorists seize the House of Culture theater in Moscow and take approximately 700 theater-goers hostage. 2004 – A powerful earthquake and its aftershocks hit Niigata Prefecture in northern Japan, killing 35 people, injuring 2,200, and leaving 85,000 homeless or evacuated. 2007 – A powerful cold front in the Bay of Campeche causes the Usumacinta jackup rig to collide with Kab 101, leading to the death and drowning of 22 people during rescue operations after evacuation of the rig. 2011 – A powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes Van Province, Turkey, killing 582 people and injuring thousands. 2011 – The Libyan National Transition Council deems the Libyan Civil War over. 2012 – After 38 years, the world's first teletext service (BBC's Ceefax) ceases broadcast due to Northern Ireland completing the digital switchover. 2015 – The lowest sea-level pressure in the Western Hemisphere, and the highest reliably-measured non-tornadic sustained winds, are recorded in Hurricane Patricia, which strikes Mexico hours later, killing at least 13 and causing over $280 million in damages.