Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

The subaltern cannot speak. There is no virtue in global laundry lists with “woman” as a pious item. Representation has not withered away. The female intellectual as intellectual has a circumscribed task which she must not disavow with a flourish.

Visual Culture Glossary

Bell Hooks – American author, feminist and social activist. The focus of her writing is intersectionality of race, capitalism and gender. She has published over 30 books and numerous articles. Capitalism – An economic and political system in which a country’s trade  and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than the state. Casper David Friedrich – A 19th- century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. Che Guevara – An Argentine Marxist, revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist. Claude Monet – A French painter, a founder of French Impressionist painting and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein air landscape painting. Communism – A theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs. Conceptual Art – Art for which the idea behind the work is more important that the finished art object. Constructivism – A theory that says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Consumerism – the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers. Critical Thinking – the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgement. Cubism – One of the most influential visual art styles of the early 20th-century. Daniel T. Willingham – a psychologist at the university of Virginia. His research focuses on the application of findings from cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Eduardo Kac – An American contemporary artist and professor whose artworks that span a wide range of practices, including performance art, poetry, holography, interactive art, telematics art and transgenic art. Friedrich Engels – A German philosopher, communist, social scientist, journalist and businessman. He founded Marxist theory with Karl Marx is 1845. Gavin Turk – A British artist who deals with issues of authenticity and identity, engaged with modernist and avant-garde debates surrounding the ‘myth’ of the artist and the ‘authorship’ of a work of art. Gustave Courbet – A French painter who led the Realism movement in the 19th-century French painting. His paintings challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Henri Mattise – French Artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. Homogenization – the process of making things uniform or similar. Hugo Bedau – Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Tufts university and is best known for his work on capital punishment. Impressionism – A 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light on its changing qualities. James Abbot McNeill Whistler – An American artist, active during the American Gilded Age. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a leading proponent of the credo “art for arts sake.” Julian Strallabrass – A British art historian. Photographer and curator. Karl Marx – A German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. He strongly pressed for the implementation of communism. Late Modernist Academicism – A style of painting, sculpture and architecture produced under the influence of European academies of art specifically influenced by French Academie des Beaux-Arts. Lebensraum – The territory which a group, state, or nation believes in needed for its natural development. Marxism – The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis of communism. Maurice Denis – A French Painter, decorative artist and writer, who was an important figure in the transitional period between impressionism and modern art. Minimal Art – A school of abstract painting and sculpture where any kind of personal expression is kept to a minimum, in order to give the work a completely literal presence. Modern Art – Art of a style marked by a significant departure from traditional styles and values, in particular that created between the late 19th and the late 20th centuries. Neoliberalism – A modified form of liberalism tending to favour free-market capitalism. Paulo Freire – A Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. Paul Virilio – A French cultural theorist, urbanist, and aesthetic philosopher. Pedagogy – The method and practice of teaching as an academic subject or theoretical concept. Plutocracies – Society ruled by people of great wealth. Quixotic – Extremely idealistic; unrealistic and impractical. Racial segregation – separation of access to facilities, services and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment and transportation Sylvan Barnet – An American literary critic and Shakespearean scholar. Thomas McEvilley – An American art critic, poet, novelist and scholar. He is an expert in the fields of Greek and Indian culture, history of religion and philosophy, and art. The Salon – Established in 1667 it was the official art exhibition of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. William Anastasi – A contemporary American artist considered a pioneer of Conceptual and Minimal art. Zeitgeist – A concept from the 18th to 19th-century German philosophy, translated as “spirit of the age.” It refers to an invisible agent of force dominating the characteristics of a given epoch in world history.