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stevenlacaj · 24 days
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stevenlacaj · 2 months
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Published: Solar and Wind to Lead Renewable Energy Generation in 2024
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stevenlacaj · 2 months
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Published: Applications of Nuclear Engineering Technology Across Industries
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stevenlacaj · 3 months
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Published: Tips for Optimizing Manufacturing Processes
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stevenlacaj · 3 months
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Published: The Five Highest-Paid Players in the NBA in 202324
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stevenlacaj · 4 months
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Comparing the NASA and SpaceX Approaches to Manned Space Flight
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A pair of rockets from SpaceX and NASA made headlines in October 2023. Each spacecraft will potentially enable flights with astronauts to the moon and, ultimately, Mars. However, the two organizations have different strategies for achieving the feat.
In achieving orbit around the moon, NASA’s Block 1 Space Launch System (SLS) relies on well-established technologies and hardware, including remnants from the Apollo missions of the late 1960s and 1970s. A pair of solid rocket boosters resembling space shuttle boosters flank a main-stage liquid oxygen- and hydrogen-fueled rocket.
The actual Orion spacecraft that will achieve extended orbit sits at the nose of the main stage tower, with the SLS rockets falling in succession into the ocean, where they will be left unrecovered. The jettisoning of the tower and Launch Abort System fairings occurs after the Orion spacecraft has nearly cleared the atmosphere. NASA will take this approach since it already possesses equipment for this mode. Therefore, the approach is budget-friendly - the RS-25 rocket engines are the same ones that powered space shuttle flights for three decades. While designed for reuse, the Artemis will serve as a one-way mission.
In addition, the Orion spacecraft measures the same dimensions as the classic Apollo capsules. However, it incorporates advanced technologies that enable it to undertake lengthier missions, holding more passengers and with improved communications capacities.
The SpaceX Starship accommodates a larger payload of cargo and people than the Orion. However, the SLS rockets have a one-time use limit and various components within the Super Heavy Boosters reuse capabilities. When it separates from the boosters, the Starship’s pathway will meet up with the Orion spacecraft and shuttle astronauts to the moon’s surface.
Moreover, the Raptor rocket engine powering the Starship consists of a new design intended for reuse, with minimal maintenance and repair needed between flights. Unlike the RS-25, which features four heavy-duty engines, the SpaceX Heavy Booster utilizes 33 engines that fire off simultaneously. Each generates much less power on blast-off, which provides versatility and allows for the relatively painless replacement of engines.
Launching on November 16, 2022, NASA has already completed an unmanned Artemis I mission, representing the SLS and Orion’s first space endeavor. The SLS generated 8.8 million pounds of thrust compared with 16 million pounds achieved by SpaceX’s Starship. NASA aims to send four astronauts into orbit around the moon, with the Artemis II mission planned for 2024. It might land on the lunar surface within a year or two of that second mission.
Interestingly, the two projects have many intertwined elements. SpaceX has a contract to build equipment such as a $4 billion lunar lander for NASA and is slated to fulfill a $53 million contract focused on spacecraft fueling technologies.
A final key difference between the NASA and SpaceX approaches is that the latter relies on an agile model that embraces failure as an essential step of innovation and allows for rapid testing and prototyping. The failure element came into focus on November 18, 2023, as the Super Heavy first-stage booster experienced an explosion over the Gulf of Mexico. The plan had been to take the two-stage rocket ship 90 miles into space, just shy of orbit, and return it intact to the Starbase launch site in Texas. However, the explosion represented the second such failure in less than a year, resulting in the loss of the rocket booster-mounted Starship. It will generate Federal investigations focused on avoiding this type of costly event a third time.
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