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victorianwhitechapel · 5 years

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Elizabeth “Lizzie” Jackson

Elizabeth Jackson (aka Lizzie)

Birth date: March 18, 1865 Killed and found (age): Ca. June 3rd 1889, June 5th 1889 (24)

Complexion: Fair Eyes colour: ? Hair colour: Sandy, light red or auburn Height: 5’5” (165 cm) Occupation: domestic servant

Clothes at the time of murder/discovery: Grey Ulster's coat, black dress button, brown linsey dress, burgundy skirt with red selvedge, blue-and-white waistband/drawers bearing the name of L. E. Fisher, ?

Resting place: ?

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Early life

Elizabeth Jackson, also known as Lizzie, was born on 18 March 1865 in the neighbourhood of Chenie-place, Pimlico (City of Westminster). She was the daughter of John Jackson, a stonemason who was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and his wife Catherine, who was also born in Ireland but hailed from County Cork. She was the youngest of three daughters, the others were Annie and May, and she also had a brother, James. When she was about twelve she had an accident with a vase leaving her a scar in her left forearm.

In 1881, when she was sixteen, she had gone out to work as a domestic servant in the neighbourhood of Chelsea. She had been described as “of excellent character” until, in November 1888, something happened which occasioned her leaving both her job and her home. Thereafter, she had been living in various common lodging houses in the vicinity of Chelsea. Her last known address was 14 Turk’s Row, which was near Chelsea Barracks. It was there when Lizzie and her sister Anne had a nasty row, as the latter accused the former of picking up men for immoral purposes.

Later months

In November 1888 she was well known to the local police, and she took up with a casually met Cambridgeshire man, a thirty-seven-year-old millstone grinder named John Fairclough (born March 1853), with whom she moved to Ipswich in January 1889. He said they met in a public house at the corner of Turk’s Row. She had told him she had been living with a man named Charlie but the relationship was over. She bought a pair of drawers bearing the name "L.E. Fisher" at a lodging-house at Ipswich, they had belonged originally to a domestic servant at Kirkley, near Lowestoft, and had been sold as old rags by her mother while staying near her daughter in November 1888. Elizabeth and John were in Colchester on March 30th 1889 and, unable to find work there, walked all the way back to London where they settled into lodgings in Manilla Street, Millwall, taking a room at four Schillings a week, with a Mrs. Kate Pane, who would afterwards testify that Fairclough was violent in his treatment of Elizabeth, knocking her about, irrespective of her being five months pregnant.

The pair parted on 28th April, Fairclough going off to Croydon in search of a job. Mary Minter, a family friend of Elizabeth’s, gave her an Ulster’s coat not long before she disappeared. On May 31st Catherine Jackson saw his daughter only one day or two before she was murdered in Queen's Road, Chelsea, and the two spent the time together. Lizzie was a 24 year-old homeless prostitute about eight months pregnant, and living in London's Soho Square at the time of her murder in early June 1889.

Discovery

On Tuesday 4th June 1889 in the morning, one package containing portions of a woman's body was found by two boys, as witnessed by waterside labourer John Regan at George's Stairs, Horselydown (just below London Bridge). At 10:00am, standing along the bank of the Thames, Regan noticed a couple of boys “throwing stones at an object in the water”. When one of the boys pulled the package out of the water, and realizing the contents of the package were that of human remains, contacted the Thames River police division. These remains were taken to Wapping police station by Alfred Freshwater of the Thames Police. Several experienced Scotland Yard detectives and Dr. Thomas Bond, the chief surgeon to the Metropolitan police, proceeded to Wapping (a district in East London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets) to commence investigations. Among the first detectives and police at the scene was Melville Macnaghten, the newly appointed Assistant Chief Constable of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

The remains were the lower part of a female body; and she had evidently not been dead long as Dr. Bond noticed a slight ooze of blood from the ragged edges of the cut parts of flesh. Dr Bond was instantly of the opinion that the body part was that of a young woman and that an attempt had been made to carry out an illegal operation, which had been successful. None of the press reports described exactly what was found within this parcel to draw these conclusions from, but according to the medical jurisprudence book 'A system of legal medicine', which contains details from some of Dr. Bond's cases, there were flaps of abdominal skin and the uterus of the victim, complete with cord and placenta, "... The skin was fair, and the mons veneris was covered with light sandy hair..."

Almost simultaneous to the discovery by the two boys, was the finding of another parcel by fifteen-year-old Isaac Brett, of 7 Lawrence Street in Chelsea, who earned his living as a wood cutter. When taking a walk near the Albert Bridge, Battersea (South West London, within the London Borough of Wandsworth, about 5 miles from the spot of the first discovery), Brett decided to take a bath. Upon submerging he noticed a strange object being nudged by the tide against the muddy foreshore and tied with a bootlace. He took it ashore but didn’t open it. Upon the advice of a passing stranger, he took it straight to the Battersea Police Station, where sergeant William Briggs of V division opened it. The assistant divisional surgeon for Battersea, Dr. Felix Charles Kempster, was called in. He declared it to be a portion of a human thigh from hip to knee; his opinion was that the limb had not been in the water above 24 hours. The white cloth was the right leg of a pair of drawers, on the waistband (an item of ladies underclothing) of which had the name L.E. Fisher written in black ink along it. Fastened to another portion of the material was a piece of tweed seemingly torn from the right breast area of a lady's long Ulster coat.

The local police immediately alerted Scotland Yard and Inspector John Bennett Tonbridge or Tunbridge of the criminal investigation department alerted Dr. Bond, who concluded that the two body parts corresponded and there were no doubts that they belonged to the same body, further proof that backed this up came from the fact the parcel found at Horselydown was wrapped in a portion of underwear identical to the portion found with the thigh section at the Albert bridge and also contained another portion of the bottom left hand side of a woman's Ulster coat. The whole parcel had been tied up with mohair boot laces and was slightly stained with blood. Further examinations of the thigh, by Dr. Kempster and Mr. Athelstan Braxton Hicks found it to be the left one, and most likely that of a young woman within the 20 to 30 age range. Bruises made by finger marks were also found upon the thigh, and these were concluded to have been made before death.

On Wednesday 5th June 1889, the coroner of East Middlesex Wynne Edwin Baxter, who had presided over the inquests of Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman and Elizabeth Stride, opened an inquest at the Vestry hall, Wapping, into the remains found at Horselydown. He expressed doubts as to whether it was a proper case for an inquiry as it was difficult to draw the line as to what part of a body was sufficient enough to warrant an inquest. However, he had decided that an inquiry should be held and he summoned a jury. John Regan and Alfred Freshwater gave evidence at the inquest and repeated their stories. The inquest was then adjourned until the 3rd of July.

On Thursday 6th June, in the afternoon, Joseph Davis, a gardener at Battersea Park, was at work near some greenery rhododendron shrubbery when he noticed a parcel laying on the ground in an area that was closed to the public. The shrubbery was situated about 200 yards from the shore of the Thames and was a place not frequented usually by the public or employed staff at the park. On nearing the bundle, that was rides with white Venetian blind cord, he noticed an unpleasant smell emanating from it. Upon open it, Davis threw the thing in shock, horrified to recognise parcelled therein bits and pieces from a human body wrapped in a burgundy-coloured skirt. Off he shot in a desperate dash in search of one of the patrolling park policemen. He found police constable Walter Augier of V division, and conveyed the parcel to Battersea police station by means of a garden basket. Dr Kempster, whose surgery was only a few yards from the police station, was alerted to the find by Sergeants Viney and Briggs, Viney being in charge of local inquires into the case. Telegrams were despatched to police headquarters describing the remains found as thus: the upper part of a woman's trunk, probably a portion of other human remains found in the Thames. The chest cavity was empty but among the remains were the spleen, both kidneys, a portion of the intestines and a portion of the stomach. There was also a portion of midriff and both breasts present. The chest had been cut through the centre, thought to have possibly been done by a saw. Kempster was of the opinion that due to the state of decomposure, they were probably looking at another portion of the same remains previously found in the Thames, and that the murder might have taken place as early as June 2nd.

That same Thursday afternoon, around 4pm, Charles Marlow, a man working on a barge at Covington's Wharf adjacent to the London, Brighton and South Coast railway at Battersea and coincidentally, almost immediately opposite the spot where an arm belonging to the 'Whitehall torso' was found in the previous year, noticed a parcel floating up the river, he fished the bundle, wrapped in portions of a woman's dark coloured skirt and tied with ordinary string, out with a broom. Once again a passing Thames police boat was flagged down and Inspector William Law of the Thames division took possession of it at Waterloo Pier, and was conveyed to Battersea police station to await the scrutiny of Dr. Kempster. This latest find was the upper part of a woman's trunk, the arms had been taken off cleanly at the shoulder joints and the head separated from the body close to the shoulders. The chest had been cut down the centre in a similar fashion to the other portion of the trunk. A portion of the windpipe remained within the trunk but the lungs were missing. An earlier supposition that the victim had light red or auburn hair was substantiated on the finding on this portion of the body.

The doctors and police were now gradually building up a physical description of the woman, based on measurements of the various body parts already found and this description was widely circulated. The police regarded the name of L.E. Fisher, stencilled into the underwear found wrapping parts of the body, as an important clue that may lead to her identification. Several people reported missing female relatives that fitted the description.

By Friday 7th June several other missing portions of the body began to be discovered. A section of the lower right leg and foot were picked up by gyspy Solomon Hearne on the foreshore near Wandsworth Bridge in Fulham (an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in South West London), wrapped in the same tweed Ulster coat fragments as the previous finds. The left leg and foot were found near Limehouse (district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London) by lighterman Edward Stanton, this piece was wrapped in the sleeve of the same Ulster. A liver and other portions of supposed abdominal flesh, were also found around this time in the Thames by nitric acid maker David Goodman and the Inspector Hodson of the Thames Division dully passed it on to Dr. Kempster to be analysed and assessed as to whether they came from the same body or not. The police and large numbers of volunteers, including the Royal Humane society, were engaged in searches and dredging along the river in the Battersea area. A portion of lung was discovered at Palace Wharf, Vauxhall (Surrey, Central London) and brought to Dr Kempster at Battersea, all the found pieces were preserved in spirits and doctors were of the opinion that there was no doubt they all belonged to the same body. Portions of the clothing that accompanied the finds were taken along to the Bridge Road police station at Battersea in order that they could be inspected by anyone who may have been missing a female friend or relative fitting the description. An inquest was also held at Pimlico (City of Westminster) concerning the body of a newborn female child found bundled in ragged, filthy clothing and bedding and dumped in an underground station near Edbury Bridge. There was some suspicion that this may have connection with the case under investigation, based on some press reports that the victim found in the Thames had been delivered of a child recently. The cause of death of this child could not be ascertained however.

On Friday 8th June the left arm and hand turned up in the river Thames off Bankside. Dr Kempster described the hands as pale delicate and genteel and evidently that of a person who was in a superior position in life, although the nails had been bitten down to the quick. There were marks from a ring being removed later discovered on the left hand, indicating the deceased had probably been married. Vaccination marks were also found upon the arm. This time the limb was wrapped in brown paper and tied up with string.

On the Saturday afternoon the buttocks and the bony pelvis, with all the organs missing, were picked up near Battersea steam boat pier. These parts were all found to correspond with other parts found among the first discoveries at Horselydown a few days earlier. The bladder was said to have been cut through in the pubic arch. According to the Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper of Sunday 9th June, a strange discovery was made on examining the buttocks closer. A fine piece of linen, approximately 9.5in. by 8in., possibly a handkerchief, was found rolled up and pushed into the back passage: "The third portion of the trunk consisted of the pelvis from below the third lumbar vertebra. The thighs had been taken off opposite The hip joints by long, sweeping incisions through the skin, muscles and tissues down to the joint, the heads of the bones neatly disarticulated... The pelvis contained the lower part of the vagina and the lower part of the rectum, the front part of the bladder including the urethra..."

The right thigh was also found the same day in the garden of the poet Sir Percy Byshee Shelley's Chelsea house, which was being rented out to another occupier at the time. It was very much decomposed and wrapped in some more portions of the now familiar Ulster coat as well as what appeared to be the coarse fabric pocket of an apron, similar to those used by meat or fish salesman or costermongers.

On the 10th June the right arm and hand were found floating in the Thames off Newton's Wharf near Blackfriars Bridge. The only portions of the body still missing were the heart, lungs, head and neck and the intestines. By Tuesday the 11th June no further human remains had been discovered and it was doubted whether any further portions would turn up, although on the 12th June the remains of a male foetus, of approximately 5 or 6 months gestation, was found floating in the river near Whitehall, in a jar similar to the ones used for pickles, the doctors were undecided if this had any connection to the case in hand.

Drs Bond, Charles A. Hebbert and Kempster then made their final examination of all the remains at the Battersea mortuary in preparation for making their final report to the Commissioners of Police. It was conclusively established that the remains were that of a woman under the age range of twenty five, and approximately 5ft. 5 in. tall with bright reddish-golden hair. It was believed from the condition of the hands, showing no signs of hard labour or manual work, that the murdered woman had occupied a better position in life than was indicated by the clothing found with the body.

‘The Times' of 13th June reported that the body was accompanied by “an old brown linsey dress, red selvedge, two flounces round the bottom, waistband made of small blue-and-white check material like duster clothe, a piece of canvas roughly sewn on the end of the band, a large brass pin in the skirt and a black dress button, about the size of a threepenny piece, with lines across in the pocket.” The torn pieces of Ulster’s coat was get with a black cross-hatching pattern forming a check design. The material was of good quality but old.

Inquest

On Saturday the 15th June, the inquest on the circumstances surrounding the death of the woman whose mutilated remains were found over a 12 day period in June, in and around the Thames, was opened at The Star and Garter Battersea by Mr A. Braxton Hicks, coroner for Mid Surrey. No less than 23 witnesses were in attendance that day. Dr Thomas Bond handed the coroner a lengthy report on the medical findings and the description of the woman was again repeated including the fact that she was pregnant by about seven to eight months and undelivered at the time of her death, the unborn child having been removed, by an incision into the uterus after the mother's death. Dr Bond went on to state that as part of the stomach was missing there was no way of knowing if the victim had been administered drugs of any kind, but he had seen no trace of instruments having been used for an unlawful purpose. The cause of death could not be determined as the head, throat, lungs and heart had never been recovered, although attempts had been made to recover the head using the dog, Smoker, who had been successful at discovering missing parts in the Whitehall case. He also stated that the medical men had concluded that "the division of the parts showed skill and design: not, however, the anatomical skill of a surgeon, but the practical knowledge of a butcher or a knacker. There was a great similarity between the condition, as regarded cutting up, of the remains and that of those found at Rainham, and at the new police building on the Thames Embankment."

Various witness testimonies were then heard, describing the finding of the various portions of the body, including the testimony of Joseph Churcher, sub inspector of the Thames police, who had found the buttocks and pelvis. He repeated the fact, that this portion of the body had a piece of linen placed inside it. The full details as reported in the earlier Lloyd's article were not however mentioned in the inquest press reports. At this point it was stated that the identification of the victim was still a mystery and very few people had been to view the remains or clothing by that time. The inquest was then adjourned for two weeks.

On June the 26th, via the central news agency and coinciding with fresh reports that the victim had now been possibly identified as an unfortunate named Elizabeth Jackson, came news of previously undisclosed information that 'various circumstances connected with the fate of this victim had led to a belief that she was really a victim of the Whitechapel fiend, Jack the Ripper.' It was reported that this information involved "a nameless indignity inflicted upon the corpse, which it was then considered advisable to suppress in the published reports. That indignity was of a character instinctively to suggest the handiwork of the most brutal of murderers".

In the 11 days since the last inquest, the Metropolitan police, acting on information received, had been investigating the possibility that the victim was a missing homeless unfortunate named Elizabeth Jackson. She had not been seen by most family or friends since the end of May and her father had expressed concern in a letter to another of his daughters, that the Thames victim may have been his missing daughter Elizabeth.

The identification came about by means of the clothing of the victim, her description, pregnant condition at the time of her disappearance and also the fact that Elizabeth had a scar on her wrist as a result of a childhood accident. This was investigated by the doctors and by lifting away a small amount of skin from the slightly decomposed arm of the victim they were able to locate traces of similar scar on the wrist.

The police traced Elizabeth's movements up until the time of her disappearance. She had been a frequenter of common lodging houses in the Chelsea area and was last known to have lived at a house in Turk's Row, close to the Chelsea Barracks. Police discovered she had not been seen in any of her usual haunts or been an inmate of any casual wards, workhouses or hospitals in London since her disappearance. Given that she was destitute, the only option if she had left the London area would have been for her to tramp on foot, but because of her physical condition, police thought this would have been difficult for her and most unlikely. The lodging houses that Elizabeth had lodged from time to time and the areas she promenaded at night were all within a short distance of Battersea Bridge, the area where it was believed that the lighter parts of the body were disposed of from.

Elizabeth had boasted to friends, in particular a close friend nicknamed 'Ginger Nell,' that she had been in the habit of remaining in Battersea Park, the area where the upper portion of her trunk had been discovered, after the park gates had been closed to the public. The park was also known to be one of the areas the unfortunate 'promenaded.' This information gave rise in some newspapers to the theory that Elizabeth had been accosted, murdered and dismembered in the park itself, and that there were serious grounds for connecting the murder of Elizabeth Jackson with the Whitechapel atrocities.

Other reports suggested the idea that there were two main theories connected with this case. One being the abortion theory, the other one being the fact that Elizabeth had been in the habit of sleeping outdoors on the Chelsea Embankment and on disclosure of this fact had been warned, again by her friend 'Ginger Nell,' that she should be wary of the rough character of the waterside labourers and their treatment of homeless unfortunates. It was believed she may have fallen victim to one of these rough characters that frequented the areas around the Thames and may have been murdered outdoors alongside the Thames or else met her death on board a vessel there.

On Monday July 1st the inquest into the death was resumed before Mr. Braxton Hicks. Elizabeth Jackson's mother, sisters and various friends and acquaintances of Elizabeth's were present and gave witness testimony to the effect that they were convinced beyond doubt of the identification of the body found in the Thames as that of Elizabeth Jackson, only Elizabeth's brother expressed any doubts as to the identification, on account of the description of the 'genteel' hands. Mention was also made of John Faircloth, who up until that point had remained untraced. Police expressed their eagerness to interview him, whose photograph was in the process of being circulated around various parts of the country, with a view to locating him. Faircloth, a former soldier and punished deserter from the 3rd battalion Grenadier Guards, was said to have been the father of Elizabeth's child and she had passed herself off as his wife, even wearing a cheap brass ring to carry this off. Police also made it known that the deceased had been seen alive and in the company of a man a little over twenty four hours previous to the first discoveries in the Thames. The inquiry was then adjourned again until Faircloth, and the man seen with Elizabeth on the alleged night of her death could be located by police, descriptions were given of both men. The inquest ended with the coroner making an order for the remains to be buried in the name of Elizabeth Jackson.

By July 8th came news from Scotland Yard that a man named John Faircloth, fitting the description of the paramour of Elizabeth Jackson had been located in Tipton St John, Devon. Sergeant Pope of the Devonshire constabulary communicated with Scotland Yard and Inspector Tunbridge of the Criminal Investigation Department was sent to Tipton to find Faircloth and bring him back to London. Faircloth was found and proved to be the man wanted to help with inquiries into Elizabeth's death. He proceeded willingly and voluntarily back to London, stating that he had heard no news whatsoever of Elizabeth's death, and being an illiterate man, had been unable to read anything of the matter. He was however, willing to answer any questions he could to help in the inquiry and would give a full account of his life with Elizabeth and their subsequent split.

As a result of Faircloth's return to London, the previously adjourned inquest was resumed earlier than had been scheduled. On Monday 8th July Faircloth was the main witness at the inquest. His life with Elizabeth and his whereabouts at the time of her death, and since, were discussed in great detail. The inquest was then adjourned again until the 25th July so as to allow the police to thoroughly check out Faircloth's story and continue with their investigations.

On July the 17th, between these two inquests, came the reports of the murder of Alice Mckenzie in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. These reports again included comment from The Central News Agency that it was thought by not a few people, that the Thames mystery was also the work of the wretch, believed to have left off after the Mary Jane Kelly murder of 9th November 1888. This was owed principally to the fact that the various portions of the body found, seemed to show that the murderer had taken a fiendish delight in performing mutilations upon it.

On the 25th July, Mr. Braxton Hicks opened his very last enquiry into the circumstances surrounding the death of Elizabeth Jackson. Inspector Tunbridge stated that after exhaustive and thorough efforts by police, the exact whereabouts of the man Faircloth, at the time of the murder of Elizabeth Jackson had been confirmed without a doubt. He was found to have been nowhere in the vicinity of London or within travelling distance for a period of time before the murder. Faircloth had a solid and witnessed alibi for the days leading up to the murder of Elizabeth. The Coroner then stated that was all the evidence. He remarked that this case was somewhat different to the cases that had unfortunately occurred in Whitechapel. This was a case in which a woman had died under circumstances that in themselves were excessively suspicious. He went on to say that everything on the body pointed to the conclusion that the body was that of Elizabeth Jackson and suggested to the jury that a verdict of wilful murder, by some person or persons unknown should be returned. A verdict in accordance with the coroner's direction was reached and the jury complemented the police engaged on the case on their vigilance and the ability they had shown in bringing the matter to an issue.

Aftermath

The previous press claims that the murder of Elizabeth Jackson could be linked to the Whitechapel fiend; Jack the Ripper soon lost their momentum. By the time of the discovery of the Pinchin Street torso in Whitechapel in September 1889, the press were linking the murder of Elizabeth Jackson to this more recent murder. The two murders were also linked by the press to the previous Rainham and Whitehall mysteries. Inspector Tunbridge, who had been in charge of the Jackson murder investigation, was brought in to view the Pinchin Street torso, along with detectives who had been involved in the other similar cases. It was reported that the general opinion of these detectives was that the mode of dismemberment in all these cases was strikingly similar and there was also an opinion expressed that these murders were of a 'different origin' to the Whitechapel atrocities.

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TO KNOW MORE:

Casebook Website – Casebook Message Boards – Debra Arif report on Casebook – Casebook Forums - Dr. Hebberd's reports on Elizabeth Jackson and the Whitehall Mystery – Casebook Forums - Elizabeth's location in Battersea Park – Casebook Forums - was Elizabeth's murder related to abortion? – Casebook Message Boards - L. E. Fisher

JTR Forums - Elizabeth Jackson – JTR Forums - Elizabeth Jackson's press reports – JTR Forums - Elizabeth Jackson's as Whitechapel Murders' victim

Jack The Ripper Tour

Thomas Bond page

Wiki Visually

Red Jack Blogspot (in Italian)

Jack The Ripper German Forum (in German)

BEGG, Paul & BENNETT, John (2014): The forgotten victims.

BEGG, Paul; FIDO, Martin & SKINNER, Keith (1996): The Jack The Ripper A – Z.

BROWNING, Corey (2010): The Darker Side of Evolution, in The Casebook Examiner, NUM. 5, December.

EDDLESTON, John J. (2001): Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia.

GORDON, R. Michael (2015): The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London.

HAMILTON, Allan McLane & GODKIN, Edwin Lawrence (1894): A System of Legal Medicine.

MACNAGHTEN, Sir Melville L. (1914): Days of My Years.

TROW, Meirion James (2011): The Thames Torso Murders.

WHITTINGTON-EGAN, Richard (2015): Mr Atherstone Leaves the Stage. The Battersea Murder Mystery: A Twisting and Tragic Tale of Love, Jealousy and Violence in the age of Vaudeville.

39 notes · View notes

conspiracies-and-crime · 6 years

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The Jack the Ripper case

Information about the case: The Jack the Ripper murders were a series of murders that took place in London, England. Jack the Ripper went after women, specifically prostitutes. It has been over 100 years and this case is still unsolved, no one knows who this “Jack the Ripper” as though there are suspects and ideas on who it could have been. There is also a speculation on how many women were killed. Some think that it was only five murders others believe it was eleven. It is said that he was a madman without a clear motive for the murders.

Notes:

All the victims were prostitutes

Women rather than men.

Most women in the white chapel district had to turn to prostitution for survival.

Women rather than men.

Most women in the white chapel district had to turn to prostitution for survival.

Took place between 1888 & 1891

It’s been > 100 years since this case took place.

100’s of suspects.

The white chapel district is were most-all murders took place

Is known for violence and crime.

Said to not have a clear motive

Most say that he only claimed the lives of five women.

Known as the “canonical five”

Some think he claimed the lives of eleven women.

The murders were in the newspaper and the public eventually became fascinated with them.

The public became so upset that the police commissioner + the home secretary resigned from the case.

Eight possible suspects.

August 31, 1888, at 3:40 AM was when the first victim was found.

The first victim was Mary Ann Nichols’

Found by a man named, Charles Cross.

Claims he was walking along buck’s row when he noticed a bundle near the western end.

Another man, Robert Paul approached the body with Cross.

Mary Ann Nichols’ was found on her on her back with her thought slit violently and she was disembowelled.

Only dead for a half hour.

The killer could have been nearby when Paul and Cross found her.

September 8, 1888, Annie Chapman was found in 29 Hanbury street.

Chapman was discovered by John Davis, an elderly man from the building on the street.

Chapman's throat was also slit but this time her womb was taken.

Dr, George Baxter Phillips served as the divisional police surgeon at the time had thought to have knowledge by how Annie Chapman's womb had been removed.

The killer was either a doctor or had basic anatomical knowledge.

On September 27 i888 the central news agency got a letter from the alleged killer basically saying that he had been hearing that the police had caught him but he wouldn’t stop the murders but instead he would send an ear to the police as a joke. He says that he laughs when they say they are on the right track and he won’t stop until he’s caught or dead. He brags about his last murder and how he gathered some of the blood in a ginger ale bottle to write with but it thickened up too quickly for him to write with. He jokes about them thinking that he’s a doctor.

The letter wasn’t released to the public until October 1st.

People thought the letter was faked by the journalist.

On September 30th 1888 at 1:00 AM the body of Elizabeth Stride was found on Berner street by Louis Diemschutz.

This time only her throat was slit making the police to believe that Jack the Ripper was interrupted when Diemschutz approached.

This was the second victim

People question whether this was actually the doing of Jack the Ripper as her throat was cut quite hastily & didn’t have any of the other things that had happened previously.

When she was examined at 1:15 AM it was determined that by that time she had been dead for 30 minutes.

Only 45 minutes after the discovery of Stride the body of Catherine Eddowes was found Mitre Square.

This was just west of the Strider murder.

Her body was very mutilated including her face. Her uterus was removed along with her left kidney.

The body was 10-15 mins away while walking.

After Eddowes was killed he made his way back to the first murder.

East from the body of Eddowes (?) was the only solid clues for investigators and police in the case.

The clue was a piece of Catherine Eddowes apron.

Found by Alfred Long in the doorway of an apartment block nearby Goulston street.

This was east of the Eddowes murder site.

Nearby written in chalk was a message that read “The Juwes are the men that will not be blamed for nothing.”

This was a sign of the anti-Semitism that was in this specific area.

The big thing about this clue was that it was found east of the murder site.

This was in the direction of Elizabeth Stride's murder site.

The murder that was committed 45 mins prior to this.

This meaning that the killer entered an area that, at the time, was swarming with cops.

Despite this showing that the killer could easily escape places that he could have been living in the east London area.

A postcard was received by the police on October 1st and was written by someone who had been claiming to be the Murderer.

It was written in similar handwriting.

This time talking about how he wasn’t kidding and how he couldn’t finish and how there would be a double even in the paper.

No one in the public knew about this so this lead police to believe that it was the killer as he described it in detail.

On October 13, 1888, police spent a week searching people's houses in East Densworth but found nothing

October 16 a man named George Lusk had received a letter.

He was the head of the Mile End Vigilance Committee.

This was a group to help assist the police.

The letter was signed. “From Hell”

Was delivered in a box w/ half a kidney.

The kidney was believed to be Catherine Eddowes’ kidney.

This was later to be found to be a prank by a medical student meaning that some people didn’t take this seriously and it was something they would joke around with.

(~~A month later) On Nov. 9, 1888, the body of the 5th & final victim Mary Kelly was found in her bed at 13 Millers Court.

She was found by her landlords assistant who was seeking rent.

This was the most gruesome murder.

Kelly’s body was disembowelled & “virtually skinned down”

“The sight that we saw I cannot drive from my mind it looked more like a work of a devil than a man” This is what the landlord said about the state of the body.

Some people claimed that they had seen the killer.

All murders were committed on a weekend.

Killers appearance.

In between 25-35

Roughly 5`5-5`7

Stocky, fair complexion, moustache.

Seen wearing a dark overcoat & dark hat.

Looked perfectly sane, frightfully normal.

Yet capable of extreme violence and cruelty.

. . .

Sir Melville Macnaghten, the Scotland yards head of criminal investigation department in 1903, though he had a vague idea on who the killer was.

Knew that Jack the Ripper had a basic knowledge of anatomy.

Possibly a doctor.

His notes say that he had narrowed his list of suspects down to three names.

Suspects of Jack the Ripper.

Suspect #1: Montague Johnson Druitt

A barrister who may have had an uncle + a cousin that were doctors.

~ His time of death he could have been around the age of 40.

Supposedly had an interest in surgery.

Might have lived with a cousin.

Who was practising medicine close to where the murders occurred.

It also appeared that ~ a month before the first canonical murder happened his (Montague) mother went insane.

Wrote down that he too thought he was going insane.

(though most people going or that are insane don’t know they are/going insane)

In Macnaghten’s notes, it says. “From private information, I have little doubt that his own family suspected this man of being the Whitechapel murderer; it was alleged that he was sexually insane”

After the last murder, Montague disappeared

4 weeks after the last murder he was found dead.

The body was found floating in the Thames river on December 3rd 1888

Suspect #2: Michael Ostrog

Russian doctor & criminal

Been in an asylum previously for homicidal tendencies.

Macnaughten wrote in his notes that he couldn’t find a strong alibi for his whereabouts during the murders.

Wasn’t evicted because there wasn’t enough evidence linked.

Suspect #3: Aaron Kosminski

A polish & Jewish resident in Whitechapel.

Spent time in an asylum in 1889

Resided in asylums until his death in 1919

Known for his hatred toward women

Specifically prostitutes.

His description matched with the killers

Name recently was in headlines

Featured in the book, “Naming Jack the Ripper”

Russell Edwards (the author) talked about how a shawl was bought at an auction and contained his DNA proving that he was the killer.

Bought under the impression that it was found at the murder scene of Catherine Eddowes.

Edwards got help from a molecular biologist Jari Louhelainen from Liverpool John Moores University.

Seman on the shawl was linked to Kosminski.

With this discovery, people thought that the case was closed

“I’ve got the only piece of forensic evidence in the whole history of the case. I’ve spent 14 years working on it, and we have definitely solved the mystery of who Jack the Ripper was. Only non-believers that want to perpetuate the myth will doubt. This is it now -- We have unmasked him.” - Russell Edwards.

Louhelainen may have made a large mistake.

Dr. Louhelainen identified a mutated piece of DNA on both the scarf and in Eddowes relative Karen Miller.

Mutation believed to be 314.1C

Only found in 1 - 290.000

The match was incorrect it wasn’t 314.1C instead was 315.1C.

Mutation shared with > 99% of people of European descent.

Kosminskies DNA was linked using Mitochondrial DNA using a subtype that wasn’t unique.

Suspect #4: Jill the Ripper

The theory that Jack the Ripper was actually a female

~~ a hunch of inspector Abberline

When everyone was looking for a man instead of a woman would explain why the killer could slip by unnoticed.

A midwife could also have anatomical Knowledge.

Blood on her clothing wouldn’t have raised an eyebrow.

Though all eyewitness accounts pointed to a man.

Suspect #5: Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward (The royal conspiracy.)

Often scoffed at.

Prince Edward was frequent to places that the victims were found.

An activity that led him to contract syphilis which drove him to insanity

Caused him to have a child with a local woman which led the queen to demand that everyone who knows of the child to be “Taken care of.”

Some believe that the insanity spawned by syphilis drove him to commit the murders himself.

Conspiracy theorists believe that he was never discovered because royal aids assisted in covering his identity.

This theory is often called ludacris as there isn’t any evidence to back it up.

Suspect #6: Walter Sickert

Patricia Cornwell (Known for her crime novels and devoted her time to find out who the killer was) claims that Sickert was obsessed with Jack the Ripper.

This is proven true

Referenced Jack the Ripper in some of his paintings.titling one of them “Jack the Ripper's Bedroom”

Cornwell claims that one painting mirrors the body position of the fifth victim Mary Kelly.

Claims that another painting mimics the facial wounds of fourth victim Catherine Eddowes

Reports of Sickert ‘Cosplaying’ as Jack the Ripper for fun.

Cornwell debunks that Sickert was in France at the time of the murders.

Saying that he has sketches of music halls in London at the time of three killings at least.

Analysis of forensic paper expert Peter Bower who identified three of Sickert's letters and two of Jack the Ripper's letters from a handmade paper run with only 24 sheets of that paper.

The possibility of both Sickert and Jack the Ripper writing on the same paper that only has 24 sheets in existence is very unlikely.

While that is undoubtedly evidenced all of the Jack the Ripper letters are unconfirmed.

Suspect #7: Joseph Barnett

Suspicious because he actually lived with Mary Kelly.

May have lived in 10 different locations in East London.

So he knows the area well so he can navigate back streets.

Worked as a fish porter

Reported was in love with Kelly.

According to the Daily Telegraph Barnett referred to Kelly as his “wife”

She was only a roommate.

Disagreed with her life as a prostitute striving to make money to keep her off of the streets.

Saying. “Marie never went out on the streets with me”

Theorised that Barnett committed the first murders to keep her off of the street.

Which for a little bit worked.

When he lost his job Kelly went back to the streets.

Financial struggles lead to fights.

Barnett disliked her love of Gin.

When Kelly brought back two different prostitutes it stirred one final fight which Barnett found unacceptable.

The fight got violent

A window was broken.

Not too long after Barnett moved out of the house.

10 days later Mary Kelly was found dead.

He was questioned for 4 hrs but was set free.

Having lived there he would know knowledge about the house of which included how to unlock the door from the outside.

Also knew Kelly's schedule and tendencies.

Details say that she was killed in her sleep rather than by someone she invited in.

Clothes were folded by the bed “As though they were taken off in an ordinary manner.”

Was wearing a nightgown.

As a fish porter, he would have anatomical knowledge.

Because he knew Kelly other prostitutes would know him allowing him to get close enough for a “sneak attack”

One newspaper at the time stated that some of his friends called him Jack.

Matches both physical and mental descriptions of Jack the Ripper that were created by police & the FBI.

The murders stopped after Mary Kelly.

With his lover , that he was trying to keep off of the streets, now dead he had no reason to keep on killing people.

Suspect #8/Last suspect: James Maybrick

His death matched with the stop of the killings.

Died a year after the killings.

Upper-class cotton merchant

Resided in an estate called the “Battlecrease House” in Liverpool.

Some think that this is a large detail as they think that he wasn’t an upperman & was instead a local.

A wealthy cotton merchant would be able to travel on weekends.

Wouldn’t be killing in his own Locale (Local area)

A diary was found under the floorboards of Maybricks estate.

His diary is signed. “I give my name that all know of me, so history does tell, what love can do to a gentleman born. Yours Truly,

Jack the Ripper.”

The diary held intimate details of the killings.

Scientific tests prove that the diary matched the time of the Jack the Ripper killings.

The diary was discovered by a scrap metal dealer named Mike Barett.

Admitted to the diary being fabricated but then later took that back.

The details of how he got the diary are shaky.

Some say it fell into his hands from being handed down in his family others say Barrett discovering it himself or his associates discovering it and then bringing it to him.

If the diary truly was found under the floorboards of the estate than there is a very strong possibility that Maybrick is Jack the Ripper.

Following the diary, a golden pocket watch was found as potential evidence.

The pocket watch apparently has the initials of each of the five canonical victims scratched into it.

Including the phrases “I am Jack” & “J. Maybrick.

The scratches were analysed from an electron microscope and Dr. Stephen Turgoose who said that the scratches were not done in modern times.

Another Dr. named Robert Wild, in Bristol’s Universities Interface Analysis Center, suggests the scratches “could have been very, very old and were certainly not new but it was difficult to be precise”

The watch, which was displayed and discovered in a Liverpool Jewelry Shop by a college caretaker named Elbert Johnson.

Dated in 1846

Purchased for 225 Pounds. ( 294.88 US dollars.)

My Thoughts.

My thoughts on the Jack the Ripper case. Well, I personally have a fascination with unsolved mysteries, especially unsolved murder cases. This one in particular really caught my attention just in how the victims were chosen and how it has been so long and we have so many suspects but only a couple of them would actually make sense and possibly could be Jack the Ripper but there are places where the theory and reasons to suspect to the person kind of fall out or it would lead to at least a couple of loose ends or it starts to not support it as much as it could and some of the evidence isn’t the best so you can get confused about the true killer. As for the case itself, it is a sad thing that had happened but I honestly can see how it could stay a mystery for so long. With that many suspects and different evidence showing up and being debunked so often and random throughout the years. Like the instance where the shawl was bought at an auction and the molecular biologist got the wrong mutation and said that it was a rare one before finding out that he had said that it was the wrong one and it was actually a mutation that every descendant of a European has the mutation. Things like that can keep it a mystery although I think that we will probably solve it eventually seeing that we have a couple that might actually have been Jack the Killer.

This case is actually the case that really got me into crime and unsolved mysteries I find it fascinating about how we could solve it years and years after the crime had happened and ended. I honestly love the idea of studying cases whether they’re ongoing or if they have already ended and haven’t been solved. Even cases that have been solved are just fun to write my thoughts down or talk about my thoughts and theories about it.

My theories and who I think did it.

Okay, I have three different theories that I think committed all of the Jack the Ripper murders. I’m going to go from the one that I don’t think is very likely and I have very little evidence for to the one that has the most and that is more likely. Now let’s begin.

The Jill the Ripper Theory: Okay I think this one could be likely because at the time that the killings were going on (1888) women weren’t allowed to have a title of a doctor or anything of the sort. So when the first or second letter for Jack the Ripper was sent (now thinking back to it I do believe that it was the first letter sent in.) it says that they were shocked that people were actually thinking that they were a doctor. This leads me to believe that it really could have been a women at the time. Plus in 1888 it would be normal that a midwife would have blood on her clothes so she could have passed it off that she was just a midwife so she could slip in and out of crowds easily which could explain why the killer wasn’t found or spotted on the night of the double murder. It could have also thrown off the police because they were told to be looking for a man but instead they should be looking for a woman. Although there is something that is holding that piece of evidence back that it that the killer had been described by eyewitness accounts and at that time you could easily tell the difference between a man and a women as they had very different figures due to the corsets that they (women) would always wear. Being a midwife would also give her anatomical knowledge that Jack the Ripper obviously had otherwise how else would (s)he be able to disembowel his (her) victims and take out their womb the way they did.

Joseph Barnett: This one definitely has more of a chance than the Jill the Ripper theory does. Barnett actually lived with the fifth and last victim Mary Kelly. He had actually told the Daily Telegraph that she was his “wife” when in reality she was actually just a roommate that he lived with so people naturally started to say that Barnett had loved Kelly and because he disagreed with her being a prostitute people believe that he committed the first murders to scare her off of the street which actually worked for a bit. He said that “When Marie was with me she never went onto the streets.” This was because she didn’t need to because he was working as a fish porter. He was thought to be able to get around so easily because he may have lived in 10 different places in East London so, he could get around quickly because he knew his way around. Because he didn’t like that Kelly was a prostitute they often got into arguments they would also fight because he didn’t like her love of Gin. But when Joseph lost his job as fish porter Kelly went back onto the streets and continued with the prostitution. When Kelly brought two other prostitutes home Barnett didn’t think that this was acceptable so they got into a pretty big argument at this point it had gotten quite violent a window was apparently broken in the fight. After the fight, Barnett ended up leaving the house. 10 days later Kelly was found dead in her apartment. Because he lived there he would know how to unlock the door from the outside and around the house. Kelly’s clothes were also folded like they had been taken off and placed in an ordinary manner and she was in a nightgown so she was killed in her sleep because it didn’t look like she had any form of struggling like she had been killed from someone she had let inside. Right after Kelly was killed the killings had stopped as it is known. This ties in because why would he kill anyone else when the women that he loved was now dead and he had no reason to still be killing.

James Maybrick: James Maybrick is the person that is most likely to have done it. Maybrick was an upper-class cotton merchant so he only really had weekends to go out and do other stuff plus all of the murders took place on weekends which could potentially point directly toward Maybrick. Plus he was living somewhere else so it wasn’t so obvious it was him at first because he lived in a different location than the murders were happening it was kind of shrugged off because you know who would want to go somewhere else to commit a crime such as murder. He also resided with an estate called the “Battlecrease House” that was located in Liverpool. Under one of the floorboards, there was a diary found that had vivid and intimate details about each one of the murders of each one of the victims. The diary was signed with this: “I give my name that all know of me, so history do tell, what love can do to a gentleman born. Yours Truly, Jack the Ripper.”. There was a gold pocket watch that was found by a college caretaker by the name of Elbert Johnson had found it in a jewellery shop in Liverpool. He took it to a Dr. who said that the scratches in the watch weren’t from modern times the scratches read the initials of all of the victims and two phrases “I am Jack” and “J. Maybrick.”

#jack the ripper #Unsolved crimes

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BA2a: Strategies/Story Adaptation - Story Analysis Draft 3 - 12.02.2018

Introduction “The two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both” (Stevenson, 1886) Duality being a key theme in Jekyll & Hyde, I decided to explore it further through my story, as well as explaining my thought process behind it. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde is a gothic mystery novella written by Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson in “Bournemouth, England” and published by “Longmans, Green and Co” in the “January 1886”( Robert Louis Stevenson, n.d). With my essay, I aim to analysis my adaptation, which will cover duality, Victorian society, and the Stevenson’s novella and Jack the Ripper’s similarities. As well as covering animation, inspiration, art direction, symbolism, and more.

Inspiration What inspired me to write about the notorious killer Jack the Ripper was the fascination of his persona. This was due to his inherent violence toward women, the duality of his character, and the location of both stories and the mystery surrounding his identity. With violence, both Mr. Hyde and Jack the Ripper committed crimes with an utter disregard for remorse. Within the novel, Hyde’s violence is an “ape-like fury” beating Sir Danvers so brutally that “bones were audibly shattered” (Stevenson, 1886). In contrast, Jack’s crimes left bodies “mutilated…with organs missing” (Casebook.org, 2018), depicting the man’s horrific nature, linking the two due to their inherent violent nature. In the novella, duality is a key theme that explores the personalities of the flawed cast of characters. In Dr Jekyll’s case, his desire to act freely without fear of being reprimanding for his actions, “no longer exposed to disgrace and penitence by the hands of this extraneous evil.” (c.10, Stevenson, 1886) Evil being a catalyst of Victorian’s domineering society and the inherent good and evil within man. In finding a way, he transforms into Edward Hyde. For the Ripper, the duality concerning his identity is him being Jack the Ripper and an anonymous Londoner; “a normal man at day time and a serial killer at night” (Blazeski, 2016), causing people to fear his mysterious identity as his gruesome crimes continued.

Onto the subject of women, Victorian psychology depicted a woman below a man psychologically, as Hysteria was “a common medical diagnosis… exclusively in women”, a relied upon Victorian Psychology that depicts “a disease caused by deprivation in particularly passionate women”, painting the Victorian women’s brain as inferior to their male counterparts, as it is solely susceptible to this “disease” (Victorian-era.org, 2018). Comparing both characters, their murders are targeted towards the minorities of Victorian society. In reports, Jack is believed to have “a great hatred of women” (Dearden, 2014) and used his murders to mutilate their bodies is an act to humiliate, while Mr. Hyde clubs “an elderly gentleman to death”, and tramples a “little girl” (Stevenson, 1886) because the two crossed his path. In addition to their violent natures, they tend to be narcissistic. Hyde seeing everyone as below him. During chapter 10, Hyde’s inflated ego is shown when a women speaks to Hyde, while his response is to “smote her in the face” (pp.24c.10, Stevenson, 1886), highlighting Mr Hyde’s violence to civil people because their discomfort is fine as long as it doesn’t affect his well-being. Contrasting, Jack was confident in his killings; confident enough to boast about murders before occurring. Where during the “double murder of Stride and Eddowes”, an “earlobe was found cut” (Casebook.org, 2018), as specified in a letter sent beforehand. This displays Jack’s confidence over the investigators, since they had yet to apprehend him.

Through these comparisons from women, brutality and dual identities, the two killers are illustrated in extremely similar ways which influenced me to write about the fictional possibility of them both sharing a similar backstory. Or identity? Richard Mansfield: “a Victorian American actor” (Jones, 2012) and manager born in Helgoland, Germany on 24 May 1857 (Blazeski, 2016) who starred in the play version of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. He began playing Jekyll & Hyde upon the plays released in “1987” (Blazeski, 2016), where Mansfield played the role of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, occurring a year before “the first murder of Mary Ann Nicholls” that occurred on “31 August 1988” (BBC, 2014). Referencing back to the two killers being one in the same, Mansfield’s portrayal of Edward Hyde was extremely convincing, and he became a suspect of the Ripper murders. The on stage transformation from a gentleman into a mad killer “to be so realistic that women in the audience fainted” (Blazeski, 2016), highlighting how through Victorian’s being judgemental and suspicious ultimately drove me to write my adaptation in such a way that insinuates that the fictional formula in Stevenson’s novella influenced the real-life events of Jack the Ripper. Back to the topic on period, the convenience of using this subject due to both Jekyll & Hyde (1886) and the murders of Jack the Ripper (1888) both occurred within a short amount of time. Theories surrounding Jack and why he was never apprehended suggests a wealthy background. It’s reported that perhaps a “long sharp knife…used by surgeons” (pp.51-117, Rumbelow. D, 1990), which suggests a chance of him having a medical background. Moreover, this may even begin to hint toward him never being apprehended, possibly due to his high standing within society. On the other hand, Russell Edwards, a self-proclaimed “armchair detective” is convinced that “23-year-old Polish immigrant… Aaron Kosminski” (Dearden, 2014) is the serial killer’s true identity. Despite Kosminski being a low-class Jewish Polish barber, Edwards assures he is the killer. In one case, a message was written on a wall in Goulston Street, near two recent victim’s location claiming the “killer identifying himself as Jewish.” (Dearden, 2014) Strengthening the argument of Jack being Kosminski. Moreover, when reported for being suspected for being the Ripper, Kosminski was said to have “strong homicidal tendencies” (Sir Melville Macnaghten), which makes the suspect more likely to be Jack. From all my previous made arguments, the link between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to Jack the Ripper, to Aaron Kosminski flows coherently, so I felt I wanted to play with the dynamic in order to merge the two stories. I wrote my adaptation’s first draft but began to struggle with finishing the story. What I was trying for was allegory – trying to layer a deeper meaning into my story but decided to redraft. Revisiting combinatory play from our lectures, I felt that my first draft was just a retelling of Jack’s murder, so changed the idea to Jack being made by Dr Jekyll’s formula.

2D Animation For the style of animation, 2D was chosen for the story to emulate the likeness of a newspaper. The use of black in the story would be akin to print undergoing a “massive expansion” (Taunton, 2014), a subtle nod to the period and industrialisation. As mentioned previously, I wanted the theme of Duality to be a big contributor in my story. After researching, I became inspired by Frank Miller’s Sin City and its heavy contrast as seen in the comics, a “noir hero is a knight in blood caked armour” (F. Miller, 1997), symbolling the duality of the society and Jack, showing everyone with the same capacity for good and evil. With colour, the idea was to highlight Jack’s emotions using colour spotting to represent his emotions, controlling “how meaning is communicated” (Robinson, 2017) to the reader to show Jack as human to make him more relatable to the readers. However, I physically wanted his appearance to border on the uncanny.

What inspired his appearance was the album “Wish You Were Here” (Pink Floyd, 1975) and its cover art, photographed by Storm Thorgerson. The piece below depicts a faceless agent selling Pink Floyd’s “Wish You Were Here” album in the desert, a depiction of “thoughts and dreams” (S.Thorgerson, 1978) existing within the real world. With him being faceless, this adds to the mystery of his identity since he was never apprehended for his brutal murders.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC - History - British History in depth: The Rise of the Victorian Middle Class. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/middle_classes_01.shtml [Accessed 10 Dec. 2017]. Blazeski, G. (2016). Richard Mansfield was so good at playing Jekyll & Hyde, people thought he could be Jack the Ripper. [online] The Vintage News. Available at: https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/16/richard-mansfield-was-so-good-at-playing-jekyll-hyde-people-thought-he-could-be-jack-the-ripper/ [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017]. Buzzword. (2018). Colour semiotics and what they mean in other cultures. [online] Available at: http://www.buzzwordcreative.co.uk/blog/colour-semiotics-and-what-they-mean-in-other-cultures/ [Accessed 10 Dec. 2017]. Casebook.org. (n.d.). Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Main. [online] Available at: http://www.casebook.org/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2017]. Dearden, L. (2014). Jack the Ripper was Polish 23-year-old barber Aaron Kosminski, new. [online] The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jack-the-ripper-was-polish-immigrant-called-aaron-kosminski-new-book-claims-9716805.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Evileyestore.com. (2018). The Evil Eye Meaning. What does the evil eye jewelry symbolize? Evil Eye Color Meaning, Real Story Behind The Evil Eye Beads.. [online] Available at: https://www.evileyestore.com/evil-eye-meaning.html [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Harris, J. (2013). Storm Thorgerson, Pink Floyd and the final secret of the world's greatest record sleeve designer. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/apr/19/storm-thorgerson-pink-floyd-final-secret [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Jones, R. (2018). Jack the Ripper - History, Victims, Letters, Suspects.. [online] Jack-the-ripper.org. Available at: https://www.jack-the-ripper.org/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2018]. Junghandel, C., Hunter, S., Webster, M., Jones, R. and Hunter, D. (n.d.). Was Jack the Ripper a Polish Barber Named Aaron Kosminski?. [online] Whitechapel Jack. Available at: https://whitechapeljack.com/jack-the-ripper-identity-revealed/ [Accessed 7 Dec. 2017]. NME. (2008). Pink Floyd's album sleeves explained - NME. [online] Available at: http://www.nme.com/photos/pink-floyd-s-album-sleeves-explained-1406656 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Oxfordscholarship.com. (2018). Victorian Poetry and the Culture of the Heart - Oxford Scholarship. [online] Available at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273942.001.0001/acprof-9780199273942 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2018]. prezi.com. (2013). The Use of Colour to Create a Emotional Impact in Sin City. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/xombeji1gez9/the-use-of-colour-to-create-a-emotional-impact-in-sin-city/ [Accessed 10 Dec. 2017]. Psychology Today. (2017). Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) | Psychology Today. [online] Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Ripper, J. (2017). Jack the Ripper. [online] Biography. Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/jack-the-ripper-9351486 [Accessed 6 Jan. 2018]. Robert Louis Stevenson. (1996). Works - Robert Louis Stevenson. [online] Available at: http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/rlsworks/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2018]. Stevenson, R. (1886). Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Bournemouth, England: Longmans, Green & Co. Study.com. (n.d.). Gothic Fiction: Definition, Characteristics & Authors - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/gothic-fiction-definition-characteristics-authors.html [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. The British Library. (2014). Prostitution. [online] Available at: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/prostitution [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017]. Victorian Values and the Upper Class. (n.d.). [ebook] Mark Girouard. Available at: https://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/78p049.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2017].

#BA2a: Strategies/Story Adaptation

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