The Cigarette (La cigarette), Germaine Dulac (1919)

[KISS] Thursday 7.. August 1834

9 35

12 5

she came to me about eight to warm her stomach still bowel complaint and it ended in a long good kiss to her and our lying till tolerably cool on having my motion fancied cousin coming and so he did gently after breakfast but have not put anything on all today fine morning F68° at 10 ½ am  – breakfast at 11 – made tea for A- (1st time) in our Jones’s boiler – put the tea into boiling water and let it have 2 or 3 bubblings afterwards and it answered marvellously -  A- enjoyed it, and ate a large plat of strawberries and has seemed better ever since – wrote out the 1st 50 lines of yesterday till 2 ½ - then off in light calêche and 1 horse at 3 (our host driving us) to Pont St Laurent [St. Laurent-du-Pont] to see the new road from there here - at the tolerably good village of St. Etienne in 50 minutes at 3 50 – all the women sitting their doors spinning there as here – in 8 or 10 minutes get to the narrow Defile thro’ the calcareous rock – about 20 minutes passing thro’ it –workmen there – good road – at 4 35 at the little village of Ensivière not marked on Chaix’s map and at St Laurent du Pont at 5 – sat in the carriage 25 minutes while A- ate her cold poulet and drank her brandy and water   I got out and walked over the good wooden bridge, oak below and poplar above not to be so slippery - back and off again at 5 ½ - walked up the hill from 6 10 to 6 ½ the last ¼ hour thro’ the fine Defile – met the engineer there - 40,000fr. already spent and would take 30000fr. more to finish the road - could not be till 1836, as the supply refused for next year but promised to be given that following - a road departmental now - would by and by be a route royale - when made good, government would then take it - at home at 7 ½ - very fine view from the hill above Voiron – right (going) large, white, good building now the Chartreusine (female Chartreux) bought ten years ago for this purpose – a chateau just now bought near the town by a fraternity of monks – the priests now as well off under Louis Philippe as under Charles X – some nice grass and farming landing at the top of the hill worth 1000/. per journal of 600 toises carrés and lets for 100/. per journal - this the 2nd quality of land - the 1st (about the town) worth 3,000/. per journal and lets for 300/. per ditto - and yet she said, in buying land, are had only 3 pc. here - 2 large manufactories built here lastly by Lyons merchants in consequence of the union work at L-  Voiron has considerable commerce in linen cloth - the distance from Lyons to Echelles [Les Échelles] by Pont de Beauvoisin or Voiron not ½ hour longer by the latter - dinner at 7 ¾ to 9 - A- much better - wrote out all but the 1st 50 lines of yesterday and the whole of today till 10 55 - very fine day - F68° at 11 ½ pm - being master of the poste here (Voiron) worth 1500fr. a year

Woah, He's A World Record Holder

Hey, As you know, we’re proud Americans here at 1st Phorm. But over the last few weeks, we’ve had the chance to spend some time with a world record holder and dear friend who just so happens to be from France. …and while he’s currently pursuing a career in professional hockey … 1st Phorm Athlete, Louis Chaix, is one of the most genuine, down-to-earth people you could ever meet. On Episode 7 of…

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Lola Nicon photographed by Senta Simond for Self Service Magazine, Spring/Summer 2021

Styling by Marie Chaix

Greetings From Canada 003

Greetings From Canada 003

We’re back with even more great Canadian music. Do yourself a favor and check out these amazing songs from a variety of awesome arists:

“3’s A CROWD” – Madison Olds

“High For You” – Sam The Astronaut

“Dropped” – Ekelle

“Guava” – 3409

“Riches” – Sidny x Chaix

“BUBBLE” – Alexis Lynn

“Trigger” – NIIVA

“I Don’t Care” – Dawson Gamble

“Shiny” –

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The Quartier Latin. A magazine devoted to the arts (!899). Louis Rhead (English, 1858-1926). Poster. Printer: Imp. Chaix, Paris. Library of Congress.

Poster with art nouveau aspects showing a seated woman holding a palette and paint brushes. The Quartier Latin was the literary arts magazine for young British and American expats in Belle Époque Paris, featuring contributors such as Jack B. Yeats, Kate Adair, and J.K. Huysmans. All is elegant artistry in Rhead's cover illustration. Born in England, Rhead found equal success in London, New York, and Paris; his 1895 exhibition of posters in New York was America's first.

1834 August Thursday 7th

Gah, life, and with that PSA over, more Listeriana

Q 9:35 12:05 She came to me about 8:00 to warm her stomach still bowel complaint and it ended in a long good kissed to her and our lying till tolerably cool - on having my motion fancied cousin coming and so he did gently after breakfast but have not put anything on at all today - fine morning F 68° at 10:30 a.m. breakfast at 11 - made tea for Ann (1st time) in our Jones’s boiler - put the tea into boiling water and let it have 2 or 3 bubblings afterwards and it answered marvellously - Ann enjoyed it and ate a large plat of strawberries and has seemed better ever since - wrote out the first 50 lines of yesterday till 2:30 - then off in light calêche and 1 horse at 3 our host driving us, to pont St Laurent to see the new road from there here - at the tolerably good village of Saint Etienne in 50 minutes at 3:50 - all the women sitting their doors spinning there as here - in 8 or 10 minutes get to the narrow defile through the calcerous rock -

about 20 minutes passing through it - workman there - good road - at 4:35 at the little village of Ensivière not marked on Chaix’s map and at St Laurent du Pont at 5 - sat in the carriage 25 minutes while Ann ate her cold poulet and drank her brandy and water I got out and walked over the good wooden bridge, oak below and poplar above not to be so slippery - off back again at 5:30 - walked up the hill from 6:10 to 6:30 the last 1/4 hour through the fine defile -

met the engineer there - 40,000 francs already spent and would take 30,000 francs more to finish the road - could not be till 1836, as the supply refused for bridge next year but promised to be given the following - road departmental now - would by and by be a route royale - when made good, government would then take it -

at home at 7:30 - very fine view from the hill above Voison - right (going) large white good building, now the Chartreusine (female Chartreux) bought 10 years ago for this purpose - a Chateau just new bought near the town by a fraternity of monks - the priests and monks now as well off under Louis Philippe as under Charles X -

psome nice grass and farming land at the top of the hill worth 1000/. per journal of 600 toises carrés and lets for 100/. per journal - this the second quality of land - the 1st (about the town) worth 3000/. per journal lets for 300/. per ditto - and yet he said, in buying land, one had only 3% here - 2 large manufacturers built here lately by Lyon merchants in consequence of the union work at Lyon Voison has considerable commerce in linen cloth - the distance from Lyon to Echelles by Pont de Beauvoisine or Voison not half hour longer than by latter - dinner at 7:45 to 9 - and much better - wrote out all but the last 50 lines of yesterday and the whole of the day till 10:55 - very fine day - F 68° at 11:30 PM - being master of the poste here (Voison) worth 1500 francs a year -

louis vuitton & céline styled by marie chaix for the gentlewoman

La famille de Bovet originaire du Dauphiné :

Source : Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave (1863-1923), Dictionnaire des familles françaises anciennes ou notables à la fin du XIXe siècle

BnF/Gallica : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1119990/f301.item

Armes : d'azur à un boeuf passant d'or. Aliàs (d'après le règlement d'armoiries de 1819) : d'azur à un boeuf d'or passant sur une terrasse de sinople.

La famille de Bovet, originaire du Dauphiné, y est fort anciennement connue. Un de ses membres sollicita même sous Louis XV la faveur d'être admis aux honneurs de la Cour. On trouvera dans les manuscrits de Chérin, au mot Bouet, le rapport que le généalogiste des Ordres du Roi, chargé d'examiner cette requête, adressa le 2 juin 1763 au marquis de Béringhen. Ce rapport commence en ces termes : « On ignore l'origine de cette noblesse; elle parait néanmoins ancienne; mais, n'ayant point d'illustration, ni de possession de fiefs considérables, la privation de ces deux avantages ne lui permet pas de prouver son ancienneté. On trouve un Jean de Bovet sergent du Roi en 1333, qualité qui doit avoir été distinguée, puisqu'on la trouve à Guillaume de Roussillon et à Guillaume de Dicy en 1318. Le sceau de ce Jean Bovet au bas d'une quittance représente un boeuf ou taureau. Gaucelin Bovet donna aussi quittance de ses appointements de guerre l'an 1436. Son sceau représente un taureau. Le principal domicile de MM. Bovet a été au lieu de Crémieu, dans l'ancienne baronnie de la Tour du Pin, où noble Jean Bovet, fils d'un Étienne, épousa l'an 1437 Marie de Boenc, Lui ou un autre Jean Bovet est compris au rang des nobles et gentilshommes du Dauphiné dans les révisions qui en furent faites dans les années 1473 et 1484 et la vraisemblance donne lieu de croire qu'il fut le même que Jean Bovet dont le fils, nommé Zacharie, suit. Noble Zacharie Bovet, aussi établi à Crémieu, dans la baronnie de la Tour du Pin, et possédant des biens l'an 1483, rendit des services importants au dauphin Louis, connu depuis sous le titre de roi Louis XI. Ce prince le chargea de négociations l'an 1466 auprès du pape Paul II, comme le prouve une bulle de 1497 du pape Alexandre VI. Ce Zacharie vivait encore l'an 1507. Il laissa de Philippe de Brunel, sa femme, pour fils aîné noble Antoine Bovet, qui suit, et pour fils cadet noble Claude Bovet, auteur d'une branche connue sous la dénomination de seigneurs de la Bretonnière et divisée en deux rameaux dont l'un a suivi le parti des armes et l'autre a pris celui de la robe… ».

Le vicomte Révérend a d'autre part consacré une assez longue notice à la famille de Bovet dans son Annuaire de la Noblesse de 1891. On peut voir dans cette notice que Zacharie Bovet, mentionné plus haut, aurait été fils de Jean et d'Agnès de Vallin, petit-fils de Jean et de Marie de Boenc et arrière-petit-fils d'Etienne Bovet qui épousa Catherine d'Optevaz et qui aurait été lui-même fils de Jean Bovet et de Catherine de Virieu et petit-fils de Jean Bovet, écuyer, et d'Agathe Alleman.

Les deux fils de Zacharie Bovet, Antoine et Claude, furent les auteurs de deux grandes branches.

Antoine de Bovet, auteur de la branche aînée, épousa dans les premières années du XVIe siècle Marguerite de Vallin, fille de Claude et de Claudine de Virieu. Leur fils, Pierre de Bovet, Sgr de la Tour de Moiras en 1580, marié à Gasparde de Rigaud de Rajat, en eut deux fils :

Pierre de Bovet, Sgr de la Tour de Moiras, qui épousa Françoise de Pingon de Prangin ;

Henri de Bovet de Moiras, qui épousa Marguerite de Buffilet.

Ces deux frères furent les auteurs de deux rameaux dont les représentants furent maintenus dans leur noblesse le 20 juillet 1667 par jugement de l'intendant Dugué. Le premier de ces deux rameaux s'éteignit en la personne de François de Bovet, né en 1745, savant égyptologue, évêque de Sisteron en 1789, archevêque de Toulouse en 1817, qui mourut à Paris en 1838. Ce prélat avait eu plusieurs neveux auxquels il survécut et dont l'un, Fabien de Bovet, né le 7 mars 1772, s'était fait accorder en 1789 le certificat de noblesse prescrit pour obtenir le grade de sous-lieutenant. Le second rameau de cette branche s'éteignit avec Charles de Bovet, qui fut admis dans l'Ordre de Malte en 1781, et avec sa soeur, Adélaïde qui mourut dans un âge avancé en 1866 sans avoir contracté d'alliance.

La communauté d'origine de la branche cadette, issue de Claude, a été contestée par plusieurs auteurs et particulièrement par Guy Allard. Cette branche cadette ne tarda pas, en tout cas, à perdre sa noblesse par dérogeance. Elle alla se fixer à Crest et donna à cette ville une longue série de notaires. Antoine Bovet, notaire royal à Crest, épousa le 25 janvier 1550 Suzanne d'Arier, dernière représentante d'une vieille famille dont ses descendants relevèrent le nom. Leur fils, Jean Bovet d'Arier, lieutenant particulier en la sénéchaussée de Crest, décédé en 1617, dut, pour régulariser sa situation nobiliaire, se faire accorder le 16 novembre 1606 des lettres patentes d'anoblissement. Il laissa lui-même deux fils, François, né d'un premier mariage vers 1573, avocat au Parlement de Grenoble, et Jean, né posthume en 1617 d'un troisième mariage, qui furent les auteurs de deux rameaux.

Jacques François Bovier d'Arier, fils de François et chef du premier rameau, fut un jurisconsulte distingué. Il était conseiller du Roi et premier professeur en l'Université de Valence quand il fut maintenu dans sa noblesse le 20 juillet 1667 par jugement de l'intendant Dugué après avoir, malgré l'anoblissement de 1606, prouvé sa filiation depuis Claude Bovet vivant en 1497, Ce rameau, connu dans la suite sous le nom de Bovet de la Bretonnière, donna un conseiller au Parlement de Grenoble et s'éteignit vers le milieu du XVIIIe siècle.

Jean Bovet d'Arier, né à Crest en 1617, auteur du second rameau, aujourd'hui seul existant, obtint le 10 janvier 1665 l'enregistrement au Parlement de Grenoble des lettres de noblesse obtenues par son père en 1609. Il fut probablement le même personnage qu'un noble Jean de Bovet, conseiller du Roi et son maître d'hôtel ordinaire, capitaine au régiment de Navarre, que l'on trouve avoir été maintenu dans sa noblesse en 1667 en même temps que son oncle Jacques François, le professeur en l'Université de Valence mentionné plus haut. Il possédait le domaine de Chosson, auquel il donna le nom de Bovet et que sa descendance conserva jusqu'en 1816. Il avait épousé Marie Chaix et en eut plusieurs fils qui retombèrent dans la bourgeoisie. Ce rameau de la famille Bovet demeura non noble jusqu'à l'époque de la Restauration. Jean-Claude Bovet, sieur du domaine de Bovet, né en 1728, notaire royal à Crest, laissa trois fils :

Jean-Gaspard Bovet, né en 1758, marié en 1781 à Marthe Chaix qui fut l'aïeul des représentants actuels ;

Antoine Bovet, né en 1760, receveur de l'enregistrement, dont le fils mourut sans postérité en 1852 ;

Jean-François Bovet, né en 1762, directeur de l'enregistrement et des domaines, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Ce dernier obtint le 17 avril 1819 des lettres patentes d'anoblissement avec règlement d'armoiries après avoir justifié qu'il descendait de Jean Bovet d'Arier, anobli en 1606 ; il fit dès lors, ainsi que ses neveux, précéder son nom de la particule DE ; il ne laissa qu'un fils qui mourut sans postérité. Son neveu, Alexandre Gaspard de Bovet, né en 1787, notaire à Crest, fils de Jean Gaspard et de Marie Chaix, a laissé quatre fils dont le plus jeune, Antoine Gabriel, né à Crest en 1825, a été général de brigade, gouverneur de Belfort et officier de la Légion d'honneur ; il avait eu, en outre, une soeur, Marie Adeline, qui épousa vers 1810 M. Mourier, notaire à Pernes, et dont les enfants ont été connus sous le nom de Mourier de Bovet.

Laurent de Bovet, lieutenant pour le Roi et gouverneur de la ville et du château du Briançon, et Jean-François de Bovet, conseiller du Roi au Parlement du Dauphiné et garde des sceaux, firent enregistrer leur blason à l'Armorial général de 1696.

M. de Bovet prit part en 1789 aux assemblées de la noblesse de l'élection de Vienne. M. de Bovet de Fontbelle fut du nombre des gentilshommes de l'élection de Grenoble qui signèrent le 6 avril 1789 une protestation de la noblesse et du clergé du Dauphiné contre les décisions prises par l'assemblée de Romans.

La famille de Bovet n'a jamais été titrée.

Elle a fourni, en dehors des personnages mentionnés plus haut, un évêque d'Angers en 1545, des officiers, plusieurs professeurs distingués à l'Université de Valence et de nos jours une femme de lettres (Marie-Anne de Bovet, marquise de Boishébert).

Principales alliances : de Vallin, de Boenc, de Rigaud de Rajat, de Clermont-Chaste 1670, de Rostaing 1730, Chaix, Dareste 1813, Bérard de Gouttefrey, de Courpon, des Champs de Boishébert 1901, etc.

Il a existé en Tarentaise une autre famille de Bovet qui s'éteignit au XVe siècle. Cette famille portait pour armes : d'azur à trois bovets d'or rangés en pal.

‘Salon des Cent’ (1897).

Poster by Louis John Rhead (American, 1857–1926 ).

Lithograph printed by Imprimerie Chaix (Ateliers Chéret).

Image and text information courtesy The Met.

Thursday 7.. August 1834

9 35

12 5

She came to me about eight to warm her stomach still bowel complaint and it ended in a long good kiss to her and our lying till tolerably cool on having my motion fancied cousin coming and so he did gently after breakfast but have not put anything on all today. Fine morning F68° at 10 ½ am  – breakfast at 11 – made tea for A- (1st time) in our Jones’s boiler – put the tea into boiling water and let it have 2 or 3 bubblings afterwards and it answered marvellously -  A- enjoyed it, and ate a large plat of strawberries and has seemed better ever since – wrote out the 1st 50 lines of yesterday till 2 ½ - then off in light calêche and 1 horse at 3 (our host driving us) to Pont St Laurent to see the new road from there here - At the tolerably good village of St Etienne in 50 minutes at 3 50 – all the women sitting their doors spinning there as here – in 8 or 10 minutes get to the narrow Defile thro’ the calcareous rock – about 20 minutes passing thro’ it –workmen there – good road – at 4 35 at the little village of Ensivière not marked on Chaix’s map and at St Laurent du Pont at 5 – sat in the carriage 25 minutes while A- ate her cold poulet and drank her brandy and water. I got out and walked over the good wooden bridge, oak below and poplar above not to be so slippery - Back and off again at 5 ½ - walked up the hill from 6 10 to 6 ½ the last ¼ hour thro’ the fine Defile – met the engineer there - 40,000 fr. already spent and would take 30000 fr. more to finish the road - could not be till 1836, as the supply refused for next year but promised to be given that following - a road departmental now - would by and by be a route royale - when made good, government would then take it - at home at 7 ½ - very fine view from the hill above Voiron – right (going) large, white, good building now the Chartreusine (female Chartreux) bought ten years ago for this purpose – a chateau just now bought near the town by a fraternity of monks – the priests now as well off under Louis Philippe as under Charles X – some nice grass and farming landing at the top of the hill worth 1000/ per journal of 600 toises carrés and lets for 100/. per journal - this the 2nd quality of land - the 1st (about the town) worth 3,000/. per journal and lets for 300/. per ditto - and yet she said, in buying land, are had only 3 pc. here - 2 large manufactories built here lastly by Lyons merchants in consequence of the union work at L-  Voiron has considerable commerce in linen cloth - the distance from Lyons to Echelles by Pont de Beauvoisin or Voiron not ½ hour longer by the latter -dinner at 7 ¾ to 9 - A- much better - wrote out all but the 1st 50 lines of yesterday and the whole of today till 10 55 - very fine day - F68° at 11 ½ pm - being master of the poste here (Voiron) worth 1500 fr. a year.

9-1-2018 Musique refusé par youtube changement bande son

14-4-2016 Mise à jour, 16-08-2015 Mise à jour Ajoutée le 6 juin 2014 Musique"Time to say goodbye" de Clive Scott MARTINE ANCIAUX, photographe d'art,créatrice de la photo-peinture,Martine ANCIAUX creator of the photo painting,art photographer, Maison des remparts, CASTILLON DU GARD,langedoc roussillon FRANCE EXPOSITION" LE PRINTEMPS DES AMBASSADEURS DE L'ART 2014, du 23 au 27 mai 2014 Président Francis ILPIDE" Les artistes : ANCIAUX Martine,BEAUFORT Ginette,BOSSET Sylvie, CHAZEL Eliane,COMBE Claude,COURTIAL Manuela,GILLES Jean Claude,GRANET Danielle,GUASCH Amandine,GUILLOT Claude,ILPIDE Francis,JENS,MORENO José,NURY Georges,WOOSTRA DERLON Ingrid,VEZINET Michel,ZAKARIAN Jean Louis,ZIVERI Pierre invité d'honneur

©LE  VIEUX PORCHE PASTEL DE FRANCIS ILPIDE POEME DE THOMAS ANDRE©

Comme une peinture symbolique, Cette magnifique œuvre artistique, Me fait penser, aux méditations asiatiques, Donnant à l'oeuvre un aspect métaphysique.

Ce pastel semble être le porche du bonheur, Dessinant sa voie, comme le chemin de notre cœur, Donnant un aspect joyeux, Plein de douceur et très soyeux,

Ou cette toile du peintre Francis ILPIDE, Nous invites à la réflexion, et à des jours limpides, Nous abreuvant de paix, Et de sérénité, comme chez nous dans nos chaix.

Et comme une mélodie fantastique, Comme la quiétude, d'un mouvement magique, En nous offrant un moment de bien être, Comme une colombe, nous enverrai un message, de bien être.

Un appel à la nature, Révélant en nous sa culture, Il privilégie en nous la zénitude, Changeant en nous nos habitudes.

Le peintre aux doigts d'or, Nous ouvre la porte d'or, Celle de l'introspection, et de la concentration, Et libérant en nous la foi de la méditation.

translated by Google translation MARTINE ANCIAUX, art photographer, creator of the photo-painting, Martine ANCIAUX creator of the picture painting, art photographer, House walls, CASTILLON DU GARD, Langedoc Roussillon FRANCE EXHIBITION "THE SPRING OF AMBASSADORS OF ART 2014, the 23 to 27 May 2014 President Francis ILPIDE" Artists: ANCIAUX Martine Ginette BEAUFORT, BOSSET Sylvie, CHAZEL Eliane Claude COMBE, COURTIAL Manuela, GILLES Jean Claude, Danielle Granet, GUASCH Amandine, GUILLOT Claude, Francis ILPIDE, JENS, José MORENO, NURY George WOOSTRA DERLON Ingrid, Michel VEZINET, ZAKARIAN Jean Louis, Pierre Ziveri guest of honor

OLD PORCH © PASTEL FRANCIS ILPIDE POEME THOMAS ANDRE ©

As a symbolic painting, This magnificent work of art, Makes me think, Asian meditations, Giving the work a metaphysical aspect.

This pastel seems to be the porch of happiness, Drawing his way, as the way to our heart, Giving a cheerful aspect, Meek and very silky,

Or this painting by Francis ILPIDE, Invite us to reflection, and the clear days, We watering of peace, And serenity, as with us in our chaix.

And as a fantastic melody, As tranquility, a magical movement, Offering us a moment of well being, Like a dove, we will send a message of well being.

A call to nature Revealing us its culture, He favors us the zen, Changing our habits in us.

The painter with golden fingers, We open the golden door, That of introspection and concentration, And releasing our faith meditation.

The So-Called Stables of Maecenas at Tivoli by Louis Chaix via Drawings and Prints

Medium: Black chalk

Purchase, Van Day Truex Fund, 1984 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/336458

Louis Chaix – Sebastien Boltz Canlı İzle 10 Ocak 2017,Salı 16:45 tarihinde ITF France F1 Round of 32 karşılaşmasında Louis Chaix ve Sebastien Boltz karşılaşacak.

Q&A: What lockdown air pollution reductions mean for the future of urban transport

by Aisling Irwin

People in cities experienced cleaner air during lockdowns, but a permanent shift to greener modes of transport and habits is ‘extremely complex to achieve’ given how much space is devoted to cars and the groups resisting change, says Dr Basile Chaix, who studies the health trade-offs we make as we travel.

Dr Chaix fitted hundreds of Parisians with portable air pollution sensors, GPS and other continuous monitoring devices to understand the health impact of various segments of their commutes. The social epidemiologist, from the Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health in Paris, France, spoke to Horizon about whether city-dwellers’ new-found love of the clean air they breathed during the Covid-19 lockdowns will strengthen the push for greener cities.

What exactly do we know about how transport affects our health?

It’s very well known that the transport sector is a major contributor to the air pollution levels that people are facing especially in cities. It is definitely the major lever for intervening on air pollution levels in cities.

A recent Europe-wide survey found that, after experiencing clear air during the pandemic lockdowns, an overwhelming majority of city-dwellers want action taken to reduce air pollution long term. Is this a unique opportunity?

I have doubts about that because I think that the same forces are at play – there are powerful lobbies related to the car industries, to the oil industry. I don’t see the period as leading to a sharp change in our ways of life but as a trend where those issues are more and more taken into account by populations and therefore by policymakers. The lifecycle of urban forms is very long so we will not change cities in a few years.

The good news is that both urban planners and public health researchers and decision-makers have, over the last few years, begun to understand the directions that we should take to modify our cities.

‘The ‘right to mobility’ needs to be enshrined for everyone.’

Dr Basile Chaix, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France

To reduce city pollution, is it as simple as moving people away from cars and on to bikes, walkways and public transport?

Clearly, moving populations from car to efficient public transport, walking and cycling would do a substantial share of the work and would have many positive side effects so it’s very important. But it’s extremely complex to achieve.

There is so much space within cities devoted to cars. In some European cities, above 50% of the space is devoted to car traffic, which is huge. And car parking also takes a lot of space. Cars are parked for more than 90% of the time so it is crazy that all this space in cities is devoted to car parking.

More importantly, there is a lot of resistance from lobbies, from groups of citizens. Also, there are conflicts between population groups. For example, if the Parisian residents elect their mayor to change their transport environment for their own use there is the obvious risk that populations who live outside Paris, but need to use its resources, are left out. Banning non-clean cars from the city centres may be contrary to social justice because poorer people – suburban residents who sometimes do not have public transport lines connecting them to Paris – would be impacted.

So it’s also critical to have a continuous programme of development of public transport lines which do not forget excluded populations on the margin of cities, in poorer neighbourhoods. The ‘right to mobility’ needs to be enshrined for everyone.

How would the ideal city be organised to minimise pollution and maximise health?

It’s not only about transport. It’s also about access to destinations – shorter distances of access are known as a strong determinant of walking in one’s environment. It’s about access to employment and it is about population density. In the so-called sprawling cities in the United States, a car is really the only option. So there is the right balance to find – what is clear is that population density can be too much and it can be too little.

A fourth aspect is greening the cities, including biodiversity and open spaces where people can do recreational activities. You can’t do these at the highest levels of population density. It is really all about trade-off.

Moving people from cars to other forms of mobility is ‘extremely complex’, partly because there are powerful lobbies resisting change, says Dr Chaix. Image credit – Basile Chaix

Are there health trade-offs in terms of using different forms of transport?

This is what we are investigating in (our project) MobiliSense. We have found that using public transport compared to a car was very beneficial in terms of physical activity and we could quantify this very accurately. But in research we will later report, it is clear that a high level of particles can be observed in underground public transport micro-environments (such as from braking underground trains). There are also trade-offs with cycling. A report a few years ago in France, however, concluded that the benefits of physical activity from cycling were far higher than the risks related to air pollution exposure and accidents.

The survey found 15% of people would not return to public transport for fear of catching the Covid-19 virus? Is this a setback?

I have seen this in my close network. When meeting friends before, all would come on public transport. Last time, one came in his personal car while another travelled through Paris on his bike. But I’m not sure it is a deep trend. I see it more as a temporary effect.

A bigger, more long-term trend against car use is that the time-efficiency of car use is decreasing in Paris and in many cities as urban planners reallocate lanes to public transport or bikes or pedestrians. In a recent study (to be published) we compared the time efficiency of car versus public transport for certain trips and it was a predictor of being more physically active during trips – everyone does this calculation on time efficiency, consciously or unconsciously, and makes a decision based on that.

What should be the first step to capitalise on the increased desire to reduce air pollution?

On the days when there is an excess of pollution in Paris, policymakers already provide public transport services for free. The trigger for this free public transport could be at a lower air pollution level. This kind of intervention should be a priority (in cities). It’s in the hands of the decision-makers.

This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity and length. 

The research in this article was funded by the EU’s European Research Council. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.

Published by Horizon

source https://horizon.scienceblog.com/1340/qa-what-lockdown-air-pollution-reductions-mean-for-the-future-of-urban-transport/

Bullier (1888). Jules Chéret (French, 1836-1932). Poster. Printer: Imp. Chaix, Paris.

One of a few designs Chéret created for the popular student venue in the Latin Quarter, this poster promotes the Thursday celebrations and Saturday and Sunday balls at Bullier. These parties would grow to their full height in the 1920s, frequented by avant-gardists like Sonia Delaunay and Lucia Joyce (the mentally ill daughter of James Joyce). Robert Louis Stevenson would even feature the location in his short story collection The Suicide Club.