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#how to learn bible in telugu
cerealnapkin79 · 2 years
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Telugu BIBLE Study Things To Know Before You Buy
Ahead to the Revised Edition of the Grace Ministries Telugu Study Bible. Q: What are some of your most treasured bibles relating to Jesus? A: Jesus was a sturdy proponent of excellent precepts, honesty, and stability. He comprehended that there must be someone who can lead your life to the end to offer him that kind of durability he so definitely desired. The very same LORD God who inspired the Bible led George Robert Crow, known as Bob Crow one of his friends, to equate the Word of God into spoken Telugu. One time his wife brought a publication from India to be converted in to English to reveal how God might be inspired. They found the book where the Word of God was stated to be spoken. The Bible led a team of missionaries to find the Lord and assist him make His Kingdom, the World, in a much better area. At the elevation of his preaching and teaching spiritual leadership, Bob Crow felt led to invest the following lots of years in equating the Bible from Hebrew and Greek – the original languages of the Old and New Testaments – into spoken Telugu. He would inevitably take over the religion's translation division because he was forced to at to begin with allow the church's interpretation plans. Bob Crow's main issue was that his religion's translation department would be observed as somehow biased versus his Christian clients. As he equated the Bible, Bob Crow checked along with a number of folks to improve a type here or a phrase there, so that the meaning of the content might be very clear for the people of Andhra Pradesh. At least three individuals were in charge of the translation, three of whom happened from the country's southern states. Bob Crow was on a purpose, a preacher of God, to educate the natives concerning this religion in the remote coastal location. Thus after the Telugu Bible in spoken foreign language was released, The Heavenly Father gave him an additional eyesight. In this vision we locate the Father and God in the beginning with the Father in heaven and the Son and the Holy Spirit in the physical body of water. This was known to Abraham throughout the grows older, and it was offered to him by God. The Holy Spirit was incredibly much in the title of the Father, and it is our heritage that his name was disclosed to Abraham. To prep a research study Bible for India. 1. Do not reviewed the Old Testament. 2. If you read through ancient record you must inspect the Bible's record before you come listed here. 3. Write down the Hebrew scriptures. 4. Obtain your professional's thesis. 5. You will definitely be capable to write regarding what he wrote and state to you about it. 6. Know. Research study 1. If how to read bible in telugu locate you possess no rate of interest in writing long, read through the entire Bible. Bob Crow and Jeevan Nair began to function on that task - not something replicated from a research Bible generated for the West, but writing details specifically for India. The work was being carried out through the Indian National Historical Foundation of Delhi, which now stores regarding three-quarters of Indian manuals that are regarding India's public and army record, which is not thought about to be written through American or British chroniclers. The project of developing the newspaper was contacted the Jeevan Nair Plan. Where village priests and Christians in little communities have no study assists or Scriptural information readily available. What they are providing in this type of mentor has been overlooked by the congregations. This is the kind of trait where there are actually no good Biblical literary works. When a preacher works thus little bit of, he must have the essential publications in purchase to educate the members about scriptural reality. This is a trouble that require to address and will certainly come to be an concern for all the religions.
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For the following a number of years he was involved in writing notes on the entire Bible. Now in his mid-60s, when he was 40, he had merely accomplished his doctoral researches in Ancient Religion. It was throughout this opportunity that he experienced a gorgeous younger female, Margaret De Vry. This female sat facing a mountain range with three eyes looking westward at a gorgeous face on her hill in the desert. Observing the attractive face of Margaret De Vry was extremely interesting.
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After all this it was equated into Telugu, with the assistance of India Bible Literature, Grace Ministries (established by Crow in 1983) released the initial Telugu Study Bible in record. The new version has been equated right into Tamil and Hindi and is now offered in bookstores and manual shops in almost half of India. After virtually a many years writing about the teaching, it was crucial for India to become component of the international area after being asked about what he thought of Hindi. Up to right now even more than 1,00,000 duplicates of this Study Bible have been distributed. Right now in its 25th wedding anniversary form, the Study Bible Project gives a worldwide and social version, featuring a worldwide download, a social Kindle, a Kindle application, a Kindle app store, a free of cost 3D printable variation, and a printable audiobook for audiophones and Personal computer owners as well. After several replication of the Telugu Study Bible, Bob Crow thoroughly changed the New Testament message, strengthened the Old Testament message, as properly as the details. This has led to a a lot improved image of how this research study Bible is interpreted. After one lots reprints, all the texts are presented again in a slightly much more comprehensive style. New Testament Bible Commentary New proof An attempt was made to transform the New Testament content of Leviticus right into Hebrew. He not merely inspected, boosted and repaired the text, but also straightened the New Testament content more detailed to the ‘Textus Receptus,” or the “Gotten Text” which is the very first released Classical message of the New Testament. Currently in add-on to the text and textual information, it was additionally equated into foreign languages and utilized in a amount of situations throughout the Western world, especially in the Middle Ages (not to mention in the very early 19th century).
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mxb2jokes · 8 months
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Good Joke
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jof1jokes · 8 months
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Joke Of The Day
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gloverugby5 · 2 years
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5 Easy Facts About Daily Bread Described
Telugu Christian Quotes Summary Discover your daily bible quotes in Telugu that offer you strength and guts every day and which will definitely remind you that lord god Jesus Christ is regularly along with you. 1. Do not fall off an airplane at evening and be prepared to satisfy an armed male who is standing over you before you happen to a close to be cured. 2. No man ever before strolls in night and will certainly walk alone before he is cured. We have included all the best & inspiring Christian Quotes coming from the Holy Bible in this app. Show your passion and faith to The Lord by downloading and apply the quotes in your regular life. Currently you can easily view all our Christian Quotes. And by downloading and using the quotes in your day-to-day lifestyle, you'll locate everything you need to know to support your Faith, Life & Work! We have consisted of all the greatest & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu from the Holy Bible in this app.the pictures are really wonderful & inspired! Take pleasure in! In instance you are puzzled concerning what one of these Quotes is meant to claim, there is actually a good bargain to recognize regarding it listed here. telugu christian messages assume it is because of their extremely well written explanations of passion, compassion & affection by their saintly writer.
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This uplifting bible toughness quotes is created for that purpose so when you feel unfortunate, on your own and ravaged, simply checked out the quotes for motivation in God phrases. Currently you are qualified of feeling like GOD loves YOU and can easily take complete duty for your activities. Don't be a baby-sinner! Concentrate on doing Christ's lovely job through loving yourself through the satisfaction of your spirit. The whole take in is stunning and that you are a loving companion is not one of them. You can likewise discuss this quote to your buddies and loved ones to make their time. When chatting concerning how very easy it would be to receive a work, acquire an learning, or obtain a greater education, point out something like, "Therefore my supervisor informed me that my initial job was one-third listed below my pay and that I cann't receive any even more. Reviews: Please leave behind your review and support for us. (9) It goes without claiming that this book is a Should get/read to adults on a great deal of degrees. It's a really legible job of literary works, and is an excellent assets. Some of the characters possess their personal individuals that mirror what I discover intriguing regarding fiction. I'd strongly advise this publication to grownups that is curious in reading a terrific story about a man and his lifestyle in battle. Thank you DISCLAIMER: All pictures utilized in this application are believed to be in social domain. We do our best to remove any sort of copyright infringing content and are performing thus simply as required by law. You acknowledge that you'll be liable for any lawful fees that may be accumulated. We do not necessitate that any report, other than the one that was being made use of in this notice, will certainly be available for download at any sort of opportunity prior to its completion. If you have liberties to any of the images, and do not desire them to appear listed here, please get in touch with us and they will definitely be gotten rid of in the next variation of the function. Download and install the latest variation of the application. (You may download and install it listed below, or right hit on the graphic, decide on "set up," and check out "Spare As."). The software application produces it quick and easy to put up all of the code that's put up in this application. We have featured all the finest & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu coming from the Holy Bible in this app.the images are extremely wonderful & inspired! Enjoy! In case you are puzzled regarding what one of these Quotes is expected to claim, there is actually a great bargain to know regarding it below. I assume it is because of their very properly written summaries of passion, kindness & love by their saintly writer. This uplifting bible stamina quotes is designed for that reason so when you feel unfortunate, on your own and devastated, simply went through the quotes for incentive in God words. Right now you are qualified of really feeling like GOD adores YOU and can take total obligation for your activities. Don't be a baby-sinner! Concentrate on carrying out Christ's lovely work through loving yourself by means of the fullness of your heart. The whole take in is attractive and that you are a loving partner is not one of them. You may likewise share this quote to your friends and loved ones to produce their day. When chatting regarding how easy it would be to get a project, obtain an education and learning, or get a much higher education, mention something like, "Thus my boss told me that my first work was one-third below my income and that I mightn't receive any additional.
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Responses: Please leave your opinion and assistance for us. (9) It goes without saying that this manual is a Have to get/read through to adults on a great deal of amounts. It's a very understandable work of literature, and is an superb expenditure. Some of the characters have their own personalities that mirror what I discover appealing regarding fiction. I'd highly advise this book to grownups that is interested in reading a excellent account concerning a guy and his life in battle. Say thanks to you DISCLAIMER: All pictures used in this app are believed to be in social domain. We perform our absolute best to clear away any kind of copyright infringing content and are carrying out thus merely as required through rule. You acknowledge that you'll be liable for any sort of legal fees that may be accumulated. We do not require that any kind of data, various other than the one that was being made use of in this notification, will definitely be offered for download at any kind of opportunity prior to its fulfillment.
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uselaura8 · 2 years
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What Does telugu christian messages inspiring jesus christ Mean?
Telugu Christian Quotes Description Locate your regular bible quotes in Telugu that offer you toughness and courage every day and which will help remind you that lord god Jesus Christ is regularly with you. 1. Do not fall off an aircraft at evening and be prepared to comply with an armed guy who is standing over you before you happen to a close to be recovered. 2. No guy ever walks in darkness and will certainly stroll alone before he is healed. We have included all the greatest & inspiring Christian Quotes coming from the Holy Bible in this app. Reveal your love and faith to The Lord by installing and apply the quotes in your everyday life. The extra you read through and like The Lord and get this App, the extra you can listen to regarding The Lord, the Savior, His Church & the World. Forgotten Bible. Checked out the initial Gospel of Jesus Christ: 1 Corinthians 4:17-19. We have featured all the best & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu from the Holy Bible in this app. The application comes with even more than one full listing of words, a list of quotes from Bible knowledgeables, and even more. The listing has a thorough background on Bible revelation, and a individual Bible prediction for each enthusiast. In this application we have consisted of all the finest & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers coming from the Holy Bible in this app. This uplifting bible stamina quotes is developed for that reason thus when you really feel saddening, alone and devastated, merely read the quotes for inspiration in God words. Right now you are qualified of experiencing like GOD enjoys YOU and may take total duty for your actions. Don't be a baby-sinner! revelation telugu bible study on performing Christ's stunning job by loving yourself through the volume of your soul. The whole experience is gorgeous and that you are a loving companion is not one of them. You can easily also discuss this quote to your pals and loved ones to create their time. When talking regarding how effortless it would be to receive a work, receive an learning, or obtain a greater learning, say something like, "Thus my employer said to me that my initial work was one-third below my pay and that I mightn't receive any even more. Responses: Please leave behind your review and support for us. In a video discussed along with The Post, the FBI claimed that because the suspects possessed no lawful consent to leave behind the FBI, no law administration organizations could possibly lawfully look. "We are not permitted to take pictures in these locations and we are additionally not permitted to help make security videos," the spokesperson mentioned. Thank you DISCLAIMER: All photos used in this application are strongly believed to be in public domain. In this collection, utilize simply if your device is under the Microsoft Windows Control Panel (WinPE). Make use of along with caution if you are not able to attach coming from a different tool – If you possess an unbootable unit, please recommend to our previous short article – When specifying up your phone, you need to to begin with attach to your tool. This is not required for this application. If you own rights to any of the images, and do not wish them to seem here, please get in touch with us and they will certainly be gotten rid of in the following version of the app. This update also deal with bugs in Facebook protection environments. You have perhaps made an effort to remove the pictures, and the Facebook safety and security company does not give you the potential to return them to your profile. Facebook has worked as if the images continued to be unblemished, but has right now chosen not to deal with them. We have consisted of all the ideal & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu coming from the Holy Bible in this application. The application happens along with additional than one full listing of phrases, a list of quotes from Bible verses, and additional. The list has actually a detailed history on Bible prophecy, and a individual Bible prediction for each follower. In this app we have featured all the best & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers from the Holy Bible in this app. This uplifting bible toughness quotes is created for that reason thus when you experience depressing, on your own and wrecked, just went through the quotes for incentive in God phrases. Now you are capable of experiencing like GOD adores YOU and may take complete accountability for your actions. Don't be a baby-sinner! Center on doing Christ's stunning job by loving yourself with the satisfaction of your spirit. The whole take in is attractive and that you are a loving partner is not one of them. You may also share this quote to your pals and loved ones to help make their day. In various other words: It's all you get. You probably have a terrific tip concerning how I'd like to achieve something: "Allow's start writing stuff I've never written previously," I'm going to go ahead of time and do it. You may likewise be lured to take my suggestion, or inquire my pals to carry out the exact same factor. Feedback: Please leave your review and help for us. (9) It goes without mentioning that this publication is a Should get/went through to adults on a whole lot of amounts. It's a quite understandable job of literature, and is an exceptional financial investment. Some of the personalities have their very own individuals that mirror what I discover exciting concerning myth and what is anticipated of personalities coming from other religions, and the plot-line has actually a great deal to say concerning the styles of this manual.
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shearsgum29 · 2 years
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About Listen to Olive Green
Telugu Christian Quotes Summary Locate your regular bible quotes in Telugu that give you strength and nerve every time and which will tell you that lord god Jesus Christ is consistently along with you. 1. Do not drop off an aircraft at evening and be prepared to fulfill an armed male who is standing over you before you happen to a shut to be healed. 2. No male ever before strolls in night and will walk alone before he is cured. We have included all the best & inspiring Christian Quotes coming from the Holy Bible in this app. Reveal your affection and faith to The Lord through installing and use the quotes in your everyday life. Right now you can easily view all our Christian Quotes. And by installing and using the quotes in your daily life, you'll find everything you need to know to support your Faith, Life & Work! We have featured all the best & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu coming from the Holy Bible in this app.the pictures are extremely lovely & inspired! Enjoy! In situation you are bewildered concerning what one of these Quotes is expected to say, there is actually a really good package to know concerning it here. I believe it is because of their extremely effectively written explanations of affection, kindness & passion by their saintly writer. This uplifting bible strength quotes is designed for that reason therefore when you feel depressing, by yourself and ruined, simply read the quotes for incentive in God words. Now you are capable of feeling like GOD enjoys YOU and can easily take full duty for your activities. Don't be a baby-sinner! Center on carrying out Christ's stunning work by loving yourself via the satisfaction of your soul. The entire encounter is attractive and that you are a loving companion is not one of them. You can easily also share this quote to your good friends and family to help make their time. When talking regarding how effortless it would be to acquire a project, obtain an learning, or acquire a greater learning, say something like, "So my boss said to me that my first project was one-third listed below my salary and that I cann't receive any additional.
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Feedback: Please leave your opinion and help for us. (9) It goes without saying that this manual is a Should get/reviewed to adults on a great deal of levels. It's a really understandable job of literary works, and is an excellent financial investment. Some of the characters possess their very own individualities that mirror what I discover fascinating about myth. I'd strongly recommend this manual to grownups that is curious in reading a terrific story regarding a man and his lifestyle in battle. Thank you DISCLAIMER: All photos used in this app are thought to be in social domain name. We carry out our finest to take out any copyright infringing material and are performing therefore merely as required through law. You concede that you'll be responsible for any lawful expenses that might be incurred. We do not deserve that any type of files, other than the one that was being used in this notice, will definitely be on call for download at any kind of time prior to its conclusion.
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If you own liberties to any of the images, and do not want them to seem listed here, please talk to us and they will certainly be taken out in the following variation of the function. Once we get rid of these pictures, the firm who owns those rights, in their discernment, may make use of the copyright under that image in relationship along with their very own development. This function refers to one of the major themes of our website called The Art of the Net. We have featured all the finest & inspiring Christian Quotes wallpapers in Telugu from the Holy Bible in this app.the images are quite wonderful & inspired! Delight in! In situation you are puzzled concerning what one of these Quotes is expected to point out, there is a great package to recognize regarding it here. I think it is because of their really effectively written descriptions of love, generosity & passion by their saintly author. This uplifting bible stamina quotes is designed for that reason therefore when you feel sad, on your own and ruined, merely read the quotes for motivation in God phrases. Right now you are qualified of experiencing like GOD adores YOU and may take complete duty for your activities. Don't be a baby-sinner! Concentrate on doing Christ's gorgeous work through loving yourself via the volume of your heart. The whole experience is wonderful and that you are a loving partner is not one of them. You may additionally discuss this quote to your buddies and family to produce their day. When chatting about how quick and easy it would be to get a project, get an learning, or obtain a greater education and learning, state something like, "Thus my manager told me that my 1st task was one-third listed below my salary and that I could possiblyn't acquire any more. Feedback: Please leave behind your remark and support for us. (9) It goes without mentioning that this publication is a Have to get/went through to grownups on a great deal of levels. It's a very legible job of literature, and is an outstanding investment. Some of the personalities possess their very own characters that reflect what I discover appealing concerning myth. I'd very highly recommend this manual to adults that is fascinated in reading a excellent tale about a man and his life in war. Thank you DISCLAIMER: All images used in this app are felt to be in social domain. We perform our greatest to clear away any sort of copyright infringing web content and are performing so simply as required by rule. bible study in telugu concede that you'll be liable for any sort of legal expenses that might be accumulated. We do not deserve that any kind of data, various other than the one that was being utilized in this notice, are going to be readily available for download at any type of opportunity prior to its completion.
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surendrasahara · 4 years
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Understanding Robert De Nobili’s methods of Contextualization to propagate the gospel and it’s relevant in the present situation in India
Content
1.     Introduction
2.     Descriptive approaches to Robert De Nobili’s Contextualization
2.1  A brief introduction to the history
2.2  Nobili’s approach through the traditions of Hindu
2.2.1 The life of Brahmin Sannyasi
2.2.2 The Life of Brahmin Guru
2.2.3 Adaptation of Caste System
2.2.4 Nobili’s pattern of Indian Christianity
3.     Critical Analytical approaches to Robert De Nobili’s Contextualization
3.1  Nobili’s methods of Contextualization
3.2  Negative aspects of Nobili’s methods of contextualization
3.3  The relevance of Nobili’s contextualization in the present context
4.     Conclusion
Introduction
Contextualization is one of the biggest controversial phenomena in this 21st century which has different connotation which looks to be depriving the meaning of the Holy Bible. Some missionary thinks that being contextualized mission strategies lead us to failure and end up with a heretical segment whereas some missionary is taking advantages of being contextualized their mission strategies to reach out different people and communities, and end up with the successful ministry. The Holy Bible is the greatest example of contextualization. Where the story of creation, Noah’s flood to till Paul’s technique or manner of propagating gospel is contextualized; in specific context, group of people; and borrowed stories and rhetoric styles from different ethnic groups like Babylon or Rome. Similarly, Robert De Nobili contextualized his strategies to reach out Indians. In this small research paper, I am going to write critical analytical insights into his contextualization. Moreover, my research outline has divided into two major sections: descriptive; where I am going to write a brief descriptive approach of Nobili’s contextualization and rest will be critical analytical approaches of his contextualization and my critique followed by how his contextualization is relevant in the present Indian context.  
Descriptive approaches to Robert De Nobili’s Contextualization
First, I am going to mention the descriptive approach of Nobili that what exactly he did and how was his work in briefly as following:
A brief introduction to the history of Robert De Nobili
Robert De Nobili came in Indian on 20 May 1605. He came from a very prestigious Italian family and had a very good relationship with Cardinal Bellarmine of Rome who was his relative. Moreover, he had all the comforts and brilliants future ahead of him but his zeal to work for the kingdom of God causes him to leave. His decision to join Jesuit Mission and work in India was not favourable and acceptable to his family. However, despite opposition from his family, he arrived in India and remains till 50 years. Moreover, after staying in one year in Goa he moved in Madurai where he often used to feel sick but despite his illness, he survived. “Before Nobili, Indian Christians were westernized and lived under Portuguese protection. Nobili felt that Indian Christianity should retain as much Indian culture and customs as were compatible with the faith”(Donnelly 6). In these circumstances, he decided to learn Tamil and Sanskrit so that he could communicate well. After having approval from Gregory XV, he started his methods of contextualization of the gospel to reach out the Indian, particular to the Brahmins. Soon, he succeeded to convert 4,000 thousand people and most of them were elite Brahmins. And it happened because he sticks to his conviction to not destroy Indian culture as a result, “Indian became Christians but not foreigners or Portuguese”(Rajamanickam 114). Moreover, Nobili faced numerous persecutions, violence and trials from Brahmins of strong faith and even from Christian’s missionary of his time who were opposing his methods of contextualization. However, he was successful to present Jesus Christ in the Indian way. One of his follower Balthasar Da Costa records that throughout his fifty years of work he was able to convert 30, 000 thousand people. And among them, there were few Brahmins and other high cast and rest of them were from the low caste.  
Nobili’s approach through the traditions of Hindu
Though Nobili used Hindu traditions as a mean to reach out Hindus he strictly avoided certain religious practices.  He allows some of the practices like, ceremonial bath, use of sandalwood past and threading ceremony, and many of social, traditional, ritual practices and festivals Christianized by Nobili. Exclusively idol worship was not allowed or entertained and strictly forbidden by him. “being a missionary in Madurai, Nobili understood one of the basic reasons for the failure of the mission in India as the European lifestyle of missionaries”(George 73). S. M. Michael says that “De Nobili so Tamilized Christianity that he touched the heart of Tamil culture. His adaptation enables Christians to retain Tamil identity”(Hedlund 56).
The life of Brahmin Sannyasi
During those days, when Nobili arrived at Madurai, Fr. Goncalo Fernandez was working, and amazingly despite Fernandez’s long duration, he was failed to convert even a single Hindu because of his westerns thought and life-style. Moreover, “the Portuguese were called Parangis. They mixed freely with the low cast, ate beef, drank wine and took Indian wives, not bothering about cast, untouchability or other social regulations”(Rajamanickam 112). Nobili understood that Brahmins have a high reputation in society and consider being superior to others, even to the Rajas. He realized that being Brahmin Sannyasi he could able to teach anyone in society. That’s why “Nobili made a sincere attempt to adapt to the Indian culture in his thinking and lifestyle. He adapted the food, dress, house, thread, kudumi and sandal pasts of a Brahmin Sannyasi”(George 77).  
The life of Brahmin Guru
Nobili understood that Brahmin Guru is much more an influencing personality in the society who can motivate people soon. So, he adopted the lifestyle and became Brahmin Guru. Soon he began to know as Talluva Podagar(Teacher of reality). He taught many of his followers who confessed Jesus as their saviour. There are several reasons for adopting the life-style of Brahmin Guru: First, he wanted to learn their local languages and produce literature in those languages. Soon, he was able to pick up their languages so fluently. Moreover, “Nobili could speak purest Tamil and pronounce it so well that even the most fastidious Brahmin scholars cannot improve on his diction”(George 85). Second, Sanskrit is considered being a religious language of India. Moreover, “It is expected for a Guru to speak in Sanskrit as the teacher of the spiritual truth”(George 86). That’s why to discuss or argue religious thought with Hindus; he took a special consideration to learn Sanskrit. Even, he was able to communicate with the rulers of his time when he learned the Telugu language. Third, he took the initiative to produce literature in these three languages. Among these kinds of literature, Gnanopadesam was most famous writing which was compiled in five volumes. “His writings manifest great learning about South India, regarding language, text, customs and beliefs- a learning that is more impressive considering the scarcity of resource I the early 17th century”(George 86).
Adaptation of the Caste System
During the 16th and 17th century, the social structure was based on the caste system. Nobili accepted the caste system and used it for the conversion of people. Moreover, “Nobili accepted the hierarchical order in caste division and considered caste gradation as fixed that one cannot go against it”(George 91). However, he understood the serious consequences of the evil practice of the caste system. He believes that the gospel can change their mindset and we should not cross the social practices rather used it to make mission successful.
Nobili’s pattern of Indian Christianity
One of the major tasks ahead of Nobili was how to present Christianity in such a way that it must fit into the Indian Context. “Nobili’s Christians, church building, missionaries, localization of names as well as terms and Christianization of festivals were the major aspects which played a vital role”(George 96). Nobili’s followers were genius and well aware of the doctrines of Christianity as compared to the other Christians of his time. However, Nobili did a remarkable job by using methods of Indian traditions to reach out and in some extend he was successful than any other missionaries of his time. But is it really helpful contextualization in today’s Indian context. Let’s see my critique of Nobili’s contextualization.  
Critical Analytical approaches to Robert De Nobili’s Contextualization:
Nobili’s use of his methods which he derived from Hindu traditions was much more powerful mean to reach out the high caste and other castes too. It made an impact on the minds of people to accept Jesus Christ by indigenize way in their own culture. They never felt Christianity as a western religion which imposes European life-style; since Nobili was cautious while presenting Christianity to them. Irrespective of Nobili’s methods let’s see how he contextualized. What are the positive and negative aspect and drawback of his methods of contextualization?
Nobili’s methods of Contextualization
The nature of Nobili’s methods of contextualization was very much indigenous. What I mean he wanted people to stay back in their own culture but believe in Jesus as saviour. Even, he rejected to identify himself and his followers to relate with the term Parangi, because his main motive was “to show that the Christian faith could be thought and lived in a truly Indian way. His main point was that it is impossible to be Indian without being Hindu and Christian without being European”(Hedlund 55). To this point, I agree with his decision to not relate to Parangi. Because Parangis were very much westernized in their life-style, they used to do all sorts of things which caused to offend many people. “The Hindus had been watching the foreigners carefully to determine what caste they were from, and after repeatedly observing them eat meat and associate with low-caste people had labelled them “Parangi” or “those who have horses and guns,” a term referring to low caste”(Johnson 11). Nobili believed that to understand other culture, we need to look through their lenses because every culture has some good or evil elements. Moreover, he was not interested that his followers may be known as Christian. However, he was interested that his followers may remain in their own cultures and have their own identity of Indian.
Sooner, Nobili discovered that the life-style of Sannyasi is a common practice in South India and the best way to gain respect. He realized that society respect Gurus. Nobili’s adaptation of the Life-style of Sannyasi and became Brahmin Guru was to reach out the high caste and know their practices, beliefs thoroughly. At this point, I am largely convinced by Nobili and would like to agree with his adaptation of the life-style of Sannyasi and Guru. Because many high caste Hindus attracted by his life-style of Sannyasi and used to visit him regularly. Cronin aptly describes that,
Nobili’s innate courtesy and kindliness made them feel at home. He spoke well, without any mixture of Portuguese, and he said things worth hearing. He listened too with close interest to what they had to say. When they narrated to him their Puranic stories he would never brush them aside with a contemptuous “Nonsense"... He was struck by their deep sense of religion. With them, religion was not a cloak which they only occasionally put on. It was ingrained in their very life, in their thoughts, in their words and every action (Johnson 12).
Nobili believes that there is not a single religious connotation to the life-style of Sannyasi and Guru. By “quoting the Brahminic literature, he clarified that the term Guru did not denote an exclusively religious scholar, but rather someone (he) who made (something) clear through his explanation”(Anchukandam 43). Moreover, he abstains from non-vegetarian food which causes him to associate with the high caste Brahmins. At this point, I still agree with Nobili what he believes and kept abstain from non-vegetarian. Because, although Bible does not resist us to abstain from non-vegetarian and have a great example of Peter’s vision of food where God himself told him that, “What God has made clean, you must not call profane” (Acts 11:9b NRSV). However, there are certain things we need to consider and cautious when we are encountering other culture as Nobili did. As a result, many high caste people used to meet him regularly without fear of defiling their culture.
Nobili’s use of the title Aiyer instead of Father was another example of contextualization which was even controversial. Moreover, “in reply De Nobili underscored the fact that the term only signified ‘the master of the house’ was attributed to him as the superior of the community”(Anchukandam 44). It was the custom of South India those who are the teacher of religious discourse; people used to address them as Aiyer. However, I largely agree with the term Aiyer is because Nobili did not introduce something new but used which was there in their culture and nothing wrong to use of the term Aiyer. It is just to show one’s reverence and honour to particular people. Even, “the members of his community did not merely style themselves as disciples of Aiyer, but referred to themselves also as disciples of Jesus Christ”(Anchukandam 45). That’s why; Nobili began to know as the teacher of reality.
Nobili observed certain Hindu practices, like, use of the holy thread, the tuft of hair and sandal-paste. I largely agree with this point with Nobili, and he has given a very good explanation that why he was using? First, “He says that he was not using the thread at the time of writing, that even so, he had worn it with a cross attached. The neophytes too wore a similar thread with a thin plate bearing the inscription ‘Jesus the Nazarene’”(Anchukandam 49). We must understand that he was from a Roman Catholic priestly family and for him wearing thread was a common thing. Since some of the Roman Catholics are tradition-oriented and for Nobili thread was not a new thing; even though the form was different but then he changes the form and kept the same meaning. He argued that wearing thread has nothing to do with the religious matter, it is a completely social thing. He says, “My firm conviction that the Brahmins thread contains no element of superstition, even by the second intention. It is no more than a social badge to mark the grade and office of a man of learning”(Nobili 167). Therefore, “the adaptation of the thread was vital for Nobili to be accepted as a teacher of the spiritual law”(George 82). Second, regarding the tuft of hair, he aptly describes that,
No religious meaning is implied in the wearing of it is proven with even greater force by all the arguments which were adduced on the subject of the thread, since these arguments hold equally for both. But apart from these, the licit use of the kutumi rests on an independent foundation of its own. Its usage was introduced with a view that by this sign the various noble families among the Brahmins, rulers, and merchants might be distinctly marked off(Nobili 171).
He says, even similar kind of style was in Italy to categorize two notorious factions: the Ghibellines and the Guelphs party. Similarly, in India, “the noble families choose to wear the tuft of hair in different parts of the head, not from any motive of faction and hostility, but solely as distinctive caste marks showing their respective social grades”(Nobili 172). Therefore, Nobili says that the tuft of hair was the mark of social respect and status, and not a religious stigma. I think one should not bring their presuppositions to justify themselves that Nobili’s use of Indigenous appearance was wrong.  As far as my concern; and even Dr Graham Houghton once states someone and says that, our appearance matter when we present ourselves; or to propagate the gospel. We must make ourselves presentable whenever we encounter with others. Nobili thought that his western look might cause hindrance to the spread of gospel so; he changed the form and kept the same social meaning. Third, his uses of Sandal paste in the congregation. I agree with his point as far as my concern that there is no religious element in it. Nobili describes that,
The ceremony of putting sandal-paste on the forehead differed from the Hindu practice, both in the material used and its end. Thus the material used by the Hindus was ash, while that used by Christians was sandal-paste. The Hindus did it impelled by the sacrilegious belief that their god did the same. The Christians, on the other hand, did it as a sign of respect when going into the presence of God, since the custom of the land demanded that one mark on his forehead before presenting himself before a dignitary(Anchukandam 50).
It was a common practice unlike, other practices in Indian. Whenever people will go to the temple, somebody will put a mark called tilak or red dot to the reverence of that place or signifies participation. Precisely, it is not just to participate in the pagan practices since we are separated from them. However, Nobili used putting sandal-paste practice but he changed the form, even it is meaning and made it comfortable to the converts from Hinduism which is not wrong and I am convinced by him. Nobili clarifies and says that,
The use of those objects which serve to distinguish the faithful from others, but any human, practical use, like for example the dress used by the pagan priests for their sacrifice, is illicit. But at the same time, if they are but honorary, and hence only of a social nature, they have a different end and hence are permissible; even as the Christian emperors up to the time of Gratian used to wear the pontifical stole used by the non-Christian priests and called themselves Supreme Pontiffs (Anchukandam 57).
Nobili was such a brilliant man who used his intellect with the addition of the profound knowledge of the Bible that he would able to convince many Hindus and would able to convert them into Christianity without hurting their feelings; it is same as one Hindi sayings, sap bhi mare aur latti bhi na tute, meaning killing a snake without breaking a rod. Moreover, wearing thread, the tuft of hair and use of sandal-paste help Nobili to create an indigenous environment and converting many people to the Lord Jesus Christ.
Christianization of the festivals was an effective means of contextualized to reach out people. I largely agree with Nobili at this point as far as there is not religious superstitious meaning. Nobili allowed his people to celebrate various festivals which he changed the form and even it's meaning. However, at the same time, “he did not deny the uniqueness of Christianity. It enabled Christians to participate in the customs of the land and at the same time to be different in their religion. Thus it contributed to the spread of Christianity rapidly in South India”(George 103). As far as my concern, most of the Indian festivals have its social significance of celebration rather than religious meaning. For example, the freedom fighter Gangadhar Tilak who initiated Ganesh Utsav (festival) had an idea of social gathering where people could come together once in a while to have fellowship rather than less important to the worship of Lord Ganesha who known as the lord of obstacles. However, it is true that slowly the significance of celebrating Ganesh Utsav has taken a religious meaning; but the whole idea of celebrating Ganesh festival was a social gathering. Similarly, Nobili kept the social significance, removed religious and superstitious elements and Christianized festivals.
And finally, Nobili changed many words of the biblical terminology which was controversial for his contextualizing the Gospel ever. Well, this is the area where I am not happy and agree with many Christians, missionaries and even Nobili. What I mean, his indigenous approach was right and sufficient to reach out people, and no need of changing terminology of the biblical word. This is where he failed and cannot be applicable in the present context. There are several examples we can see where he changed biblical words even in such extend where he failed to notice its meaning which was not just and favourable. There are some scriptures in the Bible where God himself says not to change or add something to it, and it is not merely changing the words but to its meaning as well. For example, Deuteronomy 4:2; Revelation 22:18-19 and Malachi 4:4. I know that these Bible verses are not merely talk’s a single word but talks in a particular context and talks about prophesy, commandments and God’s revelation to John. Now one may quote of different translations; but as far as we understand scripture clearly, meaning will be same. I understand that these bible verses are not making sense in this context because it has been a Debatable and controversial throughout many centuries which we need not think and discuss here. What I mean, it is a very sensitive part to change words and keep the same meaning. Many Christians contextualized by changing words but missed the essence of it. One must be very cautious while changing the terminology of the bible.
Moreover, “De Nobili gave a terminology for Christian theology, a vehicle for conveying Christian ideas. By comparison, today’s proposals for Indianization of liturgy and theology somehow fall short”(Hedlund 57). For example, he used a word for the Holy Spirit is chutamana spiritual meaning only clean spirit. He used a word for eternal beatitude is chorcam which “constituted even a heresy for those well-versed in Tamil literature, as the same meant a paradise of pleasure where one sojourned for millions of years, in the company of heavenly courtesans (apsara) eating dainty foods and drinking nectar”(Anchukandam 72). Another word suten he used for the son which literary means procreated son or begotten through a generation where the as correct word for son is maguen which only means metaphorically son. Another miss word pugei he used for Eucharist which means sacrifice.
However, despite Nobili’s contextualization to evangelized people and convert them to Christ was successfully done but there were drawbacks in his contextualized approach which I would say he failed to see; those drawbacks I am going to discuss here.
Negative aspects of Nobili’s methods of contextualization
Despite Nobili’s remarkable work of contextualization, there are some negative aspects of drawbacks in his contextualized approach which was controversial or so to say, he failed to recognize some of the evil social practices which were dehumanized. First, one of the drawbacks of his method is that he accepted the caste system and allowed it to entertain inside the church. As a result, discrimination remains throughout the centuries; and even today there is discrimination inside the church. By accepting the caste system which was the evilest practice of the Indian society; Nobili has given a very negative understanding and an example of his work during his time. It might be accepted and applicable during his time but surely not applicable or relevant in today’s context in India where Dalits and the low caste people are still struggling to get rid of this evil social stigma.
Throughout the centuries history has been witnessing the oppression of the low caste, particularly Dalits and OBC. The Caste system has been dehumanizing and discriminating people and among communities. The Caste system was very much prevalent in the Hindu religion in the 16th and 17th century. Hindu religion is a very much social-oriented religion so; societies were divided into the basis of the Hindu religion which speaks of the caste system. I don’t understand that even though Nobili was such a brilliant learned man who studied Hindu religion; accepted the caste system.  As “a remarkable scholar and critical thinker, he wrote theological treaties in Tamil and insisted that religion and culture can be separated”(Hedlund 56). Then how could he neglect the very fact of the caste system which is a part of Hindu religion, because Manumriti is the most sacred scripture of the Hindus which talks the four varnas (castes or status) and the division of the Hindu society? I think Nobili seems to be failed to look at the effects of the caste system upon Christianity whereas, “other missionaries endeavoured to modify several traditional practices, especially to eradicate caste discrimination, Nobili permitted it among his Christians”(George 115).
Though “the adaption of the caste system had a certain positive effect in mobilizing the conversions, it compromised some basic Christian teachings. It created a lasting division within the church between the high caste and the low caste”(George 115). Even though his primary focus was the high caste but “the number of baptisms from the highest castes always remained very small. Even from other castes, larger figures of conversions begin to be given only after the inauguration of the new methods under the lead of Fr Balthasar da Costa”(Neill 308). A social activist Vishal Mangalwadi has made a very meaningful statement, “The Indian church (of all denominations) treated Jesus mostly as a salvator but not as a liberator who would empower them to find true liberation from the caste oppression and exploitation”(Mangalwadi x). I think, Nobili had done a remarkable job by converting many Brahmins to Christ but failed to change the very Brahmin thinking of superior to other or caste dominant mindset. Now the time has come to propagate gospel or to present Jesus Christ as the liberator who can liberate from the evil social practices which dehumanize and bring discrimination among communities rather than saviour; among certain communities, especially Dalits and OBC.
Another disadvantage of Nobili was that he failed to recognize the significance of Holistic Mission, because not only it means propagating the Gospel but also to get involved in social welfare for the betterment of our society. “Abolition of any kind of discrimination in society and establishing equality is also part of the mission. Therefore eradicating caste system is part of a missionary’s task”(George 115). But Nobili believed and thinks that “the major task of the missionary is to convert people to Christ. He further viewed the eradication of the caste system as the task of the social reformers”(George 91). We have a great an example of Holistic Mission in Luke 4:16-30 which is known as Nazareth Manifesto where Jesus himself instructed the seriousness of holistic understanding of mission. I think there no greater example than our Lord Jesus himself who kept holistic understanding wherever he encountered people. Gospel mentioned that wherever Jesus went, he moved with compassion. Our Lord Jesus said that the Spirit of God anointed him not just merely to proclaim word but to heal the sick, set free the captives, etc. However, one cannot distinguish between missionary activities and social activities; because being a carrier of the Gospel; Christians are missionary as well as a social reformer.
The relevance of Nobili’s contextualization in the present context
Despite Nobili’s drawbacks of contextualized approach, there are many things which are applicable or relevant in today’s Indian context. His missional strategies and contextualization of the Gospel were very much indigenous. That’s why he was able to relate with Indians very well and convert them into Christianity without hurting their feelings and causing offence to their religions. First, Nobili’s presentation of Christianity in Indian style is very much relevant in the present context of India. He understood the failures of other missionaries of his time because of their European life-style which was a hindrance to many high caste rich people. “Nobili’s methods made Christianity acceptable to people that many of them followed his teaching while they had despised it as a foreign religion due to the lifestyle of other missionaries”(George 112). That’s why Nobili believes and aptly describes that,
The gospel preacher should make himself all things to all and take up that mode of life which is acceptable to the people among whom he works. The Church should never diverse customs of people which was not sinful. One action have several ends therefore, the church can make use of various social emblems for a legitimate purpose. Several rites and ceremonies can be Christianized after removing the sign of superstitions from them (George 74).
Similar kind of situation we do face in today’s context in India; even though we are globalized in terms of our standard living. However, still, there are some Indians who do not like westernize thinking and life-style even though their appearance is very much western.  Almost the majority is half of the population who like Indian thinking and indigenous lifestyle. In this situation, I would say Nobili’s contextualization is very much relevant to reach out to such people. I think this is the unique mission approach is missed by many Christians missionary agencies on days to present Christianity in Indian style rather than western style.
Another advantage of Nobili’s methods of contextualization is his contextualized pattern of Indian Christianity which is very much relevant in the present situation. Because in the 16th and 17th century many accepted Christianity because of material benefits as a result of mass conversion. Whereas “Nobili’s converts were genuine and well instructed about the teaching of Christianity even before the baptism”(George 113). Even he gave full freedom to his believers to remain in their society and participate in some customs which he Christianized the form and changed their meaning. Similar kind of situation we do come across even today. There are some churches even today which treated their believers as a slave and impose certain unnecessary ideas, rules and regulation to accept Christ or so to say to become a member of their church rather teaching than sound doctrines of the bible. Even there are many churches as a result of mass conversions which are very much interested in number rather than making quality Christians, whereas Nobili had the interest to make quality followers rather than adding numbers in the church.  Saulire says, “They were instructed for several months about the doctrines before they were given baptism”(George 96). Roger E. Hedlund says that “Nobili’s adaptations enabled the Christians to retain their cultural identity”(Hedlund 280).
Some pastors critique and looked down others culture, and when somebody gets convert to Christ; they asked to leave their culture, practices, beliefs, etc which could be very tuff time for new converts to leave it. I think Nobili used the best pattern ever because first, he never critiques and looked down others faith and culture. Second, he took time and had the patience to teach converts and let them realized their own. For example, in our Cultural Anthropology class Boby who is a storyteller made a good observation; and said, we often tell believers stories and say God did this and that; but we never give chance to them to make the decision themselves. Finally, his approach was very gentle and decent, and had the good quality to listen to others; and that is what we are lacking today in the Indian context and even many Christians miss today.
Conclusion
Well, in some extend I thought, whether Nobili’s methods of contextualization were helping him to convert Christianity into Hinduism or Hinduism into Christianity but I understood now. Robert De Nobili was such a brilliant and passionate man who contextualized his strategies such a way that no one even thinks of conversion. He lived in Indian style and adapted indigenous ways of worship and contextualized Gospel in Indian style. As a result, he was able to convert many high caste people who used to get offended before; but Nobili caused them to think that we can be still an Indian and live Indian way, be in our culture and follow or believe Jesus Christ. He contextualized his methods in such a way that nobody would identify him as a western. First, he kept himself in a shoe of Indian and looked through Indian lenses. Second, he studied and had a thorough understanding of Hinduism which benefited him to have an inter-religious dialogue which won many people into his favour and able to present Gospel in Indian style. Third, he never looked down or spoke evil of other cultures, practices, beliefs, religions which causes him to win others trust and make friends. However, there were some of the disadvantages of his contextualization where he accepted the caste system and distinguished between missionaries and social reformers which are not relevant in the present situation. But on the other hand, there are some good strategies which he used are relevant in the present Indian context. Like, presentation of Gospel in Indian style and the pattern of Indian Christianity is marvellous and remarkable contextualization had done by Robert De Nobili.
Work Cited
Anchukandam, Thomas. Robert De Nobili’s Responsio (1610) A Vindication of Inculturation and Adaptation. Bangalore: Kristu Jyoti Publication, 1996. Print.
Donnelly, John. “Some Noteworthy Jesuits.” Finding God in All Things (1994): n. pag. Print.
George, Susan Jaison. “A Historical Study of Robert De Nobili’s Methods of Adaptation.” Mar. 2008: n. pag. Print.
Hedlund, Roger E. India’s Churches of Indigenous Origin: Quest for Identity- The Little Tradition in Indian Christianity. Delhi: MIIS/ISPCK, 2000. Print.
Johnson, Todd M. “Contextualization: A New-Old Idea Illustrations from the Life of an Italian Jesuit in 17th-Century India.” The International Journal of Frontier Missions 4.1-4 (1987): n. pag. Google Scholar. Web. 23 July 2013.
Mangalwadi, Vishal. Why Are We Backward? Exploring the Roots, Exploring the Myths and Embracing True Hope. New Delhi: Forward Press, 2013. Print.
Neill, Stephen. A History of Christianity in India The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Print.
Nobili, Robert De. Preaching Wisdom to the Wise. St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2000. Print.
Rajamanickam, S. J. “Founder of the Madurai Mission- Fr. Robert De Nobili.” Christianity In India: Its True Face. Tamil Nadu: The CNCI Commission for Evangelism, 1981. 110–119. Print.
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The Old Testament : the King James version. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
270.092 W
Westover, Tara, author. Educated: a memoir. First edition. Choose the good -- The midwife -- Cream shoes -- Apache women -- Honest dirt -- Shield and buckler -- The Lord will provide -- Tiny harlots -- Perfect in his generations -- Shield of feathers -- Instinct -- Fish eyes -- Silence in the churches -- My feet no longer touch Earth -- No more a child -- Disloyal man, disobedient heaven -- To keep it holy -- Blood and feathers -- In the beginning -- Recitals of the fathers -- Skullcap -- What we whispered and what we screamed -- I'm from Idaho -- A knight, errant -- The work of sulphur -- Waiting for moving water -- If I were a woman -- Pygmalion -- Graduation -- The hand of the almighty -- Tragedy then farce -- A brawling woman in a wide house -- Sorcery of physics -- The substance of things -- West of the sun -- Four long arms, whirling -- Gambling for redemption -- Family -- Watching the buffalo -- Educated. Tara Westover was seventeen the first time she set foot in a classroom. Born to survivalists in the mountains of Idaho, she prepared for the end of the world by stockpiling home-canned peaches and sleeping with her "head-for-the-hills bag." In the summer she stewed herbs for her mother, a midwife and healer, and in the winter she salvaged in her father's junkyard. Her father distrusted the medical establishment, so Tara never saw a doctor or nurse. Gashes and concussions, even burns from explosions, were all treated at home with herbalism. The family was so isolated from mainstream society that there was no one to ensure the children received an education, and no one to intervene when an older brother became violent. When another brother got himself into college and came back with news of the world beyond the mountain, Tara decided to try a new kind of life. She taught herself enough mathematics, grammar, and science to take the ACT and was admitted to Brigham Young University. There, she studied psychology, politics, philosophy, and history, learning for the first time about pivotal world events like the Holocaust and the Civil Rights Movement. Her quest for knowledge transformed her, taking her over oceans and across continents, to Harvard and to Cambridge University. Only then would she wonder if she'd traveled too far, if there was still a way home.
305 I
In Search of Stonewall: The Riots at 50 : The Gay & Lesbian Review at 25: Best Essays, 1994-2018. Boston: MA : G&LR Books, 2019.
305.896 B
Badkhen, Anna, 1976-. Walking with Abel : journeys with the nomads of the African savannah. "An intrepid journalist joins the planet's largest group of nomads on an annual migration that, like them, has endured for centuries. Anna Badkhen has forged a career chronicling life in extremis around the world, from war-torn Afghanistan to the border regions of the American Southwest. In Walking with Abel, she embeds herself with a family of Fulani cowboys--nomadic herders in Mali's Sahel grasslands--as they embark on their annual migration across the savanna. It's a cycle that connects the Fulani to their past even as their present is increasingly under threat--from Islamic militants, climate change, and the ever-encroaching urbanization that lures away their young. The Fulani, though, are no strangers to uncertainty--brilliantly resourceful and resilient, they've contended with famines, droughts, and wars for centuries. Dubbed "Anna Ba" by the nomads, who embrace her as one of theirs, Badkhen narrates the Fulani's journeys and her own with compassion and keen observation, transporting us from the Neolithic Sahara crisscrossed by rivers and abundant with wildlife to obelisk forests where the Fulani's Stone Age ancestors painted tributes to cattle. As they cross the Sahel, the savanna belt that stretches from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic, they accompany themselves with Fulani music they download to their cell phones and tales of herders and hustlers, griots and holy men, infused with the myths the Fulani tell themselves to ground their past, make sense of their identity, and safeguard their--our--future"--. "An intrepid journalist joins the planet's largest group of nomads on an annual migration that, like them, has endured for centuries"--.
398.2 A
Abrahams, Roger D. African folktales. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1983. Tales of wonder from the great ocean of story -- Stories to discuss and even argue about -- Tales of trickster and other ridiculous creatures: tales to entertain -- Tales in praise of great doings -- Making a way through life. A collection of 95 tales from the region south of of the Sahara Desert--stories from over 40 tribe-related myths of creation, tales of epic deeds, ghost stories and tales set in both the animal and human realms.
398.2 A
American Indian myths and legends. 1st paperback ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1984. Rabbit boy kicked that blood clot around: tales of human creation -- The place of emergence: tales of world creation -- The eye of the great spirit: tales of the sun, moon, and stars -- Ordeals of the hero: monsters and monster slayers -- Counting coup: war and the warrior code -- The sound of flutes: tales of love and lust -- Coyote laughs and cries: trickster tales -- Four legs, two legs, and no legs: stories of animals and other people -- Something whistling in the night: ghosts and the spirit world -- Only the rocks and mountains last forever: visions of the end.
398.2 A
African American folktales : stories from Black traditions in the New World. New York : Pantheon Books, c1999.
398.2 C
Chinese fairy tales and fantasies. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, 1979.
398.2 F
Favorite folktales from around the world. 1st paperback ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1988.
398.2 F
Folktales from India : a selection of oral tales from twenty-two languages. First edition. Tell it to the walls / Tamil -- Untold stories / Gondi -- Gopal Bhar the star-counter / Bengali -- Bopoluchi / Punjabi -- The Jasmine Prince / Tamil -- Sona and Rupa / Hindi/Malwi -- Brother's day / Rajasthani -- The Brahman who swallowed a God / Bengali -- One man's virtue / Oriya -- A crow's revenge / Kannada -- A story in search of an audience / Telugu -- The clay mother-in-law / Kannada -- The barber and the Brahman demon / Benjali -- Why the fish laughed / Kashmiri -- A parrot called Hiraman / Bengali -- The monkey and the crocodile / Kannada; Tamil -- What happens when you really listen / Telugu -- Tenali Rama / Kannada; Tamil; Telugu -- How Tenali Rama became a Jester -- Tenali Rama's Ramayana -- Two sisters / Santali -- Sukhu and Dukhu / Bengali -- One, two, three / Santali -- The wife who refused to be beaten / Kashmiri -- The Ogress Queen / Kashmiri -- Killed by a tiger / Santali -- Outwitting fate / Tamil -- Four girls and a king / Punjabi. If it isn't you, it must be your father / Kannada -- Why audiences laugh or cry / Punjabi -- Akbar and Birbal ; The best of flowers ; Make it shorter ; Bring be four ; Sons-in-law / Urdu -- The night-blind son-in-law / Kannada -- Shall I show you my real face? / Tamil -- A malcontent cured / Kashmiri -- The kite's daughter / Assamese -- A flowering tree / Kannada -- A musical demon / Tamil -- Other lives / Kashmiri -- Living like a pig / Telugu -- A heron in the mouth / Bengali -- Tenali Rama's art / Kannada; Tamil; Telugu -- One more use for artists / Gujerati -- Heron boy / Tulu -- The tiger's adopted son / Didayi -- How to live on half a pice / Konkani -- The magic bowls / Tamil -- The four jogis / Santali -- A friend in need / Malayalam -- Winning a princess / Tulu -- Crossing a river, losing a self / Kannada; Tamil; Telugu -- Prince sabar / Gujerati. The lord of death / Punjabi -- The shepherd's ghost / Telugu -- This world and the other / Bengali -- If God is everywhere / Bengali -- A tiger that didn't know who he was / Bengali -- Gandharva Sen is dead! / Bengali -- Tenali Rama's dream / Telugu -- A feast in a dream / Rajasthani -- In search of a dream / Santali -- The princess whose father wanted to marry her / Tulu -- Mother marries son / Marathi -- A cure / Bengali -- A tall tale in Urdu / Urdu -- The greatest / Angami Naga -- A story for Sundays / Marathi -- Tenali Rama and the Brahmans / Kannada; Tamil; Telugu -- A hair's-breadth escape / Tamil -- Between two wives / Tamil -- The dead prince and the talking doll / Kannada -- The serpent mother / Gujerati -- Teja and Teji / Assamese -- The dove's egg: a chain tale / Malayalam -- A drum / Hindi -- In the kingdom of fools / Kannada -- Nonviolence / Bengali -- The barber's secret / Tamil. Gopal Bhar cures a dreamer / Benjali -- A scavenger's dream / Oriya -- The boy who sold wisdom / Gujerati -- Two jars of persian / Punjabi -- In another country / Punjabi -- One man's pleasure / Urdu -- Raja Vikram and the princess of China / Hindi -- Walking on water / Bengali -- The guru and the idiot / Telugu -- Grateful animals, ungrateful man / Hindi/Kumaoni -- When a black dog dies / Urdu -- The village rogue, the city rogue, and the king of rogues / Oriya -- A qazi with a long beard / Marathi -- The priest who could see as far as Mecca / Assamese -- Adventures of a disobedient son / Kannada -- Hanchi / Kannada -- Buffalo into rooster / Marathi -- The prince who married his own left half / Kannada -- A buffalo made of lac / Tamil -- A contest of lies / Hindi -- It's done with mirrors / Telugu -- The kurumba in the parrot's body / Kota -- The eighth key / Sindhi -- How the weaver went to heaven / Urdu. The tiger-makers / Kannada -- When a tale is finished / Oriya -- And then, Bhurrah! / Marathi. Collection of the oral tales compiled from a vast array of sources and translated from twenty-two languages of the country.
398.2 J
Japanese tales. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1987.
398.2 L
Latin American folktales : stories from Hispanic and Indian traditions. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c2002. A collection of one hundred Latin American folk tales taken from the Hispanic and Indian traditions.
398.2 L
Legends and tales of the American West. 1st pbk. ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1998.
398.2 R
Afanasʹev, A. N. (Aleksandr Nikolaevich), 1826-1871. Russian fairy tales. Pantheon Paperback: First Pantheon hardback ed. 1945; Second hardback Pantheon ed. 1975. New York : Pantheon Books, [1975?] c1945. A collection of the classic Russian folk and fairy tales.
812.54 R
Readings on A raisin in the sun. San Diego, CA : Greenhaven Press, c2001.
813.01 B
The best American short stories 2017. Presents a selection of the best works of short fiction of the past year from a variety of acclaimed sources.
813.01 B
Best American short stories 2018. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt pUBLISHERS, c. 2018.
813.01 O
100 years of The best American short stories. Collects forty short stories published between 1915 and 2015, from writers that include Ernest Hemingway, John Updike, and Alice Munro that exemplify their era and stand the test of time --.
821.008 G
Great short poems. Mineola, N.Y. : Dover Publications, 2000.
92 McD
McDonald, William C. The shadow tiger : Billy McDonald, Wingman to Chennault. Hardback Special Edition.
CD Mid
A Midsummer Night's Dream. Audiobook recording using the New Cambridge Shakespeare text, 1984; Unabridged. www.naxoaudiobooks.com : Naxos audioBooks with permission from Cambridge University Press, 1984.
DVD Bla
Blackboard jungle. Glenn Ford, Anne Francis, Louis Calhern, Margaret Hayes, Vic Morrow, Sidney Poitier. Urban drama about an idealistic teacher in a slum area who fights doggedly to connect with his unruly students. Based on Evan Hunter's novel.
DVD Cat
Cat on a hot tin roof. 2016. Blu-ray. Burbank, Calif. : Warner Home Video ;, [1999]. Side A. Standard presentation -- side B. Widescreen presentation. Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman, Burl Ives, Jack Carson, Judith Anderson, Madeleine Sherwood, Larry Gates, Vaughn Taylor. Brick, an alcoholic ex-football player, drinks his days away and resists the affections of his wife, Maggie. His reunion with his father, Big Daddy, who is dying of cancer, jogs a host of memories and revelations for both father and son.
DVD Def
The defiant ones. Letterboxed. Santa Monica, CA : MGM Home Entertainment, [2004]. Tony Curtis, Sidney Poitier, Theodore Bikel, Charles McGraw, Lon Chaney, King Donovan, Claude Akins, Lawrence Dobkin, Whit Bissell, Carl Switzer, Kevin Coughlin, Cara Williams. Two convicts escaping from a Southern work gang discover that they are bound together by an unbreakable iron chain and separated by a hatred for each other. But in order to elude capture they must overcome their hostility.
DVD Inv
Invasion of the body snatchers. Olive Signature; Blu-Ray 2018. Kevin McCarthy, Dana Wynter, Carolyn Jones. Filmy spores fall from space over San Francisco, and the city blossoms with beautiful new flora. People take the flowers home and as they sleep, the plants creep over them, devouring their bodies and stealing their identities--everything except their emotions, their uniqueness, their souls.
DVD Kis
Kiss me deadly. Blu-Ray Special Edition. [United States] : Criterion Collection, 2011. Ralph Meeker, Albert Dekker, Paul Stewart, Juano Hernandez, Wesley Addy; introducing Maxine Cooper, Cloris Leachman, Gaby Rodgers. "In an atomic adaptation of Mickey Spillane's novel, directed by Robert Aldrich, the good manners of the 1950s are blown to smithereens. Snarling private detective Mike Hammer's decision one dark, lonely night to pick up a hitchhiking woman sends him down some terrifying byways. Brazen and bleak, it's a film noir masterpiece and an essential piece of cold war paranoia. Featuring as nervy an ending as has ever been seen in American cinema."--Container.
DVD On
On the waterfront. Special ed. Culver City, CA : Columbia Pictures Corp. :, c2001. Start -- Returning Danny boy -- "Someone fell off the roof." -- Johnny Friendly -- Waterfront commission mugs -- How trigger locals work -- Designated stoolie -- Meeting adjourned -- Getting acquainted -- Lowdown on Terry -- Up on the roof -- Neighborhood saloon -- Wedding party -- Friendly warning -- Dropping a sling on Dugan -- Promise kept -- Terry & Father Barry -- Telling Edie the truth -- Talk of past favors -- "I coulda been a contender." -- At Edie's -- "Charlie's in trouble." -- Waiting for Big John -- Crime Commission hearing -- Pigeon for a pigeon -- "You're a cheap mug!" -- Labor vs. Union -- Finishing what he started. Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, Pat Henning, Leif Erickson, James Westerfield, Tony Galento, Tami Mauriello, John Hamilton, John Heldabrand, Rudy Bond, Don Blackman, Arthur Keegan, Abe Simon, Eva Marie Saint. Terry Malloy is a washed-up ex-prize fighter corrupted along with brother Charley at an early age by a ruthless Mob-connected union boss named Johnny Friendly, who runs the waterfront. Malloy is now an errand-boy for the union, while Charley (in return for a college education) is now a lawyer for them. Malloy assists in the killing of a longshoreman who was talking to the crime commission investigating the union. He soon meets the dead man's agonized sister, Edie Doyle, and has a change of mind. Activist priest Father Barry argues with Malloy about morality, responsibility, and doing the right thing. Malloy's guilt, his romantic feelings for Edie, and an assault on Father Barry overwhelm him and he turns informer. Malloy's defiant testimony before the commission leads to a climactic bloody battle that wrests the union from the boss' tenacious grasp.
DVD Pia
The piano lesson. Full screen Gold Crown collector's ed. Special features: Full screen presentation -- The making of "The piano lesson" -- An interview with August Wilson -- Language: English -- Subtitles: English. Charles S. Dutton, Alfre Woodard, Carl Gordon, Tommy Hollis, Lou Myers, Courtney B. Vance ... [and others]. August Wilson's Pulitzer Prize-winning tale of a family caught between their heritage and a dream for the future. The Charles family clashes over the fate of a magnificent, carved piano that carries their family's story from their days as slaves. Boy Willie wants to sell the piano to buy a farm--the same fields their family worked as slaves. But his sister, Berniece, refuses to part with it. For her, the piano is their very soul, a legacy of pride and struggle that symbolizes their survival as a family. To resolve the conflict they must first deal with the past.
DVD Por
Pork Chop Hill. Olive Films; Blu-Ray; 2015. California; U.S. : Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment/MGM Studios, [1999]. Gregory Peck, Harry Guardino, Rip Torn, George Peppard, James Edwards, Bob Steele, Woody Strode, George Shibata. Korean War film of a true tale of the desperate soldiers who finally take the top of Pork Chop Hill, only to find themselves surrounded by enemy forces.
DVD Reb
Rebel without a cause. Two-disc special ed., widescreen version. Burbank, CA : Warner Home Video, 2013. James Dean, Natalie Wood, Sal Mineo, Jim Backus, Ann Doran, Corey Allen, William Hopper, Rochelle Hudson, Dennis Hopper, Edward Platt, Steffi Sidney, Marietta Canty, Virginia Brissac, Beverly Long, Ian Wolfe, Frank Mazzola, Robert Foulk, Jack Simmons, Tom Bernard, Nick Adams, Jack Grinnage, Clifford Morris. Jim Stark, the teenage son of a well-to-do family, is overcome by loneliness, frustration and anger, which leads to violence when he seeks approval of a gang of high-school hoodlums.
DVD Viv
Viva Cuba. Fullscreen ed. [United States] : Film Movement, 2007. Mal©ð y Jorgito son dos ni©łos que se han prometido amistad para toda la vida, a pesar de que sus familias se detestan. Cuando la abuela de Mal©ð se muere y su mam©Ł decide irse a vivir fuera de Cuba, Mal©ð y Jorgito tendr©Łn que escaparse hasta el fin del mundo en busca de una esperanza para su amor. "Mal©ð is from an upper-class family and her single mother does not want her to play with Jorgito, as she thinks his background is coarse and commonplace. Jorgito's mother, a poor socialst proud of her family's social standing, places similar restrictions on her son. What neither woman recognizes is the immense strength of the bond between Mal©ð and Jorgito. When the children learn that Mal©ð's mother is planning to leave Cuba, they decide to run away and travel to the other side of the island to find Mal©ð's father and persuade him against signing the forms that would allow it"--Container.
F Cro
Near to the heart.
F Gre
Green, John, 1977- author. John Green : mini collection. v.1 - Fault in our stars -- v.2 - Looking for Alaska -- v.3 - Abundance of Katherines -- v.4 - Paper towns. Four beloved classics by John Green complete and unabridged. Penguin Minis' revolutionary landscape design and ultra-thin paper make them perfectly pocket-sized and easy to hold in one hand without sacrificing readility. -- slipcase. Fault in Our Stars. Despite the tumor-shrinking medical miracle that has bought her a few years, Hazel has never been anything but terminal, her final chapter inscribed upon diagnosis. But when a gorgeous plot twist named Augustus Waters suddenly appears at Cancer Kid Support Group, Hazels story is about to be completely rewritten. -- Amazon.com. Looking for Alaska. Before. Miles Halter is fascinated by famous last wordsand tired of his safe life at home. He leaves for Culver Creek boarding school to seek what the dying poet Frࣅois Rabelais called {28}The Great Perhaps. Abundance of Katherines. When it comes to relationships, Colin Singletons type is girls named Katherine. And when it comes to girls named Katherine, Colin is always getting dumped. Nineteen times, to be exact. On a road trip miles from home, this anagram-happy, washed-up child prodigy has ten thousand dollars in his pocket, a bloodthirsty feral hog on his trail, and an overweight, Judge Judyloving best friend riding shotgunbut no Katherines. Colin is on a mission to prove The Theorem of Underlying Katherine Predictability, which he hopes will predict the future of any relationship, avenge Dumpees everywhere, and finally win him the girl. Love, friendship, and a dead Austro-Hungarian archduke add up to surprising and heart-changing conclusions in this ingeniously layered comic novel about reinventing oneself. -- Amazon.com. Paper Towns. When Margo Roth Spiegelman beckons Quentin Jacobsen in the middle of the nightdressed like a ninja and plotting an ingenious campaign of revengehe follows her. Margos always planned extravagantly, and, until now, shes always planned solo. After a lifetime of loving Margo from afar, things are finally looking up for Q . . . until day breaks and she has vanished. Always an enigma, Margo has now become a mystery. But there are clues. And theyre for Q. -- Amazon.com.
F Wes
Michelle West. The Uncrowned King. New York, NY : DAW BOOKS, INC, 1998.
F Wes
West, Michelle, 1963-. The broken crown. New York : DAW Books, 1997. Treachery threatens the Dominion of Annagar as two power-hungry men--a skilled general and a sorcerer--seek to overthrow the clan of Leonne, whose control over the magic of the sun sword has kept the peace.
F Wes
West, Michelle, 1963-. The riven shield. New York : DAW Books, 2003.
F Wes
West, Michelle, 1963-. Sea of sorrows. New York, NY : DAW Books, c2001.
F Wes
West, Michelle, 1963-. The shining court. New York : DAW Books, 1999. The approaching Festival of the Moon could signal the ultimate triumph of the Shining Court, or humankind's final chance to defeat the powerful demon lord--Allasakar, Lord of the Hells.
F Wes
West, Michelle, 1963-. The sun sword. New York, N.Y. : DAW Books, 2004.
SC Ben
Bender, Karen E. The new order : stories. First hardcover edition.
SC D
Davis, Lydia, 1947-. The collected stories of Lydia Davis. 1st ed. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, c2009.
SC Von
Vonnegut, Kurt. Welcome to the monkey house : a collection of short works. The special edition. A collection of twenty-five short works by the American author written between 1950 and 1968 and originally printed in a wide range of publications including "The Atlantic Monthly," "Esquire," and "Ladies' Home Journal.".
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                         How to Make Money in Stock Market.
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                                         Best Stock Market Book
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