Finding the body of Prince Józef
Having finished the series about the last year of Prince Józef's life, it is impossible to ignore the issue of finding his body, especially since many paintings illustrating that event were created in that era and later.
The Allies began searching for the bodies of those killed in the Battle of Leipzig already in the afternoon on the 19th October.
Prince Poniatowski's body was found only on the 24th, a very short distance from the place - about three hundred steps - where he tried to cross the Elster. It was recovered from the river, according to Szymon Askenazy, by Leipzig fishermen Johann Christian Friedrich and Johann Christian Meissner, and their assistants Adam Solten and Beniamin Meissner.
At the time of his death, the prince was wearing a Polish general's uniform, with a Virtuti Militari cross on his chest; some sources even state that being found he still was holding a broadsword in his hand. However, the wig Poniatowski used to wear, together with the artificial sideburns attached to it, slipped off the prince's head and wasn't found together with the body.
This circumstance made the identification of the body rather difficult. (Though, I had to say, the body’s state wasn’t as bad as it might be expected on the 5th day after death - the cold water kinda preserved it. Antoni Ostrowski even states that prince’ face was serene, smooth and beautiful as in life. But others wrote that there had been a dark spot on his forehead.)
Nevertheless, the Polish generals who had been taken by Allied as prisoners of war - Grabowski, Kamieniecki, Krasiński, Rożniecki and Umiński - recognized in the deceased man his commander...
Czesław Tański, Prince Józef's body recovery from the Elster
One of the images from my collection even shows prince Józef without his wig (though with sideburns, and moustache - about which I am still not sure whether Poniatowski) was wearing it at the time of his death:
Leszek Woźniak, prince Józef drowning
Having being found, Poniatowski's body was then deposited in the underground vault of the city hall of Leipzig (it was there where the official recognition was made).
Charon, Soldiers carrying the body of Prince Józef
Then it would be buried in the church of St. John (but this is the topic for another post...)
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Aleksander Linowski namawiał [Józefa Poniatowskiego] nie tylko do nieopuszczania Księstwa [Warszawskiego] ale również do szukania porozumienia z [carem] Aleksandrem. W dzień, w którym wojska polskie miały wyjść z Krakowa doszło do dramatycznej rozmowy między nimi: "Cóż - rzekł - książę wychodzisz, porzucasz nas i ojczyznę. Zastanów się książę jeszcze raz, czy nie zepsujesz naszej sprawy i nie narazisz siebie, wojska i ojczyzny na zgubę?" Odpowiedział mu z żywością: "Słuchaj, widzisz te pistolety (...) dziś je w nocy dwa razy miałem w ręku, chciałem sobie w łeb strzelić, i tak wyjść z tego położenia, ale na koniec wziąłem determinację nie odstąpić od Napoleona." "Więc książę odstępujesz ojczyznę" - zarzucił mu Linowski, on z żywością odrzekł: "Nie chcę i ojczyzny kosztem honoru nabytej."
'Aleksander Linowski urged [Józef Poniatowski] not only to stay in the Duchy [of Warsaw] but also to seek an accord with [tsar] Alexander. On the day of the Polish forces' marching away from Kraków, a dramatic exchange took place between the two of them: "Well," he said, "prince, you are departing, abandoning us and the homeland. One more time, prince, consider whether you will not doom our cause and put yourself, the men and the homeland in mortal peril?" He was answered with verve, "Listen, you see those pistols (...) last night, twice I had them in hand, I wanted to shoot myself in the head and by that means escape the current predicament, but in the end, I decided not to desert Napoleon." "So, you desert the homeland, prince," Linowski accused, and he responded with verve, "I don't want anything bought for the price of honour, even homeland."'
-- Lech Mażewski, Rzeczypospolita Jeden i Pół; O narodzinch, istnieniu i upadku państwa polskiego w latach 1806-1831
(translation mine, some notes on that under the cut)
when Poniatowski talks about wanting to shoot himself, he uses the word "łeb" (according to the account, anyway) which I put down as "head" seeing how that's the literal translation. but "łeb" is usually used for animals, or else as a derogatory/colloquial word, so unfortunately "head" doesn't fully convey the emotion being expressed here
"desert Napoleon" and "desert the homeland", originally both use the verb "odstąpić", but due to some grammar magic, that verb has a different meaning each time. "odstąpić od Napoleona" means, literally, to step/turn away from Napoleon, while "odstępujesz ojczyznę" means 'you relinquish/yield/give up the homeland [to someone]'. I decided to go for a less literal translation to preserve the dramatic nature of the exchange, and chose 'desert' because the conversation is about Poniatowski's honour in a military context and him leaving/staying in his country
"ojczyzna" means 'that which belongs and/or is left behind by the father', or just 'fatherland', in a literal translation. 'fatherland' has some country-specific connotations in english and isn't used very widely. 'ojczyzna', while being a bit formal, sees much freer usage, standing for 'homeland', 'home country'
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The Battle of Leipzig, October, 1813
By mid-October, Napoleon gathered all his forces near Leipzig, where on the 16th the started a battle that would later be called the Battle of the Nations .
Jan Czesław Moniuszko, Prince Józef at Leipzig
Commanding the Poles incorporated into the Grand Army as the 8th Corps, Prince Joseph defended the village of Markkleeberg south of the city. As he reported to Napoleon, on the 16th
"the enemy did not gain an inch of ground […] the army showed admirable zeal and endurance […] but I lost 1/3 of my men and I have no ammunition."
And on that very day, the 16th of October, the Emperor appointed Prince Poniatowski a Marshal of France, with the official nomination taking place a day later.
Prince Józef Poniatowski being presented the marshals baton, Reville's engraving after Martinet
As diarists recall, prince Józef received both the news about the nomination and the announcement that followed quite calmly, or even indifferently. However, he considered that moment not appropriate to insult the emperor with a refusal.
So first Poniatowski asked consent of Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw, to accept the nomination. Then he hastened assure his subordinates that
"whatever happens he would never replace the Polish uniform with another one."
Also anticipating that the news of his new appointment might not receive support in Warsaw, prince Józef asked Tomasz Ostrowski
"to send to the capital as early as possible, by a known means, an explanation of the circumstances and an assurance everyone that if there is no war for Poland, no one will see him wearing anything but a civilian clothes".
Together with this, however, Poniatowski promised that in any case he would have to escort Napoleon to France.
As for the global situation, the 17th of October was a day of rest and re-ranking of troops for both the Frenchmen and the Coalition , thus there was almost no fighting then.
Polish infantry fighting at Connewitz-Probstheida, a drawing by Raffet
On October 18, Prince Joseph was defending Probstheida, a village southeast of Leipzig. But that day the fighting was even more fierce than before. The French troops held their positions, but by the end of the day they were exhausted and depleted as a result of the intensifying attacks of the Allies, who, in addition, had on the previous day received reinforcements in the form of General Bennigsen's Czech Army and the Army of the North commaded by Bernadotte.
Considering all this, that evening Napoleon considered the battle a lost cause. So, he then began organizing the retreat. The corps of General Reynier, Marshal Macdonald and Prince Poniatowski were to defense the rear guard of the French. They were to hold the city of Leipzig for 24 hours for the Grande Armée to gain as much time as possible.
Napoleon resigns after the Battle of Leipzig, From a painting by Ludwik Braun
Having arrived in Leipzig at nine o'clock in the evening, Napoleon stayed at the hotel "At the Prussian king", where he asked Prince Józef to come. They then had, according to Baron Agathon Fain's account, the following conversation:
- Prince, you will defend the southern suburbs.
– Sire! I have very few men, most of my corps have, following Prince Berthier's orders, crossed the Elsther at night.
- How many Poles are there with you?
- My usual escort, i.e. two hundred of the Krakuses, the same number of cuirassiers, staff and several cavalry units, in total about eight hundred people.
- Well, this will be the way for you to defend the southern suburbs and cover the retreat of the army with the Prince of Tarentum… For 800 Poles are worth 8,000 other soldiers.
- Your Majesty can trust us, we will cover the retreat, even if every one of us dies!
These were the last words the prince addressed to the emperor. After saying goodbye he looked "preoccupied and sad".
What's more, that meeting was probably the last time Poniatowski and Napoleon seeing each other...
January Suchodolski, Napoleon and Józef Antoni Poniatowski at the Battle of Leipzig
On the morning of the last day of the battle, Polish troops were defending a section of the southern suburbs near the Peters Thor gate. Moreover, that time they had not only to fight the enemy, but also there intensified clashes with the locals, who were shooting at the retreating units from the windows.
Author Unknown, Prince Józef Poniatowski during the Battle of Leipzig
At about 11:00 Prince Józef found it impossible to conduct further defensive operations in this place and ordered a retreat. The Poles moved along the esplanade, where, near the Wasserkunst fountain, they fight the enemy in an organized manner for the last time.
Jan Chełmiński, Prince Józef Poniatowski at the head of the troops at Leipzig
During that skirmish Poniatowski was probably wounded (probably not first time). As Klemens Kołaczkowski recalled:
He received a wound in the hand from a rifle bullet; he ordered it to be treated, got back on the horse and, holding his hand on a scarf, he did not stop fighting.
Then the Poles, having left the city walls, were looking for a crossing. The first on their way was the Pleisse River, deprived of all bridges on Napoleon's orders. Kołaczkowski:
Prince Poniatowski <…> was exposed to the fire of enemy tirailleurs, in dense troops approaching from all sides. General Bronikowski, standing next to the prince, advised him to seek salvation by swimming. But the prince answered him quickly: "One must die bravely!" (Il faut mourir en brave - AS) He ordered the rest of the escort to attack enemy tirailleurs one more time, but that managed to stop their advance only for a moment. There was not a single moment to lose! In this last resort, the prince finally followed the opinion of the officers surrounding him, mounted his horse and jumped into the river with him!
Jan Bogumił Plersch, Prince Poniatowski crossing Pleisse
The water was flooding the banks high up; the horse, carried away by its momentum, could not reach the shore. At this sight, captain Blechamps from the staff rushes after the prince, helps him swim and get to the opposite shore.
But there was one more river to cross – the Elster. Which had also been devoid of all its bridges except one. But even that one was earlier that day blown up by mistake when a significant part of the French were still on the other bank.
Retreat of the French from Leipzig, October 1813, an English engraving
What's more, in German Elster means "magpie". And according to legend, a gypsy woman once told Prince Joseph that he would die because of a magpie. And that's how it happened.
Tadeusz Korpal, Prince Poniatowski at Leipzig
Kołaczkowski:
The prince was walking on foot through the gardens lying between Elster and Pleisse: here, he was shot in the side by a rifle bullet for the second time and fell into the arms of the officers surrounding him. However, he soon regained consciousness and, with the help of his adjutant, mounted his horse with difficulty, swaying in the saddle. The Poles started to appeal to him to take care of himself and, handing over his command to another general, to preserve himself for the homeland. But the prince's courage seemed to increase with danger. "No! no!" he shouted "God has entrusted me with the honor of the Poles, I will only give it to God". The engineer's officer comes running and points to the most convenient place to cross; the prince, walking along the river bank, heads in that direction; but when he notices the enemy unit blocking his path, he shouts loudly: "There they are!" He turns his horse and rushes to Elster. Weakened by his wounds, he can no longer steer his horse, but the beast can only follow the current and cannot climb the high, precipitous shore. All this happened under a hail of bullets. At that final moment, the prince receives his third wound, slips from his horse and, carried away by the rush of the water, begins to sink. The good Blechamps comes to the aid again. In noble zeal, he throws himself into the river and grasps the prince. He was seen holding his arms and trying to lift the prince's head above the water, but the efforts of this noble man were in vain. They both disappeared forever in the currents of the treacherous river! Such was the death of a Polish hero, a beloved leader who preferred death to ignominious captivity.
Prince Poniatowski at Leipzig (enlarged)
According to another legend, at Leipzig prince Józef was to see the notorious White Lady of the Poniatowskis for the last time.
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