The horns on this cape buffalo skull have been colonized by the horn moth (Ceratophaga vastella), a relative of the clothes moth. The caterpillars are able to digest the keratin in old horns, and the protuberances you see are cases or towers the caterpillars build using their own feces, as protection from predators.

Masai Mara, Kenya, July 2023.

Day 184

Ceratophaga Vastella Moth