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RNA Regulation: Identifying and Preventing AMP Depurination in Early Life RNA Polymerization

Life formed on Earth 4 billion years ago using RNA to store genetic information. How RNA synthesized with no enzymes is unknown. RNA bases underwent repeated wet-dry cycles in volcanic conditions, causing polymerization. However, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) underwent depurination, where adenine disassociates and impairs the molecule. Lipid and adenine were used to identify and prohibit AMP depurination in prebiotic development of RNA. Evaporating and rehydrating dilute AMP and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solutions in three 30 minute wet-dry cycles on a hot plate simulated volcanic conditions. Experimental groups contained 10 mM adenine or 10 mM lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Samples were separated on TLC plates and illuminated under 254 nm UV light. AMP spots were scraped, hydrated, sonicated, and centrifuged. Nanodrop spectrometer analyzed samples, and the amount of AMP/adenine was found using Beer’s Law. A protective effect of LPC and adenine was observed. The control AMP solution underwent 33% depurination. Separated adenine increased 50%. LPC samples contained increased AMP amounts. Adenine samples were protected against depurination and averaged 21% more AMP. Hypothesis testing using t-tests and p-values showed significantly reduced AMP depurination in adenine samples. Samples containing AMP and H3PO4 experienced depurination but LPC and adenine protected samples. RNA based life could begin. Dr. David Deamer from UCSC mentored me.

AMP Depurination Video

Michelle Nazareth is currently a junior at Georgiana Bruce Kirby School. She is interested in studying neuroscience.