Cosette is happy! And I love that Toussaint sleeps consistently and deeply.

Not only is Cosette happy - she’s much more balanced than Marius, still putting lots of time and thought into her relationship with her father. It’s part of why Jean Valjean doesn’t suspect anything, true, but it’s also good in that she (unlike Marius) doesn’t toss aside her relationships in favor of romance.

Courfeyrac’s frustration is very understandable, though. He doesn’t know what Marius is doing exactly – just that he’s with a woman – and he lives with him (and comes back late every night). Marius refusing to communicate was a problem before, but now he shares nothing and is too absorbed in his love.

And that absorption isn’t just bad for his friendship with Courfeyrac, which he seems to be neglecting. It’s bad for everything else in his life, with even his father’s memory being pushed aside. It would be great if he stopped helping M Thénardier, but he’s a bit oblivious to Éponine, who’s only been kind to him and is a better recipient of that supposed debt. As a Romantic character in love, Marius’ passion is so all-consuming that he can’t uphold the other parts of his life – namely, friendships – and becomes accidentally hurtful. It’s frustrating to read.

And Éponine’s presence is heartbreaking. In a sense, it’s a bad sign; she stopped Patron Minette from investigating the Rue Plumet too closely before, but she represents the unresolved question of the Gorbeau House. Marius and Cosette aren’t guilty of anything with regards to that, but the mystery around it is still an obstacle to their relationship, as a good relationship would include the other people important to them. 

Gorbeau also reminds us of Marius’ poverty. He may only think of Cosette now, but he’s in an awful state, with his clothes being worn down and his friend being his only housing choice.

And poor Éponine! It especially hurts when she finds she can’t smile. His repeated formality hurts her so much, and her chance for conversation is gone.

Wow! There is life outside the garden! What do other people know (nothing or not much), and how do they react to Marius and Cosette’s happiness? Jean Valjean doesn’t ask questions, doesn’t suspect anything, and he has already forgotten about Marius’ existence. He sees that Cosette is content, and it’s enough. Cosette, on the other hand, does what she can do best — she hides her true feelings and tries to be an obedient daughter. There is an air of deception in it. But on the other hand, they were hiding something from each other their entire life, and they have never been absolutely sincere. Sad.

Courfeyrac, on the contrary, understands everything that is going on with Marius, and he is so curious to learn more! He is so funny: “My dear fellow, you produce upon me the effect of being located in the moon, the realm of dreams, the province of illusions, capital, soap-bubble. Come, be a good boy, what’s her name?” And as a more practical person, he tries to bring Marius back to real world. I wonder: if Marius spends his evening with Cosette, is he working during the day? Because he was bragging about writing articles. Is it possible that happiness made him more functional in terms of work capacity? I am not sure.

Haha: Marius is telling Cosette about politics! I would very much like to listen to it. At least it is not his (in)famous Napoleon speech. What is his political stance in May 1832? Did Cosette know anything about politics? Is Marius her only “teacher”? That would be tragic!

Éponine, my dear girl. This was a very awkward encounter. The only purpose of this scene is to show how ungrateful Marius is and how quickly he has forgotten who made his current happiness possible. And what about this weird logic that you can only say “tu” to one girl at a time! Poor Éponine is too smart to immediately understand all this. Hugo wants to emphasize how forgetful Marius has become by saying that he doesn’t even think about his father anymore. That’s a big deal. If he forgot about his father, what to say about Éponine.

LES MIS LETTERS IN ADAPTATION - The Beginning of a Shadow, LM 4.8.3 (Shoujo Cosette)

At times, Courfeyrac folded his arms, assumed a serious air, and said to Marius:— “You are getting irregular in your habits, young man.” Courfeyrac, being a practical man, did not take in good part this reflection of an invisible paradise upon Marius; he was not much in the habit of concealed passions; it made him impatient, and now and then he called upon Marius to come back to reality.

Brickclub 4.8.3 ‘Shadow Commences’

UGH, Marius is horrible to Eponine, and the worst of it is it’s so completely in line with his character. He’s sleepwalking every moment that isn’t his rendezvous with with Cosette (and arguably also then), and we’ve established that he divides women into Untouchable and Fallen, and we already know where Eponine falls.

And, of course, he falls into this jealous/zero sum/dehumanizing women paradigm, where there’s no reason to talk to a woman unless you plan to sleep with her (or she’s your One True Love), so why would he talk to some girl in the street???

So, after giving him the thing he most wanted despite her own feelings for him, she says “hi” to him, and he’s actively cold to her, switching to “vous” like he’s angry.

It’s so awful. And Eponine, who’s broken her ties to her family and community to protect him (and who we’re going to see do a lot more of that in a moment), who’s basically unstoppable when she decides to do something, just kind of stammers sadly and goes away.

UGHHHHH.

Marius sucks, and this is so sad. The reason she’s hung up on him is he’s the person who treated her with basic decency, and now he’s stopped.

UGHHHHHHHHH.

The much brighter part of this chapter is Courfeyrac’s increasing frustration with Marius, who’s presumably going around beaming and paying zero attention to anything, in the middle of a cholera epidemic and his friends gearing up their planning of a revolution. Courfeyrac wants love affairs named and catalogued and laughed about, and Marius isn’t operating in that paradigm. Put another way, though, Marius could really use someone to confide in and to keep his feet on the ground, and he’s not availing himself of that.

“My dear fellow, you strike me at present as being situated in the moon, kingdom of dream, province of illusion, capital Soap-Bubble. Come, be a good boy, what is her name?”

This is unfair to Courfeyrac, but I can’t not hear Baptiste’s Gillenormandish father in Children of Paradise here. It’s the accusation of living on the moon, I think. I’ve never been sure whether the movie was invoking Marius directly with some of that characterization.

And to conclude, I’ve become obsessed with Bahorel’s lone line of dialogue in this chapter.

Wilbour:

“What would you expect? every young person has his wild oats.”

Very boring, whatever.

Rose:

“What do you expect? There’s a live wire in every seminarian.”

Getting more interesting, but the apparent reference to electricity is kind of a headscratcher.

Aaaand the original French:

― Que veux-tu ? il y a toujours un pétard dans un séminariste.

Google translate: “What do you want ? there is always a [pétard] in a seminarian”

Google translate gives “firecracker” for pétard, but I think in a time of older war-technology it was legitimately a kind of bomb. I don’t know which it would have been in canon era.

So:

1) Bahorel has a theory that all divinity students have some kind of explosive device inside them just waiting for a spark, which might be the most Bahorel thing I’ve ever heard

and

2) this is an INCREDIBLY astute read of Marius, even if the current romance may not be what Bahorel is picturing. In fact, Marius is going to externalize that bomb incredibly literally with the keg of powder.

Too bad Bahorel won’t be around to see it ;___;

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EC2(amazon linux)でffmpegを使ってAV1エンコードしてみた https://ift.tt/2AfnaOu

先日上海のAWSサミットを体験して中国のイメージがガラッと変わったhagi@streampackです。 以前の体験者の話や昔の記事と違い、上海は空気/生活環境的に素敵な街のイメージでした！ あとは言葉さえ通じれば問題はないのです。

はじめに

最近AV1について記事をよく見かけるので使ってみようと思い記事を残すこととしました。 ffmpegでもAV1を利用できるようになったので変換して再生してみます。

AV1(AOMedia Video 1)とは

AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) はインターネット上での動画配信を目的として設計されたオープンかつロイヤリティフリーな動画圧縮コーデックである。このコーデックはGoogleのVP9、そしてMPEGのHEVC/H.265の置き換えを目指している。開発を行っているのは半導体産業、VODプロバイダやWebブラウザ開発主体の主要企業の出資により2015年に設立されたコンソーシアムであるAlliance for Open Media (AOMedia) である。

Wikipediaより

順番が逆ですがAOM(Alliance for Open Media)のページはこちら(https://aomedia.org)

環境

EC2

OS:Amazon Linux AMI 2018.03 type:t2.medium　(NVIDIAのGPUインスタンスはAV1エンコード未対応)

コンパイル

aomのコンパイルにはcmake3.5以上が必要。残念ながらAmazon Linuxのrepoにあるのは2.8.12です。 ffmpegのコンパイルでもcmakeを利用していたので既存のcmakeを削除してcmake.orgからバイナリをダウンロードしてインストールすることにした。

cmakeのインストール(Amazon Linux)

cmake.orgからバイナリをダウンロード

例：

ダウンロード

$　wget https://cmake.org/files/v3.12/cmake-3.12.0-rc1-Linux-x86_64.sh

実行

#　/bin/sh　cmake-3.12.0-rc1-Linux-x86_64.sh

aomのコンパイル

例：

# git clone --depth 1 https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom # mkdir aom_build # cd aom_build #　/usr/local/cmake/bin/cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$build_dir" -DENABLE_SHARED=off -DENABLE_NASM=on ../aom #　make; make install

$build_dirは環境に合わせたところを指定しますがffmpegと連携するのでffmpegの$build_dirを指定しました。私の$build_dirはffmpeg_buildを指定しました。 $build_dir内のbinにバイナリーが作成されます。

# ls -la ffmpeg_build/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5951488 Jun 22 12:43 aomdec -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5998440 Jun 22 12:43 aomenc # ls -la ffmpeg_build/lib total 289516 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6943698 Jun 22 12:43 libaom.a

ffmpegのコンパイル

ffmpegのコンパイルガイドはこちらです。(https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/CompilationGuide) libaomを利用するためffmpegをコンパイルする際　--enable-libaomを追記します。

私の環境では下記のようにコンパイルしました。 opensslも含めていますが私の環境で利用する場合便利なだけであって今回のAV1とは関係がないのでopensslのコンパイルについては割愛します。

# PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$build_dir/lib/pkgconfig" ./configure --prefix="$build_dir" --extra-cflags="-I$build_dir/include" --extra-ldflags="-L$build_dir/lib" --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir="$bin_dir" --pkg-config-flags="--static" --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom # make; make install

コンパイルしたら ffmpeg　-codecs でAV1対応か確認できます。

# ffmpeg -codecs ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Codecs: D..... = Decoding supported .E.... = Encoding supported ..V... = Video codec ..A... = Audio codec ..S... = Subtitle codec ...I.. = Intra frame-only codec ....L. = Lossy compression .....S = Lossless compression : : DEV.L. av1 Alliance for Open Media AV1 (decoders: libaom-av1 ) (encoders: libaom-av1 ) : :

AV1へ変換

AV1への変換は時間がかかると聞いていたので短い動画で実行することにします。 以前(http://bbb3d.renderfarming.net/download.html) より”Big　Buck　Bunny”の動画をダウンロードしてテスト用に短くしたものを利用。

利用動画

ファイル名：　big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4 サイズ： 1.1mb Duration: 5.31s

Video

Codec：h264 Resolution：1280×720 Bitrate: 1589kbps fps:25

Audio

Codec：aac frequency：48000hz bitrate：384kbps

h.264->AV1

AV1をmp4に入れることができないのでmkvにする。

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libaom-av1 -cpu-used 2 -crf 30 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mkv ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z encoder : Lavf53.24.2 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1589 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (Main) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 1205 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 12800 tbn, 50 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> av1 (libaom-av1)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help [libaom-av1 @ 0x4bb0bc0] v0.1.0 Output #0, matroska, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mkv': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0(und): Video: av1 (libaom-av1) (AV01 / 0x31305641), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=-1--1, 200 kb/s, 25 fps, 1k tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libaom-av1 Side data: cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1 Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) ([255][0][0][0] / 0x00FF), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler frame= 132 fps=0.0 q=-0.0 Lsize= 416kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate= 643.7kbits/s speed=0.00147x video:163kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.890282% real 59m50.255s user 59m41.166s sys 0m1.470s

オプションなしで約1時間！！！libaomのcpu-usedオプションを利用出来るかと思ったができませんでした。 指定が間違っているのかなー。とはいえ利用できたとしても時間はかかりそうです。

参考程度ですが比較用

右がAV1、左がh.264

h.264->x265

比較するとしてHEVCにした場合どれぐらい時間がかかるかというと

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4 -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libx265 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mp4 ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z encoder : Lavf53.24.2 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1589 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (Main) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 1205 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 12800 tbn, 50 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> hevc (libx265)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help x265 [info]: HEVC encoder version 2.1+60-df25adaa30f6 x265 [info]: build info [Linux][GCC 4.8.3][64 bit] 8bit x265 [info]: using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX AVX2 FMA3 LZCNT BMI2 x265 [info]: Main profile, Level-3.1 (Main tier) x265 [info]: Thread pool created using 2 threads x265 [info]: Slices : 1 x265 [info]: frame threads / pool features : 1 / wpp(12 rows) x265 [info]: Coding QT: max CU size, min CU size : 64 / 8 x265 [info]: Residual QT: max TU size, max depth : 32 / 1 inter / 1 intra x265 [info]: ME / range / subpel / merge : hex / 57 / 2 / 2 x265 [info]: Keyframe min / max / scenecut / bias: 25 / 250 / 40 / 5.00 x265 [info]: Lookahead / bframes / badapt : 20 / 4 / 2 x265 [info]: b-pyramid / weightp / weightb : 1 / 1 / 0 x265 [info]: References / ref-limit cu / depth : 3 / on / on x265 [info]: AQ: mode / str / qg-size / cu-tree : 1 / 1.0 / 32 / 1 x265 [info]: Rate Control / qCompress : CRF-28.0 / 0.60 x265 [info]: tools: rd=3 psy-rd=2.00 rskip signhide tmvp strong-intra-smoothing x265 [info]: tools: lslices=4 deblock sao Output #0, mp4, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0(und): Video: hevc (libx265) (hev1 / 0x31766568), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 25 fps, 12800 tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libx265 Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler frame= 132 fps= 16 q=-0.0 Lsize= 592kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate= 915.9kbits/s speed=0.645x video:335kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:2kB muxing overhead: 1.200387% x265 [info]: frame I: 1, Avg QP:26.56 kb/s: 11815.40 x265 [info]: frame P: 34, Avg QP:28.22 kb/s: 1323.56 x265 [info]: frame B: 97, Avg QP:35.57 kb/s: 120.45 x265 [info]: Weighted P-Frames: Y:0.0% UV:0.0% x265 [info]: consecutive B-frames: 5.7% 5.7% 14.3% 54.3% 20.0% encoded 132 frames in 8.17s (16.15 fps), 518.94 kb/s, Avg QP:33.61 real 0m8.235s user 0m15.667s sys 0m0.118s

約8秒でした。threads 0を使わなければおそらく15+秒だったと思われる。 約5秒の動画で8秒は問題ないかとGPUインスタンスでもないし

x265->AV1

avcとhevcでは違いは？ HEVCにしたものをAV1に変化したら？

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mp4 -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libaom-av1 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_av1_from_hevc.mkv ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2mp41 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 912 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: hevc (Main) (hev1 / 0x31766568), yuv420p(tv, progressive), 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 519 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 12800 tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: handler_name : SoundHandler Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (hevc (native) -> av1 (libaom-av1)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help [libaom-av1 @ 0x3243800] v0.1.0 Output #0, matroska, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_av1_from_hevc.mkv': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2mp41 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0(und): Video: av1 (libaom-av1) (AV01 / 0x31305641), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=-1--1, 200 kb/s, 25 fps, 1k tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: handler_name : VideoHandler encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libaom-av1 Side data: cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1 Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) ([255][0][0][0] / 0x00FF), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: handler_name : SoundHandler frame= 132 fps=0.0 q=-0.0 Lsize= 419kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate= 649.1kbits/s speed=0.000884x video:166kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.879553% real 99m46.998s user 99m30.409s sys 0m0.788s

約１００分。。。かかるとは思っていたけど１００分はきついですね。ちなみに調味本位でHEVCの約１0分の動画をオプションなどを考えながら試したら8日間かかりました。

AV1->x264

仮にAV1で動画が提供された場合を考え、AV1からx264ってどれくらいかかるんだろうと考え試してみました。

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mkv -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libx264 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_264_from_AV1.mp4 ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 [libaom-av1 @ 0x47c4080] v0.1.0 Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mkv': Metadata: COMPATIBLE_BRANDS: isomiso2avc1mp41 MAJOR_BRAND : isom MINOR_VERSION : 512 ENCODER : Lavf58.17.101 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 641 kb/s Stream #0:0: Video: av1 (Main), yuv420p(tv), 1280x720, SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : VideoHandler ENCODER : Lavc58.20.103 libaom-av1 DURATION : 00:00:05.280000000 Stream #0:1: Audio: aac (LC), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : SoundHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.312000000 [libaom-av1 @ 0x47c61c0] v0.1.0 Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (av1 (libaom-av1) -> h264 (libx264)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] using SAR=1/1 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX FMA3 AVX2 LZCNT BMI2 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] profile High, level 3.1 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] 264 - core 148 - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2016 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp_offset=-2 threads=3 lookahead_threads=1 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=3 b_pyramid=2 b_adapt=1 b_bias=0 direct=1 weightb=1 open_gop=0 weightp=2 keyint=250 keyint_min=25 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc_lookahead=40 rc=crf mbtree=1 crf=23.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00 Output #0, mp4, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_264_from_AV1.mp4': Metadata: COMPATIBLE_BRANDS: isomiso2avc1mp41 MAJOR_BRAND : isom MINOR_VERSION : 512 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0: Video: h264 (libx264) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=-1--1, 25 fps, 12800 tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : VideoHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.280000000 encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libx264 Side data: cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1 Stream #0:1: Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : SoundHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.312000000 frame= 132 fps= 29 q=-1.0 Lsize= 977kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate=1512.8kbits/s speed=1.17x video:722kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.542971% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] frame I:1 Avg QP:20.71 size: 86792 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] frame P:37 Avg QP:21.81 size: 12935 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] frame B:94 Avg QP:27.13 size: 1846 [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] consecutive B-frames: 2.3% 7.6% 2.3% 87.9% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] mb I I16..4: 3.6% 84.4% 12.1% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] mb P I16..4: 1.4% 4.3% 0.4% P16..4: 35.0% 12.2% 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% skip:40.1% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] mb B I16..4: 0.1% 0.3% 0.0% B16..8: 30.3% 1.2% 0.2% direct: 0.4% skip:67.5% L0:44.4% L1:53.2% BI: 2.4% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] 8x8 transform intra:74.4% inter:80.0% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 63.5% 66.8% 25.8% inter: 7.2% 7.1% 0.3% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] i16 v,h,dc,p: 10% 17% 2% 70% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 20% 18% 10% 5% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 23% 15% 9% 6% 12% 11% 9% 10% 5% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] i8c dc,h,v,p: 47% 20% 21% 12% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] Weighted P-Frames: Y:0.0% UV:0.0% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] ref P L0: 60.9% 20.6% 14.6% 4.0% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] ref B L0: 93.6% 5.4% 1.1% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] ref B L1: 97.7% 2.3% [libx264 @ 0x47c84c0] kb/s:1119.51 real 0m4.618s user 0m7.805s sys 0m0.149s

はやい。約8秒で出来上がりました。libaomのデコードは早いですね。 。。。とはいえAV１で提供はまだ難しいかもです。

下記は左から元動画(h.264)、元動画->AV1、AV1->x264。

h.264->vp9

ここでVP9からAV1はどうだろうと思いまずはVP9を作成してみました。 案の定あまりオプションにはこだわっていません。

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libx264 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_264_from_AV1.mp4 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_264_from_AV1.mp4 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_frag.mp4 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mp4 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_av1_from_hevc.mkv big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_h265.mkv big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mkv [root@livetest-01-1c ~]# time ffmpeg -i /root/big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4 -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libvpx-vp9 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_vp9_from_264.mkv ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z encoder : Lavf53.24.2 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1589 kb/s Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (Main) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 1205 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 12800 tbn, 50 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> vp9 (libvpx-vp9)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help [libvpx-vp9 @ 0x4ace900] v1.6.0 Output #0, matroska, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_vp9_from_264.mkv': Metadata: major_brand : isom minor_version : 512 compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0(und): Video: vp9 (libvpx-vp9) (VP90 / 0x30395056), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=-1--1, 200 kb/s, 25 fps, 1k tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : VideoHandler encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libvpx-vp9 Side data: cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1 Stream #0:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) ([255][0][0][0] / 0x00FF), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp, 384 kb/s (default) Metadata: creation_time : 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z handler_name : SoundHandler frame= 132 fps=9.0 q=0.0 Lsize= 419kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate= 648.6kbits/s speed=0.359x video:166kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.897152% real 0m14.785s user 0m25.467s sys 0m0.125s

約２５秒でした。２コアで約１５秒NVDIAのGPU使ったらもっと早いだろうけど。

vp9->AV1

もしかしたらVP9->AV1は爆速では？

# time ffmpeg -i big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_vp9_from_264.mkv -threads 0 -strict -2 -c:a copy -c:v libaom-av1 big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_AV1_from_vp9.mkv ffmpeg version N-91341-g40b7e60718 Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers built with gcc 4.8.5 (GCC) 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28) configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build/ --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --extra-libs=-lpthread --extra-libs=-lm --bindir=/root/ffmpeg_build/bin --pkg-config-flags=--static --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-openssl --enable-libaom libavutil 56. 18.102 / 56. 18.102 libavcodec 58. 20.103 / 58. 20.103 libavformat 58. 17.101 / 58. 17.101 libavdevice 58. 4.101 / 58. 4.101 libavfilter 7. 25.100 / 7. 25.100 libswscale 5. 2.100 / 5. 2.100 libswresample 3. 2.100 / 3. 2.100 libpostproc 55. 2.100 / 55. 2.100 Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_vp9_from_264.mkv': Metadata: COMPATIBLE_BRANDS: isomiso2avc1mp41 MAJOR_BRAND : isom MINOR_VERSION : 512 ENCODER : Lavf58.17.101 Duration: 00:00:05.31, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 645 kb/s Stream #0:0: Video: vp9 (Profile 0), yuv420p(tv), 1280x720, SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : VideoHandler ENCODER : Lavc58.20.103 libvpx-vp9 DURATION : 00:00:05.280000000 Stream #0:1: Audio: aac (LC), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : SoundHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.312000000 Stream mapping: Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (vp9 (native) -> av1 (libaom-av1)) Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy) Press [q] to stop, [?] for help [libaom-av1 @ 0x4279240] v0.1.0 Output #0, matroska, to 'big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb_AV1_from_vp9.mkv': Metadata: COMPATIBLE_BRANDS: isomiso2avc1mp41 MAJOR_BRAND : isom MINOR_VERSION : 512 encoder : Lavf58.17.101 Stream #0:0: Video: av1 (libaom-av1) (AV01 / 0x31305641), yuv420p, 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=-1--1, 200 kb/s, 25 fps, 1k tbn, 25 tbc (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : VideoHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.280000000 encoder : Lavc58.20.103 libaom-av1 Side data: cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1 Stream #0:1: Audio: aac (LC) ([255][0][0][0] / 0x00FF), 48000 Hz, 5.1, fltp (default) Metadata: HANDLER_NAME : SoundHandler DURATION : 00:00:05.312000000 frame= 132 fps=0.0 q=-0.0 Lsize= 424kB time=00:00:05.29 bitrate= 657.0kbits/s speed=0.000827x video:171kB audio:250kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.872597% real 106m36.573s user 105m51.992s sys 0m0.973s

そんなことなかった、h264やh265からの変換よりもさらに遅い。

結果

今回は特にffmpegの変換時のオプション/画質などにこだわらずまずはAV1への変換ってどんな感じだろうと思い、やりました。 結果まだまだAV1は利用が難しいと思いました。

Encode Time (ffmpeg) bitrate File size vmaf　score 　h.264 （元動画） – 1205kbps 1.1mb 99.092110 h.264->AV1 59m50.255s 641kbps 416kb 78.207255 h.264->x265 0m15.785s 912kbps 592kb 86.672754 x265->AV1 99m46.998s 649kbps 420kb 76.202847 AV1->x264 0m7.954s 1120kbps 978kb 76.669449 h.264->vp9 0m25.592s 645 kbps 419kb 71.359159 vp9->AV1 106m36.573s 654 kbps 425kb 67.084651

VMAFスコアも記述しましたが、どうしてもエンコード時にはあまり画質を意識していなかったためか低くなっています。 オプションなしの場合の参考程度にしかなりませんが

おまけ

再生

そもそもAV1どうやって再生したんだ。との指摘がありそうなので記述します。 libaomがコンパイルされたffplayで再生が可能です。

OSXやWindows用コンパイル済みバイナリを��こから ダウンロードできます。

例：

#　ffplay big_buck_bunny_720p_1mb.mp4

元記事はこちら

「EC2(amazon linux)でffmpegを使ってAV1エンコードしてみた」

July 25, 2018 at 04:00PM