#Muhammad Yamin
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On 26 October, the Palestinian Ministry of Health released the list of names of Palestinians killed since 7 October. Among them, from the Abu Shammala family, are:
Basimah Abdul Rahim Mahmoud (51);
Hana Abdul Qadir Mohammed (50);
Jawad Hassan Ali (49);
Bassel Hassan Kamil (49);
Fatima Fawzi Abd (39) and her children Tasneem Ibrahim Saeed (15), Mahmoud Ibrahim Saeed (13), and Yasmine Ibrahim Saeed (8);
Samir Hussein Akl (63);
Samir's son Ayman Samir Hussein (40) and his children Yamin Ayman Samir (12) and Abdel Rahman Ayman Samir (7);
Samir's son Isma'il Samir Hussein (37), his wife, and most of their children, including Zeina Isma'il Samir (4);
Samir's son Ahmed Samir Hussein (31), his wife, and most of their children, including Amir Ahmed Samir (8), Youssef Ahmed Samir (6), and Lara Ahmed Samir (3);
and Samir's son Ibrahim Samir Hussein (26), who was a lawyer; along with his wife and most of their children;
Haifa Saeed Ahmed (37);
Walaa Talal Hussein (31);
Heba Nabil Abdel Rahman (29);
Tasneem Bassam Abdullah (28);
Naderin Bashir Mohammed (28);
Sharifa Ghaleb Mohammed (26);
Mahmoud Khaled Abdel Rahman (23);
Bayan Munir Abdel Rahman (17);
Maha Iyad Ahmed (16);
Shahd Majid Ismail (14) and her sister Dalal Majid Ismail (3);
Karim Mohammed Samir (9), who told his cousins and aunts that he wanted to have a party with everyone for his 9th birthday;
Sham Ayman Ismail (8), who was named after the Levant, and her brother Adam Ayman Ismail (4);
Hadi Rami Salah Al-Din Ismail (5) and his sister Aisha Salah Al-Din Ismail (3);
Suhad Hani Iyad (4);
Nayef Mahmoud Hussein (78) and his children Zuhair Nayef Mahmoud (51), Dawlat Nayef Mahmoud (50), Aisha Nayef Mahmoud (48), Muhammad Nayef Mahmoud (40), and Umaima Nayef Mahmoud (30);
Nayef's son Mahmoud Nayef Mahmoud (33) and his children Musab Mahmoud Nayef (3) and Marah Mahmoud Nayef (1);
and Nayef's son Hassan Nayef Mahmoud (38) and his children Isma'il Hassan Nayef (2), Salma Hassan Nayef (4), and Muhammad Hassan Nayef (6);
Beirut Mohammed Iyad, who was named Beirut because she was born the same day as the tragic 2020 explosion in Lebanon (3);
'Abla Ibrahim Saleh (66) and her brother Imtiyaz Ibrahim Saleh (53);
and 'Abla's brother Taysir Ibrahim Saleh (57) and his children Hana Taysir Ibrahim (23), Islam Taysir Ibrahim (30), Ahd Taysir Ibrahim (15), and Raghad Taysir Ibrahim (13);
Muhammad Khalil Ibrahim (26);
Qasim Ayman Ibrahim (25);
Hadil Ibrahim Bahjat (28);
Nur Asim Nabil (2) and their brother Nabil Asim Nabil (4);
Isma'il Abdel Rahman Aqilan (42);
Aziza Abdel Fattah Ahmed (63);
Lama Abdullah Nayef (11) and her sister Hind Abdullah Nayef (14);
Nayef Ibrahim Nayef (12);
Mona Ahmed Musa (36);
Maryam Muhammad Taysir (3) and her sibling Dana Muhammad Taysir (1);
Mahmud Marwan Abdel Rahman (23) and his siblings Ayah Marwan Abdel Rahman (19), Muhammad Marwan Abdel Rahman (16) and Shahid Marwan Abdel Rahman (9);
Raghad Asaad Abdel Rahman (21) and her siblings Maram Asaad Abdel Rahman (26) and Husayn Asaad Abdel Rahman (17);
Nada Abdullah Jabr (91);
Najat Abdel Rahman Hussein (50);
Aisha Mahmoud Hashem (37);
Suhaila Muhammad Ismail (47);
Akram Saleh Saeed (2);
and Fathia Muhammad Hussein (70).
You can read more about the human lives lost in Palestine on the Martyrs of Gaza Twitter account and on my blog.
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Tertipu Karena Allah Menutup Aibnya dan Terfitnah Oleh Pujian Manusia
Dari Ibrohim Bin Adham, beliau berkata telah sampai kepadaku bahwasannya 'Umar Bin 'Abdul 'Aziz berkata kepada Kholid Bin Shofwan,
"Berikanlah saya nasihat dan ringkaslah."
Kholid berkata,
"Ya Amirul Mukminin, Ada orang-orang yang tertipu karena Alloh menutupi aib mereka dan mereka terfitnah oleh pujian manusia.
Maka jangan sampai karena orang-orang tidak tahu (aibmu) membuatmu terlupa dari apa yang kamu ketahui sendiri tentang (aib) dirimu.
Semoga Alloh melindungi kami dan engkau dari menjadi orang-orang yang terperdaya karena ditutupnya (aib kita) dan dari rasa senang karena pujian dan dari menjadi orang-orang yang meninggalkan dan meremehkan kewajiban kita dan dari condong kepada hawa nafsu."
Maka menangislah 'Umar Bin 'Abdul 'Aziz kemudian beliau menjawab,
"Semoga Alloh melindungi kita dari mengikuti hawa nafsu."
Az Zuhd Al Kabir Al Bayhaqiy
Sumber: (Ustadz La Ode Muhammad Yamin hafidzahullah) https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02Esi5dvH8kzThviWTiLvSLrkUgiDhqhapEdih4rTBjtEQxpXsoQ7aPbMn3MtPZQuTl&id=100001493437602&mibextid=Nif5oz
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Inspirational Queer Muslims you need know about them
Tuways
Abu Abd al-Munim Isa Abdallah al-Dhāib was popularly known as Tuways. He/She was a famous Mukhannath individual in earliest days of Arabia. He/She was born in 632 AD in Medina, the same day when prophet Muhammad (PBUH) died. According to several scholars, he/she is typically described as the leading mukhannath musicians of Medina during his lifetime. He/She was first great singer in Islamic Arab. He/She was a mawlā of the Banū Mak̲h̲zūm, being in the service of Arwā bt. Kurayz, the mother of the Caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān. Tuways first attracted attention by singing melodies that he had learned from Persian captives, & rose to fame as a celebrated musician during Rashidun Caliphate, first Islamic Caliphate in Arabia.
al-Dalal
al-Dalal was a Mukhannath poet & musician in Medinah. Not much is known about his life. Tuways was his master & he was one of the favourite pupil of Tuways. al-Dalal is often portrayed as a witty but sometimes crude male who "loved women" but did not have sex with them. He was a bisexual, had sexual encounter with both woman & her groom.
Abu Nawas
Abū Nuwās (also known as:Abū Nuwās al-Salamī, Abū 'Alī) was an openly gay poet, and the foremost representative of the modern (muhdath) poetry that developed during the first years of Abbasid Caliphate. He also entered the folkloric tradition, appearing several times in One Thousand and One Nights.
He attended a Qur’an school and became a Hafiz at a young age.His youthful good looks and innate charisma attracted the attention of the Kufan poet, Abu Usama Waliba ibn al-Hubab al-Asadi, who took Abu Nuwas to Kufa as a young apprentice. Waliba recognized in Abu Nuwas his talent as a poet and encouraged him toward this vocation, but was also attracted sexually to the young man and may have had erotic relations with him. Abu Nuwas's relationships with adolescent boys when he had matured as a man seem to mirror his own experience with Waliba. Abu Nuwas wrote poetry in multiple genres; Abu Nuwas’s diwan, his poetry collection, was divided by genre: panegyric poems, elegies, invective, courtly love poems on men and women, poems of penitence, hunting poems, and wine poems. His erotic lyric poetry, which is often homoerotic, is known from over 500 poems and fragments.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Yamin-ud-Dawla Abul Qasim Mahmud commonly known as “Mahmud of Ghazni” or “Mahmud Ghaznavi”. He was known as a great sultan of Ghaznavid Empire. But he is also controversial for his invasion in indian subcontinent & treatment of non-muslims. Besides, he is regarded as icon of queer love.
Mahmud was a bisexual muslim. Mahmud had 9 wives and innumerable concubines as well as male slaves. Mahmud of Ghazni's name is often associated with a man named “Malik Ayaz”. Malik Ayaz was a handsome Turkic-Georgian slave brought by Sultan Mahmud. He was a very close companion of Mahmud; was very devoted to the him and fullfilled his all wishes.
The relationship between Mahmud and Ayaz is highly celebrated in Persian poetry and literature.There are a set of 6 poems by Farid al-Din Attar that are inspired by this relationship. Sa'di, a 13th-century poet includes 2 stories about the lovers in his best-known work, Bustan, a collection of reflections on human nature. The chapter “Concerning Love” describes someone complaining that Mahmud’s favourite slave “possesses no beauty.” Upon hearing this, Mahmud responds, “My love, O sir, is for virtue, not for form or stature.” The second story depicts the king travelling with some of his men when an overturned chest of pearls is discovered; all except Ayaz go after the pearls. Questioned by Mahmud about the possibility of gaining riches, Ayaz explains he wants nothing. “I walked in haste behind thee, I do not occupy myself with riches away from thy service.” Nidhami-I-Arudi, a 12th-century Ghaznavid court poet describes the well-known and famous love of Sultan Mahmud for Ayaz, though he explains that Mahmud, being a “pious and God-fearing man,” wrestled with this love. One night after drinking a lot of wine, Mahmud couldn’t ignore Ayaz’s beauty: “Thereupon love plucked the reins of self-restraint from the hands of his endurance, and lover-like he drew him to himself.”
Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (Babar)
Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad commonly known as Babar or Babur. Babar was the founder of the Mughal Empire. He was a Bisexual & was also the first queer ruler in Mughal Dynasty. Babur's religious and philosophical stances are characterized as humanistic. Babur was an acclaimed writer, who had a profound love for literature. His library was one of his most beloved possessions that he always carried around with him, & books were one of the treasures he searched for in new conquered lands. During his 47-year life, Babur left a rich literary and scientific heritage. He authored his famous memoir the Bāburnāma, as well as beautiful lyrical works or ghazals, treatises on Muslim jurisprudence (Mubayyin), poetics (Aruz risolasi), music, and a special calligraphy, known as khatt-i Baburi.
He married multiple times but had little attraction towards women. Babur had an affair with his male slave named Baburi Andijani (also known as Baburi). Babur rescued him from the Uzbek camp market in 1499. Babur mentioned his lover's name several times in the "Babarnama" and expressed his feelings towards Baburi without fear. Babur even wrote several Persian romantic poems about same gender love. It is also claimed that Babur built Babri Masjid as a token of love for Baburi Andijani (well, I am not pretty sure)
Maryam Khatoon Molkara
Maryam Khatoon Molkara was a well-known transgender rights campaigner, broadcaster & volunteer in Iran, where she is widely recognized as a matriarch of trans communities. Maryam was later instrumental in obtaining a letter which acted as a fatwa enabling sex reassignment surgery to exist as part of a legal framework. After the Islamic Revolution, Maryam faced intense backlash due to her gender identity. She underwent arrests, and death threats. She was fired from her job at the Iranian National Radio and Television, forced to wear masculine clothing, injected with male hormones against her will, and detained in a psychiatric institution. Later she was released by the help of religious leaders.She also fought for legal recognition of trans people in Iran.
In 2007, she founded the Iranian Society to Support Individuals with Gender Identity Disorder (Persian: حمایت از بیماران مبتلا به اختلالات هویت جنسی ایران) the first state-approved organization for transgender rights in Iran. Before this, she used her own property in Karaj to help other transgender people receive legal advice and medical care, including post-operative care. She continued advocating for other transgender people and bailing them out of prison after they were arrested, even knowing she would likely face violence for doing so.
Sally Mursi
Sally Mursi was an Egyptian transsexual entertainer.She was most controversial figure in Egypt for her sex reassignment surgery.Sally was born in a religious muslim family.Sally was a student of Al-Azhar, which is renowned as one of the world's most prestigious universities for Islamic learning. She completed her sex reassignment surgery in 1988. When Al-Azhar's Medical School for Boys came to know about her sex-change operation, they refused to accept her as their student.
She was also accused of trying to get out of military service and was ordered to report for induction into the army. Army doctors examined her, and finding that she was a woman, concluded that Sally was not medically fit for military service.Sally was refused a transfer to Al-Azhar’s Medical School for Girls. So she filed a case against Al-Azhar Medical School later which stirred a nationwide controversy. Despite going through many problems, she didn't stop her fight for her rights.
At that time Mohammed Sayyed Tantawi, Grand Mufti of Al-Azhar, issued a fatwa that Sally's change was necessary for her health but that before the operation she should for one year dress, behave and comply with all obligations of Islam for women (except for marital obligations).This fatwa was the first Sunni ruling on sex reaffirmation surgery. Eventually Sally won 2 legal rulings against the Al-Azhar school, but it ignored them, and also blacklisted her at other medical schools.So she completed her education from Cairo University on literature.Sally also legally married with a man in Egypt. But still transsexuals like sally faced discrimination & harassment in Egypt.
Bülent Ersoy
Bülent Ersoy is a popular transsexual singer and actress of Turkey. Often nicknamed Diva by her fans. Ersoy's some of the famous hits are "Ümit Hırsızı", "Geceler", "Beddua" , "Maazallah", "Biz Ayrılamayız" and "Sefam olsun". Ersoy Ersoy began her career as a male singer, in the genre of Turkish classical music.Her grandparents played classical Turkish music and she first took private lessons and then studied at Istanbul Municipal Conservatory. Already one of Turkey's most popular singers and actors, she gained international notoriety in April 1981 after having sex reassignment surgery in London by a British plastic surgeon. She kept the name "Bülent" even though it is a typically masculine name. After the operation, Ersoy found herself in opposition to 1980 Turkish coup d'état of Kenan Evren. In a crackdown on "social deviance," Ersoy's public performances were banned along with those of other transgender people. To circumvent the ban, she petitioned the Turkish courts to legally recognize her as a woman.The petition was rejected in January 1982. Days later, she attempted suicide. In 1983, she left Turkey in protest of the Evren regime's repressive policies and continued her career in Germany. Along with her musical career, she made several Turkish movies in Germany.Later Ersoy came back to turkey when Evren left office and many of his policies were rescinded.
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🍃🕊🍃 An Account Of 🍃🕊🍃
🍃 The Makers Of The Pit 🍃
🍃 Almighty Allah says in the holy Qur’an:
‘Killed (or cursed) be the makers of the pit, of the fire (kept burning) with fuel, when they sat by it, and were witnesses of what they did with the believers (that is, they give witness before their King or on the Day of Judgment or their own limbs and organs will testify against them), and they did not take vengeance on them for aught except that they believed in Allah, the Mighty, the Praised.’
🍃🕊🍃 Holy Quran 🍃🕊🍃
🍃 (85:4-8) 🍃
‘Ali ibn Ibrahim (as) has narrated that the man who had incited the people of Abyssinia to fight against the people of Oman was Zoonawaas, the last of the kings of himyar. He had adopted the religion of Jews and the himyar tribe had also become Jews. He had also adopted the name Yusuf for himself. They continued to follow that religion for quite some time. Then the people informed them that there was a group of people in Najran who followed the religion of Prophet Jesus (as). Of course they had remained steadfast in the religion of ‘Isa (as) and were acting according to the commandments of Injeel (Bible). Their leader was ‘Abdullah bin Yamin. The flatterers of Zoonawaas incited him to attack Najran and to destroy them or to force them to revert to Judaism. So Zoonawaas entered Najran, gathered the people and forced them to enter the Jewish faith. They refused to do so. He applied much force but still the people did not agree. Finally, zoonawaas got pits dug in the ground, filled them with wood and put it on fire. He threw many people in that fire, killed many with swords and tortured some to painful death. Thousands were killed in this way. One of the oppressed, Doos, mounted a horse and fled. The king’s men followed him but could not catch him. Then Zoonawaas returned to Sana’a with his army. The above verses of the Holy Qur’an refer to that event.
It is recorded from authentic chains from Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (as) that once Amir al-Mu’minin (as) called a Christian priest from Najran and inquired about the story of the makers of the pit from him. He narrated it in his own way. Imam Ali (as) said,
“No, it is not like that. Listen, I tell you what had happened. Allah had appointed a Prophet for the people of Abyssinia from among themselves. But the people rejected him and fought with him. He killed many companions of the Prophet and arrested many along with the Prophet. Then he dug pits in the ground, filled them with fire and announced that safe will remain the one who rejects the religion of this Prophet and those who do not do so will be burnt in this pit. Many rejected the faith of the Prophet and many were hurled in the fire. At last, a woman was brought forth who had a babe in arms (aged only one month). The king was informed that the woman refuses to obey the king’s order. So she was threateningly asked whether she was prepared to obey the king or was prepared to be burnt alive. They intended to fling her in the fire. On looking at her child, the woman hesitated. The child according to Divine commandment spoke up:
“O my kind mother! enter the fire with me. By Allah, this burning will pleases Him.”
So the woman jumped into the fire with her child.
According to another tradition, Imam Ali (as) said,
“that the faith of Majus (fire worshippers) was also ordained in a book and that they too had a king. One day that king in a moment of passion indulged in adultery with his own mother and sisters. When he came to his senses, he abhorred this misdeed but to save his face told his people that this deed of his was proper and admissible. When the people refused to agree with him he made pits in the ground and hurled them into the fire ignited in those pits.”
Maytham al-Tammar has reported from Imam Ali (as) that Amir al-Mu’minin said,
“the makers of the pit were ten people who were burnt in the fire. Likewise ten persons will be killed by people in this bazaar of al-Kufah. He intended to say that the cursed man Ibn Ziyad had, after his arrival in al-Kufah, ordered a group to oppose Imam Ali (as) and that those of them who did not fulfill his wish were killed.”
As will be narrated henceforth, Inshallah-Maytham al-Tammar and Rashid Hujri were also among that group.
It is recorded in reliable sources that Imam al-Baqir (as) said,
“that Umar sent a man as the head of an army to a Syrian city. That city was captured and its residents accepted Islam. A mosque was built for them. When it was completed, it fell down. It was reconstructed, but again fell down. This happened thrice. When this strange happening was reported to caliph Umar, he called the companions of the holy Prophet. When none of them could explain this happening he asked Imam Ali (as) who said that the reason was that in the old days Allah Almighty had appointed a Prophet for the residents of this place but they killed the messenger of Allah and buried him at the spot where the mosque is being constructed. The body of that Prophet is still wet with blood. Write to the commander of the army to dig that place and take out the body of that Prophet which they will find fresh. Ask them to offer prayer on him and to rebury the body at such and such place. Thereafter if the Masjid is rebuilt it will not fall. When Imam Ali’s (as) assertion was complied with the mosque remained safe.
According to another tradition, Imam Ali (as) asked them to write to the army chief to construct the Masjid on the right side where they would find a man sitting with his hand on his nose. Umar asked Imam Ali (as) as to who he was? Imam Ali (as) said,
“just do what I say. When that person appears, I will tell who he is.”
In short the army chief was asked to do what Imam Ali (as) said, After some time the commander wrote to the caliph to inform his that the instructions of Imam Ali (as) were carried out and now the Masjid did not fall. Then Umar asked Imam Ali (as) about that man. Amir al-Mu’minin informed him that he was the Prophet of the Makers of the pit and his events have been mentioned in detail in the holy Qur’an’s commentary.
It is mentioned in a reliable tradition that one day Imam Ali (as) climbed the pulpit of the mosque and announced:
“Ask me whatever you want to before you do not find me.”
The cursed hypocrite Ashash bin Qais rose and said,
“O Amir al-Mu’minin! Why is jizyah tax being collected from the Majus when they are not Ahl al-Kitab and when they do not have any Prophet among them?”
He said, “It was not like that. They are the people of the book and Allah did a send a Prophet for them. They had a king who, one night being intoxicated, called his daughter to his bed and indulged in adultery with her. The next morning when his people came to know about it they gathered before him and scolded him saying: O King! You have dirtied our religion. Now come with us so that we may stone you to death in the forest. The king replied,
“All of you should assemble and hear what I have to say. If you can accept what I say then believe it. Otherwise you may do whatever you like.”
All the residents of the city gathered and, addressing them, the king said,
“When Allah created human race no one was dearer to Allah than Adam (as) and Hawwa (sa) (Eve). The people said, Yes, it was so. Then the king asked: Did Adam (as) not marry his sons with his daughters? The people replied,
“He did.”
“So I have followed his practice,”
said the king. The people said,
“O King! You are right. This is a true religion.” They were pleased with his explanation and mutually decided that marriage with the nearest kin was permissible. Allah removed all knowledge from their hearts and lifted His Book from them. Now they are infidels and will go directly to Hell.”
Many reliable traditions mention that the Majus had a Prophet who was called Jaamaasp (as). He also brought a Book for them from Allah. That book was inscribed on the skin of twelve thousand cows. They killed their Prophet and burnt down that Book.
According to a reliable tradition, a miscreant asked some questions to Imam as-Sadiq (as) and then became a Muslim. One of his questions was did the Majus also have any Prophet because I see that they possess weighty volumes, impressive sermons and precious maxims. They also believe in reward and punishment after death and they have a code of life too which they follow.
Imam replied,
“There is no community for whom Allah did not send a Messenger. A Messenger was sent to Majus also with a Book. But they neither obeyed the Prophet nor followed the Book.”
He asked,
“Who was that Prophet? That people say he was Khalid bin Sinan?”
Imam replied,
“Khalid was a Bedouin Arab. He was not a Prophet. People always talk such nonsense.” Then he inquired whether Zoroaster was a Prophet?”
Imam said,
“Zoroaster circulated some wrong deeds and claimed to be a Prophet. Some believed in him and some rejected him. Then they left him in a forest where the animals killed him.”
He asked,
“During the times of ignorance (pre-Islam) who were nearer to the Truth, Majus or Arabs?”
He said,
“In the time of ignorance the Arabs were nearer to the pure religion of Prophet Ibrahim (as) compared to the Majus. The latter denied all Prophets and had rejected all miracles and Divine Books. They never acted according to the ways of the Prophets. The king of the Majus had killed three hundred kings in the past. Majus did not perform the bath after sexual intercourse whereas the Arabs used to do so. This bath is one of the distinct conditions of the Abrahimic religion.
The Majus were also not circumcising their males whereas the Arabs were. It is the way of the Prophets and the first person to be circumcised was Prophet Ibrahim (as). The Majus neither covered their dead with coffin cloth nor bathed them whereas the Arabs did so. The Majus were throwing away their dead in forests and lakes and caves but the Arabs were burying them after digging graves for them as was the way of the Prophets of Allah. The first man for whom a grave was dug was Prophet Adam (as). The Majus permit marriages with mothers, sisters and daughters but the infidels of the Arabs do not allow it. The Majus denied importance of Ka‘bah whereas the Arabs perform hajj of the Ka‘bah. The Arabs consider Ka‘bah as the house of Allah and Torah and Injeel (bible) as Books of Allah and keep asking answers to their problems from the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitab). In short the Arabs were nearer to the true religion in every aspect of human life.”
He said,
“They considered marriage with mothers and sisters permissible because it was the way of Prophet Adam (as).”
Imam said,
“How do they regard it permissible when they say that Prophet Adam (as), Prophet Nuh (as), Prophet Ibrahim (as), Prophet Musa (as), Prophet Isa (as) and all Prophets have declared it haram (prohibited)?”
****************************************
🍃🕊🍃 Source 🍃🕊🍃
Hayat Al-Qulub
(Vol. 1)
Stories of the Prophets
Muhammad Baqir Majlisi
****************************************
🍃🕊🍃 al-Islam.org 🍃🕊🍃
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BANGKITNYA SASTRA MODERN
Pembicaraan mengenai sejarah kesusastraan Indonesia modern sebenarnya bukanlah sekadar berisi pemaparan mengenai sejumlah karya pengarang Indonesia berikut ulasan dan biodata pengarangnya, melainkan juga menyangkut berbagai hal yang melatarbelakanginya. Proses penciptaan, latar sosial budaya, situasi sosial yang terjadi pada zamannya, peranan penerbit, reaksi masyarakat, dan hubungannya dengan politik pemerintah, merupakan masalah yang mestinya diungkapkan atau disinggung dalam pembicaraan sejarah kesusastraan.
Apa yang terjadi dalam kesusastraan Indonesia merupakan contoh kasus bahwa persoalan sosial-budaya yang melatarbelakangi penciptaan karya sastra, tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja. Ternyata bahwa masalah tersebut, khasnya yang berkaitan dengan politik kolonial Belanda, sedikit-banyaknya telah ikut mewarnai –bahkan menentukan– perjalanan kesusastraan Indonesia sejak awal kelahirannya hingga dewasa ini.
Tentunya wajib terlebih dahulu tahu konsep pemahaman sastra Indonesia. Berbagai pendapat menyebutkan pengertian yg berbeda. Oleh lantaran itu, dibutuhkan banyak sekali konvensi preskriptif tentang hal tersebut.Kelahiran sastra Indonesia sendiri merupakan bagian dari sejarah sastra yang tentu saja terjadi di Indonesia. Hingga saat ini, penentuan awal mula lahirnya sastra Indonesia dan tolak ukur suatu karya disebut sebagai sastra Indonesia masih menjadi kontroversi.
Kelahiran sastra juga ditandai dengan adanya periodesasi. Tujuan dari periodesasi adalah untuk memudahkan dalam perkembangan sejarah sastra, selain itu, periodesasi suatu tonggakan penting dalam penciptaan karya sastra baru oleh para sastrawan. Maka demikian, para sastrawan dapat lebih mudah melihat cakrawala sastra dari lahirnya hingga perkembangannya sekarang dengan jelas untuk melihat serta menghayati sifat atau ciri-ciri di setiap periodesasi.
Pada awalnya tahun 1920, salah satu aktivitas pelaksanaan politik etis oleh Belanda berupa pendirian beberapa sekolah. Hal inilah yang mendasari dibentuknya suatu organisasi buat menerbitkan buku-buku indah untuk meningkatkan kecerdasan masyarakat.Di sisi lain, lembaga ini mengelola perpustakaan yang bertempat pada sekolah umum. Lembaga ini juga diperluas dan diperluas menggunakan lulusan yang membutuhkan bahan bacaan, dan lembaga ini berganti nama menjadi Balai Pustaka.
Berbagai pakar sastra telah menyuarakan pandangan mereka tentang perbedaan di antara keduanya. Hal ini terjadi karena kurangnya klarifikasi mengenai kepastian perbedaan periode dan angkatan. Selain itu, uraian masa dan generasi dalam tulisan ini setidaknya dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas tentang perbedaan mendasar kedua generasi tersebut.
Kehadiran Balai Pustaka membuka penulis untuk mensyukuri hasil yang sebelumnya menggunakan bahasa daerah kemudian mentransformasikan Indonesia menjadi rasa kebanggaan bangsa Indonesia. Selain itu, Balai Pustaka juga telah membuka pikiran-pikiran dan hati nurani para penulis untuk menyatukan daerah demi keutuhan bangsa Indonesia. Selain menjadi tonggak kemunculan sastra Indonesia, karya-karya agung era Balai Pustaka juga lahir. Hal ini terlihat dari beberapa karya Balai Pustaka yang telah dicetak ulang dan diterbitkan ulang.
Tetapi banyak pendapat pakar yg berbeda & argumen mereka mengungkapkan awal mula sastra Indonesia. Hal ini menciptakan titik tolak perkembangan sastra Indonesia menjadi berbeda. Adapun pendapat para pakar mengenai kelahiran sastra Indonesia modern :
Ajip Rosidi
Menurut Ajip Rosidi, sastra Indonesia lahir pada tahun 1921. Lantaran sebelum pengenalan bahasa Indonesia, ba1hasa Indonesia telah terdapat terlebih dahulu. Ajip memeriksa sastra kesadaran nasional terbitan 1921 seperti halnya sajak-sajak Muhammad Yamin, Moh. Hatta, Sanusi Pane pada majalah Jong Sumatera yang menerbitkan koleksi Percikan Permenungan, saat itu bahasa dan sastra Indonesia lahir meski belum disahkan.
Pendapat lain beranggapan bahwa lahirnya kesusastraan Indonesia Modern adalah tahun 1920. Alasannya : Karena pada waktu itu novel Merari Siregar yang berjudul Azab dan Sengsara.Lepas dari apakah isi novel ini bersifat nasional atau tidak, yang jelas inilah karya penulis Indonesia yang pertama kali terbit di Indonesia dalam bahasa Indonesia. Selain tokoh dan setting di Indonesia bentuknya sudah berbeda dengan karya sastra lama sebelumnya. Dengan kata lain bentuk sudah modern dan tidak lama lagi, tidak lagi seperti kisah-kisah seputar istana, legenda atau bentuk-bentuk sastra lama lainnya. Wajarlah kalau masa itu dijadikan masa lahirnya Kesusastraan Indonesia Modern.
2.Umar Junus
Umar Junus beropini bahwa sastra ada sesudah adanya bahasa. Lantaran Bahasa Indonesia baru lahir pada sumpah pemuda hingga tahun 1928, Umar Yunus meyakini bahwa sastra Indonesia lahir pada tanggal 28 Oktober 1928. Umar Junus menganggap tahun 1928 sebagai titik tolak sastra Indonesia. Dia memberikan dua potong data terkait masalah ini. Catatan paling awal berasal dari tahun 1921, ketika Angkatan Balai Pustaka lahir ketika karya Azab dan Sengsara karangan Marah Rusli dan Siti Nurbaja diterbitkan. Kemudian jalur informasi lain berkembang pada tahun 1933 ketika majalah Pujangga Baru diterbitkan. Dengan alasan bahwa buku-buku yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka bertentangan dengan karakter bangsa Indonesia, Umar Junus berpendapat bahwa sastra Indonesia membuktikan dirinya dengan kuat pada tahun 1933. Namun, dengan menggunakan premis yang sama, yaitu sastra Indonesia baru ada setelah bahasa Indonesia ada.
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Penuh Haru, Dan Pecah Tangisan Tradisi Lepas Sambut Dandim 0426 Tulang Bawang
Jajaran Kodim 0426 Tulang Bawang mendapat komandan baru. Setelah lebih satu tahun Delapan bulan menjabat, Letkol Inf Triano Iqbal, S.I.P., M.Si. Kini harus meninggalkan Tulang Bawang untuk mengemban Tugas baru sebagai Pabandya 3 Opsdik Spaban lV Bindik Spersad Angkatan Darat.
Komandan penggantinya yang akan memegang Tongkat Komando di Kodim 0426 Tulang Bawang yakni Letkol Kav Delvy Marico, S.E., M.I.P. Acara lepas sambut dari Komandan yang telah usai bertugas dengan komandan baru dilaksanakan di Makodim 0426 Tuba, Sabtu 17 Februari 2024.
Lepas Sambut Dandim 0426/Tuba Dari Letkol Iqbal Kepada Letkol Delvy, dalam sambutan perpisahannya, Letkol Iqbal mengucapkan terimakasih atas kerjasama yang baik dengan Pemerintah Daerah Tuba beserta Stekholder. Meski sudah meninggalkan Tulang Bawang, saya akan tetap menjaga dan melanjutkan kerjasama yang terjalin selama ini," tuturnya.
Sedangkan Komandan Kodim yang baru Letkol Kav Delvy Marico dalam sambutannya berjanji akan melanjutkan kerjasama yang telah dibina oleh Dandim sebelumnya. Bahkan akan lebih kita tingkatkan,” tandasnya.
PJ Bupati Tulang Bawang mengucapkan terimakasih atas kerjasama TNI dibawah pimpinan Komandan Letkol Iqbal dengan Pemerintah Daerah Tulang Bawang saat ini. “Saya ucapkan selamat datang Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, untuk Komandan Kodim 0426 yang baru Letkol Kav Delvy Marico beserta istri Ujarnya.
Ia berharap sinergitas antara TNI dan Pemerintah akan lebih solid dalam mengisi pembangunan di Tulang Bawang tercinta. Saya juga apresiasi kepada pak Iqbal atas kepemimpinan serta di dikannya, sehingga bisa meloloskan putera terbaik Tulang Bawang menjadi anggota TNI.
Letkol Iqbal yang dikenal dekat dengan insan Pers ini juga berpesan kepada penggantinya agar tetap menjaga hubungan baik dengan awak media. Karena medialah yang bisa menyampaikan capaian yang telah TNI lakukan kususnya Kodim 0426/TB kepada masyarakat," pungkasnya
Hadir dalam kegiatan tersebut Pejabat lama Dandim 0426/TB Letkol Inf Triano Iqbal, S.I.P., M.Si. Pejabat Baru Dandim 0426/TB Letkol Kav Delvy Marico, S.E., M.I.P. Pj Bupati Pj Bupati Tuba Drs. Qudrotul Ikhwan, MM. Ketua DPRD Sopi'i, SH., MH, Danlanud Pangeran M. Bun Yamin Letkol Pnb YosiI Hadi Wiyanto, Kapolres Tuba AKBP James H Hutajulu, S.IK, SH, MH, M.IK, Kapolres Mesuji AKBP Ade Hermanto,SH. S.I.K,CPHR, Waka Polres Tuba Kompol Muhammad Kasypi Mahardika,S.H.SiK.,MM.
Selain itu hadir pula, Kajari Kab. Tuba Devi Fredy mustika SH.MH, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Tulang Bawang Jimmy Maruli, SH, Kepala keamanan Lapas kela II Menggala Teguh Santosa,SH, Ka. Meneg Kab. Tuba, H.A.Jalanludin,S,Ag.,M.Ko.I, Asisten II Kab. Tuba Dr. Pahada Hidayat SH.MH, Ka Kesbangpol Kab. Tuba Saut Sinurat, SH, MH, Ketua MUI Kab. Tuba H. Yantori, Kepala BPBD Kab. Tuba Kenedi, A.Pi.MH, Kadis Kesehatan Kab. Tuba H. Fatoni, S.kep., M.M, Kadis Kominfo Kab. Tuba Dra. Desi Kusumayuda, Kadis Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Tulang Bawang Drs. Yen Dahren, M.AP, Kabid Damkar Kab. Tuba Muhammad Umar, Kadis PMKK Kab. Tuba Arianto, S.STP, Komisionir KPU Kab. Tuba Feriyanto,SE, Pabung Wil Kab. Mesuji Kapten Inf Arif Affuan, Para Danramil jajaran Kodim 0426/TB.
Serta para Pa Staf Kodim 0426/TB, Kasat Intel Polres Tuba AKP Irwansyah ,SH.MH, Dan unit Intel Kodim 0426/TB Letda Inf Asrel, Kapol Kesdim 0426/TB Letda Ckm Roni Setia. P, Dansub Pom Persiapan Tuba Peltu Ahmad Yani, Kepala Cip Sekuriti PT SGC Sutrisno, Perwakilan cabang BRI Unit 2 Ketti, Kepala kampung Ugi Kec. Menggala Arjuna Putra, Para anggota Kodim 0426/TB, Ketua Persit Kartika Candra Kirana cabang XLIX Dim 0426/TB dan Para anggota Persit Kartika Candra Kirana cabang XLIX Dim 0426/TB. ( *)
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Bupati Sijunjung menjadi Inspektur Upacara dalam Peringatan Hari Sumpah Pemuda ke-95
Sijunjung,Sumbarlivetv.com – Bupati Sijunjung menjadi Inspektur Upacara dalam Peringatan Hari Sumpah Pemuda ke-95 Tahun 2023 di Lapangan Muhammad Yamin Muaro, Sabtu (28/10/2023).
Bupati Sijunjung, Benny Dwifa Yuswir bertindak sebagai Inspektur upacara, menyampaikan amanat Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga.
Hari Sumpah Pemuda (HSP) merupakan momentum bangsa Indonesia yang berhasil menebar semangat jiwa…
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Soal Rencana Pemindahan RKUD, Dirut Bankaltimtara Enggan Beri Komentar
PUBLIKKALTIM.COM – Rencana pemindahan Rekening Kas Umum Daerah (RKUD) Pemerintah Kota (Pemkot) Samarinda masih terus bergulir hingga saat ini.
Namun demikian, hingga saat ini perwakilan Bankaltimtara selaku tempat penyimpanan kas daerah masih belum memberikan penjelasan rincinya.
Bahkan saat coba dijumpai dan dikonfirmasi awak media pada Kamis (10/8/2023), Direktur Bankaltimtara, Muhammad Yamin…
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Relawan PEJUANG ABW Bagikan Takjil di Depan Kantor NasDem Sumut
JAKARTA | KBA – Simpul Relawan DPW PEJUANG Anies Baswedan (ABW) Sumatera Utara melakukan kegiatan bagi-bagi takjil kepada masyarakat setiap hari sejak awal Ramadhan; dilakukan di jalan Haji Muhammad Yamin, Medan, dI depan Kantor DPW Partai Nasdem Sumatera Utara. Dipimpin Ketua DPW PEJUANG ABW Sumut Ibu Puan Afriyatna yang dibantu oleh jajaran DPW lainnya.
Ketua Umum DPP PEJUANG ABW Arini…
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Khadijah binti Khuawailid RA
Wanita Teragung Sejagat Raya
Masjid Al Ukhuwah Bandung
Ust Adi Hidayat 14/01/2023
Qs 33: Al Ahjab Ayat 6 dan 32 (Amalkan selama hidup dan berpeluang bertemu istri2 Nabi)
Jamak Nabi (satu orang)
Al anbiya (Nabi beberapa orang)
Nabiyin (Semua Nabi ) An nissa 49 : dalil nya
Tempatkan Nabi Muhammad diatas segalanya, caranya : (misal)
1. Cara makan seperti Nabi
2. Menyekolahkan anak (agar kenal Allah) dan memuliakan orang tua (investasi akhiratnya jgn lupa) cari guru yang benar
3. Tutur kata, langkah kaki dijalan yang benar (aktivitas sesuai yang Nabi Kerjakan)
Wanita terbaik istri istri Nabi
Jauz :pasangan yang sempurna, yang saling menyempurnakan
Jika ingin meneladai Nabi ,belajar dari istri Nabi
Sifat istri Nabi :
1. ISTRI TERBAIK
2. Ibunda bagi seluruh insan beriman
Nisa : perempuan perempuan
Marwah : Sendirian
Jika istri Nabi berkumpul : tidak sama seperti perempuan lain
Semua istri Nabi mewakili sifat2 perempuan di muka bumi ini (ada yg suka masak ,olahraga, yg tampil baik)
Mengikuti istri Nabi dengan Sadar betaqwa kepada Allah SWT
Taqwa : 200x turunan nya
115× Nafsu
Setiap ditemukan masalah sebenernya itu adalah cara Allah untuk lebih kuat menghadapi masalah yang lebih besar. Bayangkan itu cara Allah memberi Sakinah (Ketenangan setelah datang persolalan)
Jumlah istri Nabi
1. 11
2. 12 mil qul yamin ( 1 nya selir ) tidak lewat pernikahan
Jika budak dinikahi maka akan mengangkat derajat
Datang islam memuliakan Perempuan
6/11 : 6 =Quraish suku terhormat di mekkah (pemegang kunci ka,bah ) , 4/11= Arab non Quraish
, 1 stau 2= non arab (Yahudi)
1. Istri Nabi yang paling Mulia Sayidah Khadijah binti khuwailid RA satu Nasab dengan Rasulullah (Qushai) dan satu suku (Quraish) berasal dari keluarga terhormat , Khuwailid ( Kaya, dihormati , dermawan, menjaga diri jadi tradisi jahiliyah yang menyimpang (tradisi mengubur bayi perempuan)
Suku qurasih : suku paling mulia karna ada 3 peristiwa penting berawal dari peristiwa penemuan mata air yang membentuk pemukiman
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Rezimisasi Agama
Komentar Singgalang:
Rezimisasi Agama
Oleh Shofwan Karim
Kementerian Agama berulang tahun. Kemarin, 3 Januari diperingati. Tanggal itu telah ditabal sebagai hari lahir Kementerian ini. Kemenag didirikan lewat Penetapan Pemerintah No 1 tanggal 3 Januari 1946, pada Kabinet Sjahrir II.
Tokoh Minang, Muhammad Yamin menyuarakan adanya Kementrian Agama dalam Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha…
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On 26 October, the Palestinian Ministry of Health released the list of names of Palestinians killed since 7 October. Among them, from the Ahmed family, are:
Muhammad Mahmoud Asaad (68) and his child Iman Muhammad Mahmoud (39);
Kamala Saeed Muhammad and Khadija Muhammad Ahmed (63);
Hoda Ibrahim Hammad (60);
Tamer Mohamed Arif (43) and his children Mustafa Tamer Mohamed (9) and Elaine Tamer Mohamed (4);
Shadi Jihad Farid (41);
Juliet Hashem Ahmed (37);
Ziya Alaa el-Din Mahmoud (36) and his sister Hayfa Alaa el-Din Mahmoud (23);
Ziya and Hayfa's brother, Raafat Alaa el-Din Mahmoud (27) and his children Obaida Raafat Alaa el-Din (2) and Yamin Raafat (6 months);
Bilal Zaher Ismail (36);
Ahlam Zakaria Muhammad (31) and her sister Isra Zakaria Muhammad (26);
Ahmed Nahed Mahmoud (31);
Nisreen Abdel Moneim Mohamed (27);
Tariq Jamal Abdullah (23);
Ahmed Raed Ayesh (20), who, before he was martyred on 14 Oct, "dreamed of becoming a police officer. He used to joke with his friends, telling them that when he became an officer, he would put them in jail. Full of ambition and a love for life, he was a bodybuilder who helped his friends with their workouts;"
Rawa Khalil Juma (18);
Amr Imad Farid (14);
Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed (12);
Linda Muhammad Alaa el-Din (7) and her siblings Sidra Muhammad Alaa el-Din (5), Qusay Muhammad Alaa el-Din (3), and Heidi Muhammad Alaa el-Din (1);
Muhammad Bilal Zahir (5);
and Fayruz Ayesh.
Mustafa, Elaine, Sidra, Heidi, Linda, Qusay, and Obaida Ahmed were killed by an airstrike when "Israeli warplanes targeted a residential building without prior warning around 11 a.m. on October 10 in Jabalia refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip."
You can read more about the human lives lost in Palestine on the Martyrs of Gaza Twitter account and on my blog.
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Akan ada wajah baru yang masuk masjid yang (sebelumnya) kamu tidak mengenalnya.
Jangan kamu tuduh mereka adalah munafiq.
Bahkan senyumlah kepada mereka.
Semoga hal ini menjadi awal mula taubat mereka.
Sumber: (Ustadz La Ode Muhammad Yamin hafidzahullah) https://www.facebook.com/share/Qu5GCjeyzAPiDYXu/?mibextid=oFDknk
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Rezimisasi Agama Oleh Shofwan Karim
hariansinggalang.co.id
Rezimisasi Agama Rahmat Zikri 4–5 minutes
Kementerian Agama berulang tahun. Kemarin, 3 Januari diperingati. Tanggal itu telah ditabal sebagai hari lahir Kementerian ini. Kemenag didirikan lewat Penetapan Pemerintah No 1 tanggal 3 Januari 1946, pada Kabinet Sjahrir II.
Tokoh Minang, Muhammad Yamin menyuarakan adanya Kementrian Agama dalam Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) pada 11 Juli 1945. Sejak itu abadi sampai sekarang dan tidak pernah berubah atau digabungkan nomenklaturnya dengan yang lain.
Di negara-negara sekuler, komunis, dan liberal tak pernah ada agama sebagai nama atau nomenklatur dan berfungsi sebagai Kementerian.
Satu-satunya urusan Agama menjadi sepenuhnya urusan negara adalah Vatikan. Negara kota terkecil di dunia, seluas 44 hektar, berpenduduk diperkirakan 842 orang (2019). Vatikan berdiri sendiri dari Italia. DimulaI dari pernjanjian Lateran, 1929.
Perjanjian Lateran adalah salah satu bagian dari Pakta Lateran 1929. Perjanjian kesepakatan antara Kerajaan Italia di bawah pemerintahan Raja Vittorio Emanuele III dan Takhta Suci di bawah kepemimpinan Paus Pius XI untuk mengakhiri Permasalahan Roma yang telah ada sejak dulu.
Pemerintahannya disebut Takhta Suci. “Memiliki, kekuasaan penuh, kekuasaan eksklusif, dan yurisdiksi serta otoritas yang berdaulat” atas Negara Kota Vatikan.
Di luar Vatikan tidak ada satupun dari 188 negara anggota PBB yang bertatus demikian. Termasuk Indonesia.
Akan tetapi Indonesia memiliki kekhususan. Negara yang berdasarkan Pancasila ini, yang sila pertamanya, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa merupakan negara beragama. Oleh karena itu wajar kalau ada orang yang tak beragama, tidak pantas pula disebut sebagai bangsa yang ber-Pancasila. Dengan begitu konsekuensinya tidak diakui sebagai bangsa Indonesia dalam ketatanegaraan baku.
Maka Kementerian Agama bukan hanya keniscayaan, tetapi wajib ada dalam urusan pemerintahan. Di dalam kerangka ini sudah ada Diroktorat Jenderal (Dirjen) berbagai urusan administari keagaamaan untuk bebagai agama resmi.
Persolannya adalah, apakah kementerian agama harus dipahami sebagai rezimisasi agama?
Haedar Nastir dan Din Syamsuddin menolak rezimisasi agama. Oleh Din dikatakana begini:
“UUD 1945 Pasal 29 menegaskan negara menjamin kebebasan beragama dan kebebasan menjalankan ibadat sesuai agama dan kepercayaannya. Maka pemaksaan suatu agama atau paham keagamaan tertentu kepada pihak lain adalah bentuk pelanggaran konstitusi.” (LLDIKTI, 8/9,2022).
Sebelumnya Haedar Nashir mengatakan, “Satu diantaranya adalah tentang rezimentasi agama. Atau rezimentasi paham agama. Ini mungkin sesuatu yang baru ketika isunya tentang radikalisme agama, ekstrimisme agama, identitas politik agama dan lain sebagainya,”ungkapnya.
Rezimentasi agama, kata Haedar, “merupakan masalah di mana agama secara bias dan subyektif lalu ingin disenyawakan dengan negara dan menjadi kekuatan negara. Menurutnya, hal itu berlawanan dengan ide dan cita-cita Indonesia sebagai Negara Pancasila darul a’hdi wa sysyahadah.” (LLDIKTI, 8/9/22).
Melihat kepada bayangan diksi dan narasi kedua tokoh di atas, ada kekhawatiran bahwa rezimentasi agama bukan hanya bertentangan dengan konstitusi, di lihat dari pemahaman kebebasan memeluk dan menjalankan paham agama, tetapi akan menjadi deretan masalah bangsa pada masa kini dan depan.
Yang paling dikhawatiri, meski Kementerian Agama sudah mempunyai dirjen menurut agama resmi Indonesia, tetapi dimungkinkan karena syahwat rezimisasi, terasa dan akan terus ada upaya pemahaman agama dari kelompok tertentu ingin menunggangi kementerian ini. Wa Allahu ‘alam bi al-shawab.(***)
https://hariansinggalang.co.id/rezimisasi-agama/
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Sambut Kedatangan Anies Baswedan, Antonius Tumanggor Mengajak Turut Serta Etnis India Tamil
Sambut Kedatangan Anies Baswedan, Antonius Tumanggor Mengajak Turut Serta Etnis India Tamil
Medan, Goosela.com – Dalam rangka turut mensukseskan acara Temu Ramah Kebangsaan oleh Anies Baswedan beserta Toko Lintas Agama dan Etnis, Antonius Tumanggor mengajak serta etnis India Tamil yang berasal dari Daerah Pemilihan (Dapil) 1 (satu) ke Kantor DPW Partai NasDem Jalan Prof. Muhammad Yamin Kota Medan, Jumat (4/11/2022) dari pukul 19.30 WIB sampai selesai.
Kehadiran Etnis India Tamil di…
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PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH)’s BIOGRAPHY : The Expedition of Tabuk.Part2
Sacrifices of the Muslim Women
The sacrifices made by the Muslim women were also commendable. Without any hesitation, they gave all of their jewels around their necks, hands and ears to the Messenger of God for the war preparation of the army that would make jihad.
Umm Sinan of the tribe of Aslam says,
“I saw a cloth laid on the ground in front of the Messenger of God in the house of Aisha. There were ivory bracelets, arm-bands, rings, anklets, ear-rings, belts to tie the feet of camels and things that could be used in making preparations for the war sent by the women.”[ Waqidi, Maghazi, Vol. 3, p. 991-992. ]
Thanks to those contributions, many Muslims who had difficulty in taking part in the war due to famine, drought and poverty were provided with weapons and equipment; thus, they got ready for the expedition.
Bakkaun(Criers)
There were so many people who wanted to take part in the war that even the financial help of the rich Companions were not enough to equip all of them. Those who did not have anything said to the Messenger of God that they would join the expedition voluntarily but they were not accepted because it was impossible to find camels for some, weapons for others and food for others.
There were seven people whose demands were rejected; they were known as “Bakkaun,”, that is, “Cryers”:
Salim b. Umayr, Amr b. Humam, Ulba b. Zayd, Irbaz b. Sariyya, Abu Layla Abdurrahman b. Ka’b, Abdullah b. Mughaffal and Harami b. Abdullah.[Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 161; Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 2, p. 165.]
Those seven people went to the presence of the Prophet during the war preparations and said, “O Messenger of God! We want to join the expedition but we have no camels to ride and no food to eat on the way.”
The Messenger of God said, “There are no animals left to give you.” They started to cry and left.[Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 161; Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 2, p. 165.]
God Almighty stated the following for those self-sacrificing Companions:
“Nor (is there blame) on those who came to thee to be provided with mount, and when thou saidst “I can find no mounts for you,” they turned back, their eyes streaming with tears of grief that they had no resources wherewith to provide the expenses.”[at-Tawba, 92.]
The Companions who left the Prophet by shedding tears fearing that they would not be able to take part in the war were equipped by the rich Companions when this verse was sent down. According to a narration, Hazrat Uthman b. Affan equipped three, Hazrat Abbas, the uncle of the Prophet, equipped two and Yamin b. Umayr equipped two of those Companions for the war.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 161-162. ]
Munafiqs Become Active
Heat, famine and drought were affecting people badly. It was the time when the fruits in the orchards ripened. It was the season when people desired to sit in the shade of the trees in their orchards and groves in order to be protected from the scorching sun. And at that time, the Islamic army was getting ready for a war against the Byzantine Empire, one of the biggest states of the world. How could the people who had love of the world, goods and property instead of love of God in their hearts could take part in this war and put up with the hardships?
As a matter of fact, it was seen that the munafiqs, who were tied to the world with unbreakable connections and who preferred the life in the world to the life in the hereafter, started to stir up trouble. In order to cause mischief and dissuade the Muslims from taking part in the war, Abdullah b. Ubay, their leader, spoke as follows:
“Does Muhammad think the Byzantine Empire is a toy? I can see him and his Companions as captives now.”[ Waqidi, ibid, Vol. 3, p. 1041. ]
Some other munafiqs said, “Is it possible to fight when it is so hot?”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 160. ]
Upon those statements of the munafiqs, God Almighty sent down the following verse:
“Those who were left behind (in the Tabuk expedition) rejoiced in their inaction behind the back of the Messenger of God: they hated to strive and fight with their goods and their persons, in the Cause of God: they said “Go not forth in the heat. Say "The fire of Hell is fiercer in heat.” If only they could understand!…’”[ at-Tawba, 81. ]
Some of them used their love of women as an excuse for not taking part in the war. Thereupon the following verse was sent down:
“Among them is (many) a man who says: “Grant me exemption and draw me not into trial.” Have they not fallen into trial already? And indeed hell surrounds the Unbelievers (on all sides).”[ at-Tawba, 49. ]
Many more munafiqs asked the Prophet to be exempt from the war through various excuses. Thereupon, the Prophet gave permission to more than eighty munafiqs.
In fact, the excuses that they told the Prophet were false. They were not people that believed in God and His Messenger truly and heartily. God Almighty informed the Prophet about their state as follows:
“Only those ask thee for exemption who believe not in God and the Last Day and whose hearts are in doubt so that they are tossed in their doubts, to and fro.”[at-Tawba, 45.]
In the next verse, God consoled Muslims so that they would not lose hope by looking at those who did not want to take part in the war as follows: “If they had come out with you, they would not have added to your (strength) but only (made for) disorder, hurrying to and fro in your midst and sowing sedition among you…”[ at-Tawba, 47. ]
The fact that the group of munafiqs did not take part in the war based on lame excuses did not cause the mujahids who were heartily connected to God and His Messenger to hesitate before joining the army for jihad.
The Islamic Army is Ready
Despite all kinds of troubles and impossibilities, the Messenger of God prepared his army in the military camp in Thaniyyatu’l-Wada. The army consisted of thirty thousand people. Ten thousand of them were cavalrymen.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 162; Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 2, p. 166. ]
The Prophet appointed Muhammad b. Maslama as his deputy in Madinah.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 162; Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 2, p. 165. ]
Hazrat Ali also went to Thaniyyatu’l-Wada with the Islamic army. The Messenger of God summoned him and said, “Either I or you will stay in Madinah.”[ Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 3, p. 24. ]Then, he said that Ali would stay in Madinah and take care of both families in Madinah.
Hazrat Ali started to cry; he said, “O Messenger of God! I want to be with you wherever you go. That is what I wanted most. Are you leaving me with the children and women?”[Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 3, p. 24; Bukhari, Sahih, Vol. 3, p. 86.]
The Prophet said, “Do you not want to be to me as Aaron (Aaron) is to Moses (Musa)? There is only one difference; there will be no prophets after me.” Thereupon, Ali returned to Madinah very quickly.[ Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 3, p. 24; Bukhari, ibid, Vol. 3, p. 86. ]
Before giving the command of proceeding, the Prophet gave the biggest standard to Hazrat Abu Bakr;he gave the biggest flag to Zubayr b. Thabit.
The Islamic Army Sets off from Madinah
It was Thursday in the month of Rajab.
It was before the sunset. With the command of the Messenger of God, the Islamic army set off from Madinah toward Tabuk. Despite all kinds of troubles and unfavorable conditions, there was no hesitation and laxity in the mujahids who set off voluntarily for jihad in the way of God. They knew that they would attain endless bounties and the beauty of God in the hereafter in return for the temporary heat and troubles in the world. The scorching heat of the sun could not affect the coolness in the hearts of the believers. Material troubles and impossibilities could not eliminate their love and enthusiasm for the sake of God. They continued to walk with those lofty and holy feelings.
Hazrat Ali Catches up with the Islamic Army
After the Prophet left Hazrat Ali in Madinah, the munafiqs started to talk against him. Their aim was to cause disturbance among the Muslims using it as a pretext. They said,
“The Prophet left him in Madinah because he probably did not want to take Ali with him.”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
When Hazrat Ali heard it, he took his weapons and set off toward the Islamic army. He found the Messenger of God in a place called Jurf.
The Prophet asked him, “O Ali! Why did you come?”
Hazrat Ali said, “O Messenger of God! The munafiqs said you did not appreciate me; they said, ‘You did not take me with you for something that you saw and you did not like in me”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
The Prophet realized why he had come and smiled.
He said, “They told lies. I appointed you as my deputy for the people I left behind. Go back at once. Be my deputy for my and your household.”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
Hazrat Ali confirmed the words of the Prophet and returned to Madinah at once.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
There were many munafiqs left in Madinah. It can be said that the Prophet left Ali in Madinah in case they tried to cause some mischief and trouble.
Three Famous People
Along with some munafiqs, unfortunately three sincere Muslims stayed behind in Madinah due to their neglect. They were Ka’b b. Malik, Hilal b. Umayya and Murara b. Rabi’.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
We will narrate what happened to them after the Prophet’s return to Madinah.
Abu Dharr Stays Behind and a Miracle Takes Place
The Islamic army was proceeding under the command of the Messenger of God despite the scorching sun and the desert.
Meanwhile, the mujahids said, “O Messenger of God! Abu Dharr stayed behind because his camel does not walk.”
The Messenger of God said, “If there is some goodness in it, God will make him catch up with us.”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
Abu Dharr stayed behind because his camel was very weak. When he realized that his camel would not be able to walk, he put his possessions on his back and walked under the sun to catch up with the army.
When the army was resting in a place, they saw someone approaching; he was Abu Dharr. The mujahids told the Messenger of God about it. The Prophet said,
“May God show mercy on Abu Dharr! He will live alone, die alone and will be resurrected alone.”[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 163. ]
Many years after this statement of the Prophet, during the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman, Abu Dharr was living in Damascus.
Once, he recited the following verse: “…And there are those who bury gold and silver and spend it not in the way of God: announce unto them a most grievous penalty”[ at-Tawba, 34. ].
Muawiya said, “It is not about Muslims; it is about the People of the Book.” Abu Dharr said, “No, it is both for us and the People of the Book.”
They discussed and argued about it.
Thereupon, Muawiya complained to Hazrat Uthman about him by writing, “Abu Dharr is disturbing the people of Damascus.”
Hazrat Uthman called him to Madinah from Damascus.
When Abu Dharr came to Madinah, the Caliph, Hazrat Uthman, said to him, “Stay with me; I will meet all of your needs.” However, Abu Dharr rejected his offer by saying, “I do not need any worldly things.”
This time, Hazrat Uthman said, “If you wish, move to a place near here and stay there.”
Abu Dharr accepted this offer and said, “Let me go to Rabaza.”
Upon the permission of Hazrat Uthman, he went to Rabaza, which was three destinations away from Madinah.
After a while, he became ill. Only his wife and his servant were with him. He said to them, “When I die, wash me and enshroud me. Then, put my body in the middle of the way. Tell the first travelers that come with their animals, ‘This is Abu Dharr, a Companion of the Messenger of God (pbuh). Help us bury him.’”
When his wife started to cry, he said, “Why are you crying?”
His wife said, “What will I do if you die? I have nothing, not even a shroud to wrap you.”
Thereupon, Abu Dharr said, “Stop crying.” Then he said,
“Once we were in the presence of the Messenger of God with some people. He said,
‘One of you will die in the countryside; a group of believers will perform his janazah prayer.’
All of the people that were there together with me died among groups of people. Only I am living now. I am dying in the countryside now. Watch the way. You will see that what I say is true.”[ Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 233-234. ]
After these words, he died in the 32th year of the Migration when he was with his wife and servant only, confirming the news that the Messenger of God had given twenty years ago.
When he died, his wife and servant fulfilled his will; after washing and enshrouding his body, they put him in the middle of the way.
Just then, a small group of Iraqis who were on the way to umrah came. Abdullah b. Mas’ud, the famous fiqh scholar was among them.
His servant stood up and said, “This is Abu Dharr, a Companion of the Messenger of God (pbuh). Help us bury him.” Abdullah b. Masud could not help crying and repeated the words uttered by the Messenger of God years ago: “Abu Dharr will live alone, die alone and will be resurrected alone”
Then, they buried the dead body of this great Companion together.[ Ibn Hisham, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 168; Ibn Sa’d, ibid, Vol. 4, p. 235. ]
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