#Local Delivery to Kingston New York
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Kingston Florist | Kingston, New York Flower Delivery by Petalos Floral Design Florist
Petalos Floral Design Florist offers local delivery to Kingston,New York for all of their flowers and gifts! Whether you're celebrating a birthday, need anniversary flowers for that special night, sending someone a lovely get well soon gift, expressing sympathies, or sending something "Just Because!", Petalos Floral Design Florist has you covered with our excellent selection of flowers and gifts!
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Petalos is a plant and gift boutique located in Kingston, New York. They specialize in a variety of plants, including indoor plants, succulents, cacti, and tropical plants, as well as unique gifts such as candles, skincare products, and artisanal ceramics. They offer local delivery in Kingston, as well as shipping options for some of their products.
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1942 Randolph speaks at Madison Square Gardens, Manhattan on discrimination in the military, war industries, government agencies and labor unions with a turnout of 18, 000 people and also receives the NAACP’s Springarn medal.
General China otherwise known as Waruhiu Itote enlists in the British Army serving in the Kings African Rifles in Asia, Ceylon and in the Burma campaign in which he was promoted to the rank of Corporal.
King becomes the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal.
May 8 Elijah Muhammed is arrested in Washington D.C., charged with failure to register for the draft.
October Little is fired from his job for on the Yankee Clipper.
1943 Malcolm moves to Harlem, New York City and becomes involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery and pimping, he alsio works as a dishwasher in Jimmy’s Chicken Shack 63 St. Nicholas Ave with John Elroy Sanford from Chicago who goes on to become the comedian known as Red Fox.
March Little begins working at Small's Paradise bar and nightclub.
April Howell is released from prison and returns to Pinnacle.
June 1 Little attends his induction at Local Draft Board number 59 "I costumed up like an actor... I frizzled my hair up into a reddish bush of conk", he addresses a white soldier at the reception desk as "Crazy O" and in his interview with the military psychiatrist tells him that he wants to organise them some n soldiers, steal us some guns and kill us some crackers.
August Race Riot in Harlem, Manhattan.
September Woyane rebellion in the province of Tigray in Ethiopia.
October 25 Little receives an F-4 card in the mail informing him that he has been found mentally disqualified for military service.
December 24 Friday The Daily Gleaner.
Detained In Connection With Woman’s Death
Leonard Percival Howell, leader of the Ras Tafarian cultists of Pinnacle (off the Sligo Ville Road, St. Catherine). And members of his household, were detained for questioning by the Spanish Town Police yesterday afternoon in connection with the death, under what the Police consider suspicious circumstances, of his common-law wife (whose name was not ascertained up to the time of going to press), and whose partly decomposed and crow ravaged body, was found at the cult camp earlier in the day.
Police action followed a report from Pinnacle that the dead woman was missing from last week Friday and that the crows were seen dipping and soaring over a spot about a quarter mile from the house in which Howell and herself lived.
Du Bois is fired from his position at Atlanta University by its President Dufus Clement.
Rosa Parks, after boarding the bus at the front doors and paying her fair, straight away attempts to make her way to a seat and is instructed to reenter through the bay doors as according to custom by driver James F. Blake who drives off as she attempts to.
1944 Robinson after returning to Ethiopia in the same year is placed on house arrested for assaulting the Swedish Mercenary pilot Count Carl Gustarvon Rosen who refuses to be co piloted by him on account of the colour of his skin.
Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards joins the community of the Ackee Walk, Back O Wall area in West Kingston, Jamaica.
1963 May 26 The Daily Gleaner Back O Wall is described as being ‘behind a wall, a high brick wall dividing the old Ebenezer Church cemetery from an area bordering the sea and adjacent Ackee Walk.’
Prince Emmanuel was previously working at Up Park Camp, the British army HQ in Kingston, and said that one day whilst he was painting a building, he fell off the ladder he was using and that he saw this as a calling, a sign from the Father for him to redeem his people.
July Little begins working for Abe Goldstein at the Lobster Pond nightclub on Fortysecond Street.
September 4 24 year old Recy Taylor walking on the way to her house from the church that she attended (the Rock Hill Holiness Church) in Abbeville, Alabama with her friend Fannie Daniel, 61 and her teenage son, 18, is approached by 7 armed men in a car, one of them later identified as US Army Private Hebert Lovett armed with a shotgun says that she is the woman that cut Tommy Clarson in Clopton that evening.
Taylor is forced into the car at gunpoint and Daniel goes to Mr. Cook to get help, Mr. Cook and Recy’s Dad go to find the sheriff and are unable to find him but find the Duty Sheriff.
Taylor is then taken 1 and a half miles out of town to a spot on the side of a road near some trees where the men force her to remove her clothes, threatening to kill her if she doesn’t, Taylor begs the men to let her go home to her family, Taylor also has a Husband and a young child, the men refuse to let Taylor go and remove their clothes, Lovett orders Taylor to lay down and for her to “act just like you do with your husband or I’ll cut your dam throat.”
Taylor is then gang raped by 6 of the men, blind folded and left on the side of the road.
Recys Dad and Mr. Cook.
Recy describes the car in which she was taken in as a green Chevrolet which Deputy Sheriff Louis Corbitt identifies as belonging to Hugo Wilson.
Taylor identifies Wilson as 1 of the 7 men in the car.
Although Wilson initially calls Taylor a liar and says that she had never seen her before he later admits that he was among those who picked up Taylor and also names the other 6 men including Lovett.
September 20 King begins his freshman year at Morehouse College in Atlanta.
October 3 Taylor’s case heard by an all white, all male grand jury in Henry Country is dismissed.
By this time none of the men had been arrested neither did Sheriff Gamble arrange an identification parade.
Gamble, when questioned later as part of a further inquiry into the investigation launched by says that he had arrested all of the men 2 days after the assault.
October 4 Wilson is issued with a fine of $250 ($3, 560 in 2018).
October The Chicago Defender publish front page article with the headline entitled "Victim of White Alabama Rapists".
Little works at Coral Gables in Lansing and as a busboy at the city's Mayfair Ballroom.
November Little is sentenced to 4 months in jail and 1 year probation for stealing a fur coat from his sister Ella's house which he had pawned for $5, the coat belonged to Ella's sister Grace.
Parks, the secretary of the NAACP’s Montgomery branch travels to Abbeville to investigate Taylor’s case.
Parks works with E. D. Nixon president of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP and leader of the Montgomery branch of Randolph’s Black Sleeping Car Porter’s, Rufas A. Lewis, funeral home director and Alabama State football coach E.G. Jackson, editor of the Alabama Tribune.
Parks founds the Committee for Equal Justice for the Rights of Mrs Recy Taylor.
Members of the Alabama divisions of Montgomery and Birmingham NAACP, editors and reporters from the Alabama Tribune and Birmingham World as well as members of the Southern Negro Youth Congress work to publicize Taylor’s case at the Negro Masonic Temple in Birmingham, Alabama.
Others who joined the committee include Du Bois; Mary Church Terrell, a suffragist and founder of the National Association of Colored Women; Charlotte Hawkins Brown, a popular clubwoman and respected educator; Ira De A. Reid, a sociologist and assistant director of the new formed Southern Regional Council; John Sengstacke, the publisher of the Chicago Defender; Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes of Harlem Renaissance fame; Lillian Smith, author of the controversial interracial love story Strange Fruit; and Broadway impresario Oscar Hammerstein II and Henrietta Buckmaster.
Sheriff Gamble when interviewed as part of the the ongoing investigation launched by claims that Taylor is nothing but a whore around Abbeville and that she had been “treated for some time by the Health Officer of Henry County for Venereal disease.”
On a later occasion some other white men testify of Taylor as being an “upstanding, respectable woman who abided by the town’s racial and sexual mores”.
4 of the 7 men "admitted to having intercourse with Taylor, but argued that she was essentially a prostitute and willing participant." whilst some of the other 3 men, including Herbert Lovett, completely deny knowing anything about the attack.
Joe Culpepper admits that he and the other men and his story of the version of events are consistent with that given by Taylor.
1945 February 13
252 MEMBERS OF ALABAMA CHAPTER SOUTHERN CONFERENCE FOR HUMAN WELFARE URGE YOU TO USE YOUR HIGH OFFICE TO INSURE A FAIR TRAIL AND INDICTMENT IN THE RECY TAYLOR CASE WHICH COMES BEFORE GRAND JURY IN IMMEDIATE FUTURE
PAULINE DOBBS SECRETARY
GOV CHAUNCEY SPARKS
STATE CAPITOL
WE APPEAL TO YOU TO USE YOUR HIGH OFFICE IN THE APPLICATION OF EQUAL JUSTICE AND A FAIR TRAIL FOR MRS RECY TAYLOR OF ABBEVILLE ALA WHO WAS ATTACKED ON SEPT 3 1944.
HOMER WILSON EXECUTIVE BOARD MEMBER INTERNATIONAL UNION BOARD MINE MILL AND SMELTER WORKERS.
February 14 The attorney general presents Taylors case but fails to convince the jury of Henry County that there is enough evidence to indict the 7 men.
February 19 received
March 17 Little is arrested for robbing Douglas Haynes at gunpoint and transferred to the Detroit Police Department.
April 25-June Du Bois along with other NAACP delegates attend San Francisco Conference where the United Nations is created, Du Bois drafts proposal.
April 28 Mussolini is hanged.
April 30 Hitler commits suicide.
June 30
September 26
2011 The book At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance a New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power by Danielle L. McGuire is published.
2011 April 21 Alabama Legislature adopt a joint resolution stating: BE IT RESOLVED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF ALABAMA, BOTH HOUSES THEREOF CONCURRING, That we acknowledge the lack of prosecution for crimes committed against Recy Taylor by the government of the State of Alabama, that we declare such failure to act was, and is, morally abhorrent and repugnant, and that we do hereby express profound regret for the role played by the government of the State of Alabama in failing to prosecute the crimes.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That we express our deepest sympathies and solemn regrets to Recy Taylor and her family and friends.
Taylor receives apologies on her visit Rock Hill Holiness Church.
2011 Taylor visits the White House and attends a forum on Rosa Parks at the National Press Club.
2017 The Rape of Recy Taylor documentary by Nancy Buirski premiers at the Venice Biennale and the New York Film Festival.
2017 December 28 Taylor passes away in her sleep at a nursing home in Abbeville and is buried next to her daughters grave at New Mount Zion Freewill Baptist Church.
2018 January 7 Oprah Winfrey accepts the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award and says of Taylor "They threatened to kill her if she ever told anyone... Recy Taylor died 10 days ago... for too long, women have not been heard or believed if they deared speak their truth to the power of those men... And I just hope... I just hope Recy Taylor died knowing that her truth... goes marching on.
2018 January 31 Members of the Congressional Black Caucus invite Taylors family, including her daughter, Mary Joyce Owens, to attend a speech at State of Union the Democratic Caucus wear red "Recy" pins.
October 15-21 Du Bois attends the Fifth Pan African Congress held at Chorlton Hall, Chorlton on Medrock, Canvendish Street, Manchester, England and former Treasurer and Honorable Secretary of the International African Friends of Ethiopia; Amy Jacques Garvey and Jomo Kenyatta, as well as Kwame Nkrumah are among the congress's other attendees.
Little returns to Boston.
December 14 Little, his friend Shorty Jarvis from Lansing who he had befriended in, Francis E. "Sonny" Brown, Bea, 1 of the women that Little had been seeing, her younger sister and another Armenian woman burgle a house in the Brookline, Boston of $2, 400 worth of fur coats, silverware, jewelry and other items.
December 15 Little and his gang burgle another house in Brookline sealing several rugs worth $400 as well as liquor, jewelry, lenin.
December 16 Little and the gang sell their stolen goods in New York City.
December 17 Little burgle another house this time in Newton, Massachusetts of Jewelry, a watch, a vacuum cleaner, bed Lenin, silver candle sticks, earrings, a gold pendant and chain.
Sultanin Mumusa, a Bagirwa (Priestess) of the Nyabingi cult or movement in Rwanda/Tanzania, dies in Mbarara, Uganda.
Rwanda Uganda.
1946 January Little is arrested picking up a stolen $1000 watch at the repair shop, he is also carrying a loaded 32 calibre on him.
January 15 Little is charged with illegal possession of a firearm at Roxbury Court.
January 16 Little is charged with larceny and breaking and entering.
February Little and Jarvis begin serving an 8 to 10 year sentence at Charlestown state prison in Boston Massachusett.
Itote joins the Kenya African Union and Forty Group.
1947 January Little is transferred to the Massachusetts Reformatory at Concord.
Randolph and Grant Reynolds form Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service/League for Non Violent civil disobedience.
George Watson aka Ras Boanerges or Bongo Watto founds Youth Black Faith in his yard at 9th Street, Trench Town, Jamaica.
The name Boanerges comes from the gospel according to Mark chapter 3 verse 17 which reads And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder:
1948 January 8 Howell is sentenced to 6 months in prison.
January 23-25 Friday, Saturday and Sunday Du Bois chairs the National Conference on American Policy in China and the Far East at 111 West 42nd Street, New York.
February 25 King is assistant Pastor at Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta.
March Little is transferred to the Norfolk Prison Colony.
The Emperor grants 500 acres (2.0 km2) of his land in Shashamane 225 km (150 miles) south of Addis Ababa to people of African descent in the West Indies and America's who would like to resettle on the continent.
July 16 President Harry S.Truman ends racial segregation in the armed forces with Executive Order 9981.
King begins his studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania.
Du Bois resigns from the NAACP for the second time.
King graduates from Morehouse with B.A. in Sociology.
Little's brother Philbert writes to him in prison telling him that he and other members of the family have become members of the Nation of Islam.
Little's brother Reginald writes to him in prison telling him to give up pork and to stop smoking cigarettes, he also visits him in prison tells him about the beliefs of the Nation of Islam. Little later writes to the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad.
Seay becomes the first woman British Honduras Justice of Peace.
1949 Du Bois attends the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York.
L- r: John Howard Lawson; Alexander A. Fadeev; W. E. B. Du Bois; Dmitri Shostakovich; Bishop Arthur W. Moulton; William O. Stapledon, and Kiri Hrovek.
Du Bois also speaks at the World Congress of Parisians of Peace in Paris
Pablo Picasso, Juan Marinello, Donald Henderson, Mineola Zugeisoll, Roclervell Kud are also among other delegates that attend the Congress.
Du Bois then the All Soviet Peace Conference in Moscow, Russia as the delegate for the National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professionsm.
The FBI reopen their file on Du bois on suspicion of him being a communist.
Julian becomes a licensed arms dealer.
1950 Itote takes the Mau Mau oath.
Dedan Kimathi takes the Mau Mau oath and joins the Ol Kalou branch of the Kenya African Union and also becomes the branch's secretary.
Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, and, Arnold Aronson, of the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council found the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).
April 21 Springfield Morning Union.
local criminals in prison claim Moslem Faith New Grow Beards won't Eat Pork Demand East Facing Cells to Facilitate 'Prayer to Allah'.
April The Peace Information Center is founded, which includes in its aims the purpose of gaining publicity for the Stockholm Peace Appeal and signatures for a petition against atomic warfare which 3, 000, 000 American people sign. Du Bois becomes chairman of the PIC and also runs for Senator New York on the American Labor Party ticket.
August 11 The Justice Department serve a notice on the PIC requiring them to register as an agent of a foreign principal under the terms of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.
The FBI open a file on Little after he writes a letter to President Truman in which he states his opposition to the Korean War and also confirms for the president himself that he is a Communist. Little also begins to replace his surname with the letter X as a member of the NOI, symbolising his African American descent.
1951 January 18 Howell sentenced to 2 year in prison for Ganja.
Ex Cult Leader Held On Ganja Charge
Leonard Howell one time Ras Tafari chief at Pinnacle St. Catherine and two other men were arrested yesterday by first class constable A. E. Tilloch of Browns Town Police Station charged jointly with having Ganja.
Howell, Levi Ward and Edgar Reed were held in a raid 8 Windward Road on premises.
Hundreds of curious persons lined a stretch of the road for hours after the police left with a large quantity of stuff said to be Ganja.
Defendants who are in Sutton Street jail will appear before the Kingston Resident Magistrate's court today.
May 6-8 King graduates from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania with a B. IV (bachelor of divinity) degree.
August Count Ossie's camp at Salt lane in Kingston Coronation market is destroyed by hurricane Charlie.
September 13 King begins graduate studies in systematic theology at Boston University.
Kimathi joins the Forty Group of the Kikuyu Central Association and becomes the secretary of this organization's branch too.
Du Bois's attorney informs judge that Albert Einstein has agreed, if need be, to stand as a character witness for Du Bois, the judge dismisses the case but Du Bois passport is confiscated for 8 years.
Seay becomes the only woman founder of the National Party and is also appointed to the City Council.
1952 Seay co founds the British Honduras Federation of Women which begins a project to establish an affordable daycare centre to assist employed mothers with their children.
June 4 X requests parole.
August 4 Massachusetts Supervisor of parole informs the parole board that a full time job at the Cut Role department stores in Detroit has been secured for him on his behalf.
August 7 X is released.
X and his siblings secure their Mother Louise release from Kalamazoo State Hospital, X also visits Muhammad in Chicago.
1953 January X works at the new Ford assembly plant in Wayne as a final assembler on the production line and becomes a member of the United Auto Workers Local 900.
Kimathi forms the Kenya Defence Council.
June X becomes assistant minister of the Nations Temple Number 1 in Detroit amd establishes Temple number 11 in Boston later on in the year.
June 18 King marries Loretta Scott on the lawn of her parents house in Heiberger, Alabama.
November Saint Lucia born Hulan E. Jack becomes the first African American Borough President of Manhattan, Jack was also the treasurer of the Committee for Equal Justice for the Rights of Mrs Recy Taylor.
1954 January General China Waruhui Itote is captured by British troops.
March X expands Temple Number 12 in Philadelphia.
April Howell arrested for illegal practice of medicine.
May X leads and expands Temple Number 7 in Harlem.
May 17 Supreme court in Brian V Education rules segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
May 25 The Emperor arrives in New York aboard the liner United States.
The Emperor leaves La Guardia Airport for Washington in the presidential plane the Columbine.
May 27 Thursday.
The Emperor is arrives in Washington where he is received by Vice President Nixon. Herald Tribune, page 3.
The Emperor District Columbia Building and also visits the White House.
Selassie Sees Capital Sights
WASHINGTON (UP) Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, a frail little man with an indomitable will, made a sight seeing round of the capital with the genial good wishes of President and Mrs. Eisenhower.
His imperial majesty started off on a day taking him to Mt. Vernon and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and dinner tonight.
Shortly after breakfast, Mr. And Mrs. Eisenhower walked out on To the White House north portico, warmly shook hands with their royal visitor and saw him into his limousine. He was an overnight guest at the White House.
The President turned to the Emperor’s son and granddaughter and said, “I hope you enjoy your entire trip. It was very nice having you here.”
A servant placed in one of the cars of the emperor’s motorcade a huge box, obviously a gift to Haile Selassie from the President.
Haile Selassie is making his first visit to the United States. And yet to most Americans his erect 5-foot 3-inch frame is almost as familiar as Churchill’s cigar. THE HOLLAND, MICHIGAN, EVENING SENTINEL, page 7. RECORD-EAGLE, TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIGAN, page 5.
May 26 The Emperor visits Blair House.
1954 May 27 The biggest Ganja raid as of that time takes place at Pinnacle £3, 000 is seized.
Howells son Monty in the interview on Wu World radio with Bob Marley’s granddaughter Donisha Prendergast said that a lot more than £3, 000 was taken from his Dads house and from the community thousands and thousands were taken.
The police unearth the biggest store of Ganja ever to be found one place at a time.
It is understood that whilst some men were digging out bags loaded with the “weed” others were pulling from the roof of a bags made out of old trousers.
They were laden with 5 notes, notes, and other local currency notes and coins.
With one woman the police find another had over 300 and several had other large sums, all of which the police took over.
The money belongs to some of the 140 prisoners who have been charge with Ganja possession and with having fire arms illegally. It will be returned to them as soon as the cases are settled.
Star newspaper.
Monty and his brother Bill were also arrested in the raid and charges are brought against them for being in unlawful possession of a Bulova watch and a Rolex watch.
The police send a note to Howell telling him that if he doesn't come up with x amount of money that his sons will be charged for a lb of Ganja each.
Howell pays the money and is able to retain a receipt from the place he bought the watches from, the charges against his sons are withdrawn and his sons are also discharged.
June 12 No case against
Howell’s sons
The charge was withdrawn yesterday in the case against
Martinal and Silbert Howell, teenage sons of Leonard Howell, one time self
styled “king of Pinnacle.
They were held during the raid which the police made at
Pinnacle property on the morning of May 22, and charged with unlawful
possession of watches and a cloak.
Mr. H. E. Rickards, solicitor of Dayes and Rickards,
informed His Honour Mr H. P. Allea in the St. Catherine R. M. Court at Spanish
Town that he had produced receipts to the police which showed that the two
accused were in legitimate custody of the goods. They lived about a mile away
from Pinnacle settlement in the house which used to be occupied by Howell. They
were in no way associated with the settlement.
Mr. Cliff Grant Clark of the Courts, said the case with
withdrawn. The defendants were discharged.
May 28 Friday The Emperor speaks to 12, 000 at Howard University in Washington D.C. and receives the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Law.
May 30 Sunday
Harlem Noisily Greets Selassie
NEW YORK, May 30 Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia paid his first visit to Harlem today and got a warm, noisy welcome from some 200, 000 persons.
Residents of the area, which houses much of the city’s Negro population, lined the streets by the thousands and cheered as the slight, dark-skinned monarch drove by in a closed limousine.
He was escorted to the podium of the Abyssinian Baptist Church by Hulan Jack, Negro borough president of Manhattan, and the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Negro pastor of the church who is also a Democratic member of the House of Representatives.
Church is filled
The church applauded loudest when Powell told the Emperor: We honor you because you are the symbol around which we place all out hopes, dreams and prayers that one day the entire continent of Africa shall be as free as the country of Ethiopia.”
Emperor Selassie told the audience its “warm welcome has overwhelmed me and I thank you from the bottom of my heart.”
The Emperor presented to the church a gold processional cross made in Ethiopia, and was given an oil portrait of himself by Ivan Tate, Negro artist.
The Emperor with Jack and Powell.
May 31 The Emperor attends the Yankee Stadium to watch New York play Washington in the first game of a doubleheader.
The Emperor is presented an autographed baseball by Casey Stengel, Manager of the New York Yankee.
June 9 The Emperor meets Mayor Joseph E. Dillon and his wife in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
June 10 The Emperor attends a ceremony, at Wold Chamberlain airport in Hennepin County, Minnesota.
June 11 The Emperor arrives at Seattle airport in Washington.
June 12 The Daily Gleaner.
11 sentenced to prison as Pinnacle trail opens
‘Extremely large’ quantity of ganja in Court
SENTENCES ranging from six months to two years imprisonment at hard labour were passed today by His Honour Mr. H. P. Allen in the Spanish Town R.M. Court as the trail of the Pinnacle case opened.
Eleven accused perswons sentenced today were convicted on charges of cultivating ganja and of having ganja in their possession.
One hundred and forty persons were arrested by the police in a raid on Pinnacle property, a few miles from Spanish Town, early Saturday morning on May 23.
The exhibits of what was certified as ganja were brought to the Court in police station wagons in all manner of containers boxes, barrels, baskets, crocus bags, grips, bales. There were also exhibits of ganja plants in court.
10 day trail
The trail which will resume on Monday at 9 a.m., is expected to last from a week to ten days.
Mr. Cliff Grant, Clerk of the courts, is prosecuting while Mr. H. E. Rickards is representing all the accused.
Acting Deputy Supt. J. N. Ricketts and Sub-Inspector George Eubanks were in attendance on the court.
Detective Sergt. Jez Marston, who was brought from Mandeville to take part in the raid, gave evidence today in all the cases heard: It was an account of his illness caused by a motor cycle accident that the trail was set back from Monday until yesterday.
There was only one incident in the smooth running of the trail. An accused who gave his name as Alfred Bennett collapsed while in the dock. He revived shortly after and was offered a chair.
He was being tried in the first case of the day along with James Bennett and Adina Manning. They were accused of cultivating ganja and having ganja.
Detective acting Corporal Gerald Nembhard told of accompanying Detective Sergeant Marston and acting Corporal Frank Harrison to Pinnacle at about 4 p.m. on the afternoon of May 23. They went to a cultivation surrounding two huts and saw the three accused weeding the field.
Warrant read
After a warrant was read, none of the accused said anything. A search was started and ganja plans numbering about 5, 000 were found in a 3 acre plot.
He arrested all three on charges of cultivating ganja and having ganja in their possession.
Cross examined by Mr. Rickards witness admitted that he did not know who was James Bennnettt or who was Alfred Bennnett.
Dectective Sergeant Marston gave evidence and under cross-examination pointed out James Bennett. Mr Rickards submitted that the accused was not James Bennett but Alfred Bennett.
Acting Corporal Frank Harrison also gave evidence. James Bennett in his defence said his name was not Alfred Bennett. He lived at Thompson Pen and had gone up to Pinnacle at around 2 p.m. on the day of the raid to visit his cousin Alfred, who was ill. He knew nothing about ganja nor had he ever planted it.
The other two accused in their defence denied that they were cultivating ganja or had ganja when they were accosted by the police.
The Magistrate found them guilty.
The police said the ganja seized on that occasion weighed 80lbs.
“It is a serious matter” said the Magistrate “and the quantity of ganja in this case is extremely large.”
James Bennett and Alfred Bennett were sentenced to twelve months on each of the two counts, sentences to run consecutively, Adina Manning was sentenced to twelve months for cultivating ganja and 6 months for having ganja in her possession, sentences to run consecutively.
Other policemen who took part in the raid and who also gave evidence were Corporal Albert Ellis, Constable Rudolph Ellis Acting Corporal Uley Delahaye, Constable Quintin Crawford and Constable Simeon Powell.
1000 lbs. Ganja
Caleb McPherson, who pleased guilty to having 100 lbs, of ganja in his possession was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment at hard labour.
He claimed that at the time of his arrest he had £18, which was taken away. Mr. Rickards promised to take up the matter.
Pircell Fairweather was acquitted on a charge of cultivating ganja. He was sentenced to 9 months imprisonment for having ganja in his possession.
Alexander Johnson found guilty of having 3 lbs. Of ganja in his possession was sentenced to 12 months hard labour.
Gustavus Robinson pleaded guilty to having 110 lbs of ganja. The weed was found in two boxes and a crocus bag in his room on the morning of the raid. He had one previous conviction for having ganja. Robinson was sentenced to two years at hard labour.
Henry Dawkins and Rebecca Murray were both convicted for having ganja. Dawkins, who pleaded guilty to being in possession of a box with 7 lbs. Of ganja, found in his room was sentenced to 12 months at hard labour.
The box
Mr. Rickards had submitted that Murray should not be presumed to have the ganja in her possession merely because she lived with Dawkins. Dawkins had admitted that the box was in his possession and had afterwards stated from the witness box that Murray knew nothing about the contents of the box. Mr. Rickards criticised the nature of the of the evidence given by police witnesses.
The Magistrate however, held that she was guilty of being in possession of ganja.
George Brown and Lillian Goode, who also said they lived together in a hut at Pinnacle, were both sentenced to 12 months at hard labour for having over 100 lbs. Of ganja in their possession. Mr. Rickards commented on the conflicting evidence which he said was given by the police in that case.
They gave verbal notice of appeal and were offered bail in the sum of £100 each.
Furthur hearing was adjourned at this point.
No case against Howell’s sons
The charge was withdrawn yesterday in the case against Martinal and Silbert Howell, teenage sons of Leonard Howell, one time self styled “king of Pinnacle.
They were held during the raid which the police made at Pinnacle property on the morning of May 22, and charged with unlawful possession of watches and a cloak.
Mr. H. E. Rickards, solicitor of Dayes and Rickards, informed His Honour Mr H. P. Allea in the St. Catherine R. M. Court at Spanish Town that he had produced receipts to the police which showed that the two accused were in legitimate custody of the goods. They lived about a mile away from Pinnacle settlement in the house which used to be occupied by Howell. They were in no way associated with the settlement.
Mr. Cliff Grant Clark of the Courts, said the case with withdrawn. The defendants were discharged.
June 14 Bay Area Gives Haile Selassie Warm Welcome
Haile Selassie I, as indefatigable a tourist as he is the ruler of 19, 000, 000 devoted Ethiopian subjects, plunged into a backbreaking of official receptions, visits and sight seeing today.
Up at 5 a.m., as usual, for his morning devotions, the frail little man with the imposing titles of Lion of Judah and King of Kings enjoyed a typical American breakfast of grapefruit juice, bacon and eggs, toast with jam and tea in his gold plated suit at San Francisco's Mark Hopkins Hotel.
Then properly briefed by members of his entourage of 19, he began his official day with a press conference.
Immediately afterwards, he and his party drove a round about route to Fort Mikey Veterans Hospital to visit American and Ethiopian soldiers recovering from wounds suffered in the Korean war.
GREETED BY 1, 500
Another leisurely drive through Golden Gate Park was to bring the 62 year old ruler of the world's first Christian nation back to the San Francisco City Hall where he was to be received officially by Mayor Elmer E. Robinson.
From the City Hall, the Emperor was to motor down Market St. to the Palace Hotel to attend a luncheon in his honor sponsored by the Common Wealth Club, the Down Town Association and the Chamber in Commerce.
After a brief break during the mid afternoon hours, he was to attend a 5 p.m. reception at the Mark Hopkins given by the World Affairs Council of Northern California.
The last event on today's schedule was an 8 p.m. dinner at the Press and Union League Club.
OFFICIAL RECEPTION A crowd of about 1, 500 was on hand last night as the Emperor, smiling and gracious, stepped down from his Pullman at Oakland.
After a greeting by Mayor Clifford Rishell and Mrs. Rishell, he and his party of 19
(Continued Page B, Col.3)
June 18 The Emperor visits Ohlahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College of Stillwater.
June X is appointed Chief Minister at Temple number 7 in Harlem by Mohammad.
King becomes pastor at Dextor Avenue Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama.
October 14 The Emperor and his son, the Duke of Harar arrive at Victoria station in London where they are recieved by the Queen Elizabeth, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, Princess Margaret, Princess Royal, and the Duchess of Gloucester.
The Emperor and his son are then driven by carriage in procession by way of White Hall and Trafalgar Square to Buckingham.
October 18 The Emperor receives the Freedom of the City of Bath from the Mayor Cllr Gallop.
November 27 The Emperor arrives on the train in Switzerland.
The Emperor is taken to the Castle of Jegenstorf by carriage.
1955 March 2 15 year old Claudette Colvin, a student of Montgomery Booker T Washington High School and a member of the NAACP Youth Council, on the way back home from school refuses to give up her bus seat to a white on a Montgomery bus.
A white woman is left standing so the bus driver tells Colvin and three other black women to move, the three others move but Colvin remains seated.
Next another black woman by the name of Ruth Hamilton who is visibly pregnant sits next to Colvin, the driver tells them to move, Hamilton says that she isn't going to move, that she has paid her fare and doesn't feel like standing, Colvin also tells the driver that she isn't going to move.
April Du Bois is denied travel for the Bandung Conference in Indonesia by the U.S. government.
May 1 X holds a NOI meeting in Lansing.
May 6 Colvins case is brought to Montgomery Circuit Court and the charges brought against her of disturbing the peace and violating segregation laws are dropped.
June 5 King graduates with Ph.D for doctoral studies in systematic Theology at Boston University.
August 28 Sunday 14 year old Emmett Till from Chicago is murdered in Mississippi.
Between the hours of 2:00 and 3:30 in the morning Roy and his half brother Milam, both armed, drive to Emmett’s grand uncles house in Money, Mississippi.
The men arrive at Till's uncles house and call at the door, Till’s Uncle Mose Wright ask's who it is, Bryan replies telling Wright that it is him and that he wants to talk with Wright and the boy.
Wright opens the door to Milam with a pistol and a flashlight in his hand asks Wright if he has 2 boys there from Chicago, Wright says that he has and say he wants the boy that done all that talk.
The men go to the 2nd room, Emmett’s cousin Wheeler’s room where Wheeler and Maurice are in bed, the men then go to the 3rd room where Emmett is in the bed with his cousin Simeon Wright, Wright hears a noise in the bedroom and see’s the men, they tell him to lay back down and go to sleep, he keeps his eye’s open and see’s that they are going to take Emmett he said that he didn’t know where they were going to take Emmett and thought that maybe they were going to take him back home.
They wake up Emmett and ask him questions unpleased with the way he is responding they hurry him out of the house.
Wright’s wife offers them money but Milam refuses and says that he is going to take Emmett up the road, give him a beating and let him go.
Wrights says when the men took Emmett to the car there was someone else present who they asked if Emmett was the boy to which they replied yes, the men then proceed to drive towards money.
The men drive Emmett to Sheridan’s plantation in Drew where they beat him in Milam's brother's barn.
Willie Reed saw the green 1955 Chevrolet and 5 people who he says he thinks to have been Levi 'Too Tight' Collins, Henry Lee Loggins, Emmett, Bryant and Milam.
Collins and Loggins were employed by Milam's brother Leslie.
Reed hears the beating and crying.
Reed tells a neighbour and walks with her to a water well near the barn and turns the water on when he see’s Milam who is wearing a green shirt and khaki trousers and has a 45 on his side.
Milam asks Reed if he’d heard anything, Reed tells him that he hadnt.
Wright knocks on Emmett’s friend, John Crawford’s door and tells him what has happened, they drive to money in Crawford's vehicle and back trying to find Emmett.
The men shoot Emmett above the right ear, wrap a 75 pound metal fan around his neck with barbed wire to weigh his body and dispose of him in the Tallahatchie River.
August 31 A boy fishing in the Tallachatchie a naked body that of a young male and informs the Tallachatchie County Sheriff Clarence Strider who along with deputies goes on the river in his sons boat and.
Sheriff goes to Wright and tells him that they have found a body at and wants him to identify it, Crawford drives Wright, Crawford said that he could smell the body from 5 or 6ft away.
According to Crawford, Wright said that his tongue had been cut and pushed back in his mouth and his private had been cut off although Emmett's mother.
Both of Till's wrists were also broken.
Jones calls the Leflore county sheriff as well as his mother in Chicago.
9:30 Jones Mother calls Emmett’s Mother Mamie Till Bradley, Bradley calls her Mother and goes over to her house.
Wright and his wife Elizabeth drive to Summer Elizabeth's brother contacts to Sheriff.
August 24 4 days earlier Emmett had gone to to buy some candy Till’s cousin Curtis Jones leaves Till in the store to join a game of checkers across the street. Emmett had allegedly touched 21 year old Carolyn Bryant's hand and grabbed her waist at the Grocery and Meat Market she and her Husband Roy ran.
Later, at the trail Bryant says that Emmett grabbed her hand whilst she was stocking candy and said, "How about a date, baby?" She said that after she freed herself from his grasp, he followed her to the cash register and grabbed her waist and said "Whats the matter baby, can't you take it?" Bryant said she freed herself and Emmett said "You needn't be afraid of me, baby" and said "I've been with white women before."
Roy was away and Bryant’s sister in law was watching children.
Simeon said that he went into the store not long after Emmett was left alone with Bryant Emmett paid for his items and they left the store together.
2006 The FBI note that a second anonymous source, confirmed to have been in the store at the same time as Till and Simeon given the same account.
Bradley later said that Emmett’ speech impediment, under stress would not have allowed him to get these things out.
Horace Bryant in an interview with Timothy Tyson in 2008 said that the allegations made were false.
Till had also whistled at Bryant although he whistled his polio which gave him a stutter and made pronunciation’s, particularly with words with letter b sounds difficult.
After Emmett leaves the store, Bryant goes to her car to fetch her pistol and Emmett whistles, the other children are surprised and scared and when Emmett sees their reaction he is also scared the children begin to panic.
They get in the car and notice a car behind them, they thought that the car was after them, they accelerate, pull up get up of the car and run through the cotton field the car drives past.
A neighbour by the name of Ruth tells them that they are going to hear more about it.
After they pick cotton, older brother takes them to Greenwood
A child goes and tells those across the playing checkers across the street what has happened in the store and an older man who is playing with them tells the children to leave quickly.
September 3 Sheriff Clarence Strider who had previously positively identified Emmett's body now changes his mind and says that the body found probably isn't that of Emmett, that Emmett is probably still alive and that the body that was found had been planted there by T. R. M. Howard, founder of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, himself from Mississippi and that Howard had also placed the ring on the body.
Till’s body is transported to Funeral Direct A. A. Rayner’s Funeral Home in Chicago for burial.
Bradley asks Rayner to open the casket, he had been instructed not to, Bradley asks Rayner if he has a hammer, for she will open the box herself if necessary, Rayner tells Bradley to go home and he will call her when he takes the body out of the box.
Rayner calls Bradley and she goes back to the funeral home, Bradley said that as she was approaching the home, that she had picked up the strong smell of the body from 3 blocks away, Bradley also said that all but 2 of Emmett’s teeth had been knocked out.
September 6 Emmett is given a public funeral service with an open casket held at the Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ and buried in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois, tens of thousands view his body.
Jars are placed in stores to collect funds for Bryan and Milam.
September 18 A man by the name of Frank Young tells Howard that he knows 2 witnesses, Collins and Loggins but Sheriff Strider arranges for them put be put in protective custody at the Charleston, Mississippi jail.
During the trail Bradley, black congressman from Michigan Charles Diggs and several black reporters stay at Howard's house in Mound Bayow which is patrolled by his armed guards.
September 19 Roy and Milan are tried at the county courthouse in the town of Sumner, the western seat of Tallahatchie Country.
The courtroom's capacity of 280 is filled and the trail lasts for 5 days.
Mose is photographed by Ernest Withers as he points out Milam who he says he recognised as being 1 of the 2 men who came to his cabin, the only light in the house at the time was Milan's flashlight.
A reporter who covered the trail for the New Orleans Times Picayune says it was the most dramatic thing he saw in his career.
Bradley testifies saying that she had warned Emmett about Mississippi and that if he ever found himself in a situation that he should get on his knees and beg for forgiveness from the white people, the defense questions her identification of her son and a $400 life insurance policy that she had taken out for him accusing her of.
2 witnesses testify to having seen Collins and Loggins on Milam's brother's property and hearing someone being beaten and cries. Leflore County Sheriff George Smith, Howard and several reporters try to locate Collins and Loggins but Sheriff Strider had put them into protective custody at the Charleston, Mississippi jail the day before the beginning of the trail when 1 of the witnesses
Judge Curtis Swango allows Carolyn to testify but not in front of the jury, objecting that her testimony is irrelevant to Emmett's kidnapping and alleged murder.
Sheriff Strider testifies for the defense that Emmett is probably still alive and that the body found was white. A doctor from Greenwood on the stand says that the body is too decomposed to identify, and had been in the water too long to be Emmett.
One persecuting attorney says that what Emmett did was wrong but warranted a spanking not murder.
Gerald Chatham denounces the statements made by Sheriff and the doctor.
The defense states that that the prosecution's theory of events are improbable and also says that the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam as they would receive a life sentence or the the death penalty.
2005 The Department of Justice exhume the body and an autopsy conducted by the Cook county coroner positively identified Till using DNA from his relatives, making dental comparisons with photographs and.
Bradley said that when the jury retired to return with the verdict and she saw the black people who lined the walls and the backs of the room beginning to leave quietly she knew that they knew they were not going to get a guilty verdict, she tells her party that its time to go, Diggs insists "and miss the verdict", Bradley says that she already knew that the verdict was not guilty, Bradley and her party then leave.
The all white all male jury acquit the 2 men.
Howard also paid for Wright, Reed and another witness to relocated to Chicago.
November 3 The Emperor 25th Jubilee attends service at church and signs a revision of the 1931 constitution and promises more political liberties in parliament while continuing to keep all powers to himself.
November 17 Kings first child, a daughter Yolanda Denise King is born.
November 27 Parks attends Dexter Avenue Baptist church where Howard speaks on Till's murder.
December 1 Thursday 18:00 Parks seated in the first row behind the white section of bus, along with four other African Americans is prompted to move further to the back of the bus but the section reserved for white fills up and 2 or 3 white passengers are left standing.
Parks refuses to give up her seat and is arrested.
Earlier on in the year Parks had completed a course in Race Relations at Highlander Folk school in Tennesse and had learn much about non violent civil disobedience tactics.
Parks said that thoughts of the treatment that her people were being subjected to understandably were going through her mind at that moment and in her 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Nearly also said that Till was also on her mind.
Parks is charged with violation of Chapter 6, section 11 of the segregation law and bailed by Edgar Nixon and her friend Clifford Durr.
Jo Anna Robinson and other members of the Women's Political Council print and begin to distribute 35, 000 leaflets informing the public of the boycott.
December 2 Friday 16-18 people meet at Mt. Zion AME Zion church including Parks, King and Abernathy.
December 5 Monday The Montgomery Advertiser publishes an article informing its readers of the boycott. African American cabs drivers charge the same fare as the bus.
Park is tried on charge of misorderly conduct and violating local ordinance fined $10 with court fee of $4.
King, at mass meeting held in Holt Street Baptist church is chosen by Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French as the President of the Montgomery Improvement Association to lead the Montgomery bus boycott decide that the boycott should continue.
December 8 Thursday Montgomery officials warn cab drives that anyone charging less than 45 cents will be fined.
The boycott lasts 385 days and ends Jim Crow on all public buses in Montgomery.
X establishes Temple Numbers 13 in Springfield, Massachusetts, 14 in Hartford, Connecticut and 15 in Atlanta, Georgia and also meets Betty Sanders after one of his lectures.
1956 January 30 Kings home is bombed.
February Fred Gray, attorney files federal court case Browder V Gayle (Aierelia V W. A. Gayle Mayor of Montgomery) is heard in the United States District Court, Colvin is 1 of 5 plaintiffs the others are Browder, Susie Mc Donald, Mary Louise Smith and Jeanetta Reese, all of who have been arrested earlier on in the year for refusing to give up their seats. Reese drops out of the case due to intimidation from.
February 21 King is indicted by the Montgomery County Grand Jury for alleged violation of a 1921 statute which outlaws boycotts against businesses.
March 19 Kings trail begins.
March 24 King is found guilty and fined $500 and $500 fees.
June 13 The district court in Browder V Gayle rules racial segregation on buses in the city of Montgomery and the state of Alabama as unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
October 21 Kimathi is shot and captured by fellow Kikuyu termed as askari meaning traitor.
Betty Sanders joins the Nation of Islam also replacing her surname with the letter X.
November The state of Alabama appeals against the District Court's ruling at the United States Supreme Court who uphold the ruling.
December 20 The Supreme court issues order to Montgomery and state of Alabama to end bus segregation, the city passes an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they choose on buses.
Roy and Milam agree between $3, 600 and $4, 000 to be interviewed by journalist William Bradford Huie for Look magazine about Till.
In the interview which is held at the law firm of the attorney's who had defended them, their attorney's ask the questions and the 2 men willingly admit to killing the boy.
2003 The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till documentary by Keith Beauchamp is released and PBS also air an effort installment of American Experience titled The Murder of Emmett Till.
December 23 Kings home is attacked, someone fires a shotgun through the front door.
December 24 Christmas Eve, A black teenager, after coming of a bus is attacked by a group of white men.
December 28 2 buses are fired on by snipers, a pregnant woman is shot in both legs.
1957 January 10 Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joesph Louver form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
5 black churches are bombed, Reverend Robert J Graetz's house is also bombed.
January 23 Willie Edwards is lynched by a group of Klansmen.
February 18th Kimathi is executed by hanging at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison and King appears on the front cover of Time magazine.
2007 February 18 On the 60th anniversary of Kimathi's execution, the official unveiling of the Kimathi bronze statue monument takes place in Nairobi with former Kenya Mau Mau freedom fighters Keiru Kioge, 84 and Thungu Githogo, 70 among those in attendance.
March 6 King attends independence celebrations in Ghana and also meet Kwame Nkrumah.
April 26 Frankee Lee Potts, Lypsie Tall and Hilton Johnson come across 2 police officers beating an African American man (Reese V. Poe) with their nightsticks and shout out This is New York not Alabama.
Johnson is beaten by 1 of the officers to the extent that he suffers brain contusions and subdural hemorrhaging.
The news reaches X who turns up at the 28th Precinct Station house with a small group of fellow Muslims asking to talk with Johnson, the police deny that Johnson is being held there but as the number of people at the station in support of Johnson grow to about 500, the police relent.
X sees that Johnson is taken to hospital in an ambulance, 100 of those at the station walk along with X up Lenox Avenue to Harlem Hospital and return to the station down West 125th Street.
The crowd outside the station grows to about 4, 000 people at the police station.
X and attorney Charles J. Beavers succeed in their trying to have bail granted for Tall and Potts but are unsuccessful in their attempt to have Hinton bailed and are told by the police that Hinton cannot go back to the hospital but must remain until the next day to appear in court.
X walks out of the station, gives a hand signal to the crowd of supporters and they begin to leave.
One police officer tells James Hicks editor of the New York Amsterdam News that "No man should have that much power."
April 27 The NOI pay $2, 500 bail for Johnson but the police decline to let him leave with X and Beavers.
Hinton is released outside the New York felony court and is taken to Harlem’s Sydenham Hospital where he is told that he has a 50/50 chance of surviving.
Hinton and the NOI file a lawsuit against the NYPD and are awarded over $70, 000 the largest sttlement of the time.
May 15 King attends Evangelist Billy Graham crusade in Madison Sqaure
May 17 Randolph collaborates with Bayard Rustin and Ella Baker to organise the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom march in Washington D.C. at which Wilkins is among the speakers, King makes his first national address and makes his "Give us the Ballot" speech.
King (at podium); first row: Wilkins, Randolph, Reverend Thomas J. Kilgore Jr., unknown, and Abernathy; Vivian Carter Mason (second row right).
June 13 King and Abernathy meet with Vice President Richard M Nixon.
King becomes President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
October 23 Martin and have their second child, their first son Martin Luther King III.
X sends telegram to the Police commissioner.
1958 January Malcolm proposes to Betty during a conversation on the pay phone in a gas station in Detroit and marries her two days later before a Justice of Peace at his brothers house on South Butler Street in Lansing, Michigan.
Pinnacle burnt by Police members disburse.
March 1 Prince Emmanuel's 21 day convention at Back O Wall in West Kingston, Jamaica begins.
1960 August 6 The Daily Gleaner.
In March 1958, Prince Edward C Edwards held a 'Convention' of Ras Tafari brethren at Kingston Pen adjoining Back O Wall Handbills had been circulated in advance announcing this Convention Some brethren from as far afield as Montego Bay sold their belongings and giving away the proceeds came in Kingston in the firm belief that at the end of the Convention they wold embark for Africa.
The Convention was reported in the JAMAICA TIMES (March 8, 1958 ppl and 14). Eye witnesses relate that a large number of old car and traetor tyres were collected at Orince Edwards's establishment behind the Tivoli Cinema. H.E. the Governor, Sir Keneth Blackburne, visited Edwards premises before the Convention opened and that speeches made by young and old on the platform before the assembly consisted of streams of filthy language, which is perfectly in order among some brethren, who hold that no words are bad in themselves. Nightly dances to the akete drums were held around fires fueled with the collected Tyre Some witnesses indicate that there were guards. "soldiers" and the like policing the place The Niyabinghi dance and theme were publicized through these gatherings which lasted 21 days On one occasion units of the Kingston Fire Brigade were called on to put out the fires which had become threatening They did this with considerable enthusiasm, dousing the environs at the same time Thereafter there were no fires One morning at about 4 a m an assembly of Ras Tafari Brethren moved in a body to the Parade known as Victoria Park shouting their intention to capture it. On receiving news of this, the police moved to meet them and after some fighting the Park was cleared.
THE CONVENTION, which had apparently attracted three thousand people (Jamaica Times, 8th March 1958, p1) many of whom have ended without anyone embarking for African Those who had disposed of their property in this belief were ashamed to return to their communities Prince Edward's convention marks the decisive point in the deterioration of relations between the Government and the public on the one hand and the Ras Tafari movement on the other The antisocial elements so heavily emphasized during those three weeks were perhaps irrevocable. During the latter part of 1958 two cases occurred at Trench Town, Kingston in which Ras Tafari men were said to have thrown children into the fire as sacrifices.
The cult of and increased steadily within the movement. Its moderate wing lost control, and a fair number of E.W.F. Locals became dormant The news of Haile Selassie's land grant spread like a rumour, unverified, irrefutable. The executive of Local 19, who held the letter did little to publicist the facts The moderate wing were sharply divided among themselves on doctrinal and personal grounds. The Daily Gleaner Saturday, 1960 August 6 - Page 8.
When Norman Manley visited it as premier, accompanied by my brother Hartley Neita of the Government Public Relations Office, they had a hard time just finding somewhere to walk. A published paper following the visit described how families slept on cardboard and crocus bags. "There were no roads, just beaten tracks winding around each hut...and no piped water, one man had built a latrine where he charged residents one penny to use it. The alternative was at the edge of the community where they scraped a shallow hole and squatted to drop their waste. The smell from the combination of rotting wood, sour water and faeces and scraps was a nauseous, stomach turning smell."
The other side of Tivoli article in Jamaica Observer by LANCE NEITA 2014 December 13 Saturday.
The Back O Wall area inhabited by some 3, 000 residents was bulldozed in 1963 and Dungle or Dung Hill off Foreshore Road (now Marcus Garvey Drive) in 1966 for the new Tivoli Gardens Garrison. Dr Clinton Hutton, lecturer in the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona campus Cooke Gleaner 2010 August 29.
After the bulldozing of Back O Wall, Prince Emmanuel then moves to Galilee (Harris Street), Jericho (Spanish Town), Greenwich Street, David Lane, 54b Spanish Town Road in Denham Town, Western Kingston, where he founds the ETHIOPIA AFRICA NATIONAL CONGRESS and finally to 10 Miles Bull Bay in the parish of Saint Andrew, North East of Warieka Hill, renaming the ETHIOPIA AFRICA NATIONAL CONGRESS as the ETHIOPIA AFRICA BLACK INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS and publishes his Black Supremacy in Righteousness of Salvation.
2010 May social unrest in Tivoli Gardens Jamaica government declare a month long state of emergency.
Bruce Golding prime minister of Jamaica and leader of the Jamaica Labor Party signs the warrant for the arrest and extradition of Christopher Coke Dudus son of Lester Coke aka Jim Brown founder of the Shower Posse. Golding had refused to have because evidence had been obtained illegally by wiretap.
Dudus's supporters stage protests and barricade the street.
May 21 Friday Several police stations are attacked. 2010 May 25 www.bbc.co.uk Jamaica security forces storm 'drugs lord' stronghold.
May 23 Sunday 2 police are killed.
May 24 The manhunt for Dudus begins, a combined Soldier and Police operation storm the Tivoli Gardens slum.
May 25 Article in the Guardian reports that 44 have been killed during gun battles between the security forces and gunmen, this figure was given by Bishop Hero Blair who toured the slum escorted by security forces, Public defender Earl Witter says that most of the corpses at the morgue "appeared to be those of males under 30. There were no women among the dead."
The road to Kingston's international airport is closed and flights are cancelled.
May 26 Bulldozers are brought to clear the makeshift barricades of sandbags, barbed wire and junked cars thrown up by Coke's supporters.
The article published on this day written by Ross Sheik in Kingston and Carolina Davies for The Guardian entitled Residents trapped inside of their homes also reports that 4 soldiers and police have been killed, 37 have been injured and more than 500 are held in a temporary detention centre at the National Stadium.
Witter says residents, trapped in their houses, were in desperate need of help. "They complained that they were bottled up inside the buildings that were cleared," he said. "There was no running water, bodily waste was stored in pails.
"In a section called Rasta City there were some 30 children, many of them toddlers, who needed particular care. In one case a mother was injured and taken to hospital and she left her 18-month-old son with no one in particular." 10℅ of Kingston is cordoned off
May 27 The Daily Mail reports 60 dead.
June During the week of Dudus's arrest, the Jamaica government offers $60, 000 for any information on his whereabouts.
June 22 Coke, disguised wearing a wig and women's clothes is arrested at a roadblock at Mandela Highway on the way to surrender at the US Embassy in Kingston.
2011 May Coke pleads not guilty to federal drug trafficking and weapons trafficking.
2011 August Coke pleads guilty to federal racketeering charges in connection with drug trafficking and assault/racketeering conspiracy for trafficking large quantities of marijuana and cocaine into the U.S. and conspiracy to commit assault in aid of racketeering, for his permission of stabbing of a marijuana dealer in New York City.
2012 June 8 Coke sentenced by Federal Court in New York to 23 years.
August 29 Notting Hill race riot Majbritt Morrison, a Sweedish woman, has an argument with her Husband Raymond at Latima Road underground station, a fight breaks out between Raymond's friends and some white people who attempt to intervene.
August 31 Majbritt is assaulted by a group of white youth.
A white mob begin attacking the houses of the West Indian residents on Bramley Road.
September 3 King is arrested, charged and jailed for loitering at courthouse during Abernathy case.
September 17 King’s book Stride Toward Freedom is published.
September 20 King is stabbed in the chest by mentally ill black woman with a letter open while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumsteins department store in Harlem.
October Du Bois, after regaining his passport, travels to Russia where he addressees the Afro-Asian Writers Conference held at the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre in Tashkent.
Randolph Youth Marches for Integrated Schools in Washington, DC.
1959 February 3 King travels to India, meets Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehrie.
March 2 Reverend Cladius Henry's Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren distribute 15, 000 tickets.
April Henry is held after raid.
May 7 Mornings a dispute occurred at the Coronation Market Spanish Town Road, Kingston between a bearded Ras Tafari gate keeper and a non Ras Tafari police man both employees of the KAC. According to informants the policeman was quickly assisted by other policemen and the Ras Tafari was severely drubbed in public.
According to the brethren the market vendors, who knew and were friendly to the beaten man proceeded to stone his assailants with vegetables and anything they could lay hand on.
Lorry a fire.
A fire bridgade turned up the brethren say the Ras Tafari proceeded to batter the police and set the van on fire, more police arrive and there was a general melee at the end of which, the police were fully in control and are said to havewen to the Back O Wall area where where many Ras Tafari live and there wreaking vengeance some had their houses broken up about 57 were arrested a fair number of beating are alleged to have taken place and many Locksmen were forcibly shaved.
August 1 9:00 holders of certificate (card) requested to visit Henry's Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren HQ at Rosalie Ave. off Waltham Park Road for Emancipation Jubilee. Please preserve this Certificate for removal. No passport will be necessary for those returning to Africa. Bring this Certificate with you for "identification " We are sincerely, "The Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren" gathering Israel's Scattered Children for removal, with our Leader God's Appointed and Anointed Prophet Rev C V Henry R R
October 3 Pioneering Israel's scattered Children of African Origin back home to Africa, this year 1959, deadline this new Government is God's Righteous Kingdom of Everlasting Peace on Earth. certificate.
November Henry's son Reynold Henry and US citizen Mitchell Swaby arrive in Jamaica from the United States.
November 30 Immigration officer and sergeant of police Frank Alfred Davis with two officers is sent to Cladius Henry’s at 78 Rosalie Avenue by the acting chief immigration officer to inform Henry that he is to report to the police HQ the next day.
Henry receives letter from Fidel Castro.
December 5 Henry holds meeting at his 78 Rosalie Avenue residence with two to three hundred present on the premises two men at the gate report in the Star newspaper on premises speaks of machine guns Manley 14, 000 and that trip to the United States thought he had gone to see his wife but he had been to Russia as well as to see the King of Kings.
Du Bois is awarded the International Lenin Peace Prize by the USSR.
X visits the United Arab Republic of Egypt/Syria, Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana.
King publishes his the meseaure of a man book including his what is man and The Dimensions of a complete life Sermons.
Count Ossie records Kumina Burru drumming for Prince Buster produced Oh Carolina by the Folkes brothers.
1960 Rupert Gabbidon orders Ras Tafarians Claude Beckford aka Thunder, R. Mac Donald and Gerald Scott to lay down on their faces then shots them.
June 22 Wednesday The Daily Gleaner.
Police and Military undercover Red Hills Rastafari arms cache DESPERADOES WITH RAPID FIRE GUNS KILL TWO ROYAL HAMPSHIRE SOLDIERS two other infantry men critically shot Gang of five, some bearded, hijack van, escape to Sligoville
PREMIER CALLS ON PUBLIC TO HELP
A COMBINED Police Military raid on Rastafarian camp in the Red Hills area, yesterday morning, was turned into a deadly ambush when five men attacked the raiding party from the rear and fled, leaving one soldier, a member of the Royal Hampshires, dead on the ground and three other members of the same unit critical wounded.
A second soldier died at Military Hospital at Up Park Camp last night and the other two wounded men were reported still on the danger list, particularly one, who was shot three times in the chest and once in the neck. Automatic weapons were used in the attack.
The surprise attack and casualties increased the tempo of the combined Police Military operations, in an area stretching all the way from Red Hills, through Ferry to the rugged hills of Sligoville, where the five desperadoes are said to be located.
They reached there after slipping through the Police and Military cordon in the Red Hills area and then headed for cover by commandeering at gun point a van owned by Wills Battery Company, and driven at the time by Mr. C. Staples, and shooting their way through a Police and Military road block along the Spanish Town Road, near Ferry.
SUBMARINE RUMOR
Yesterdays development follow a weekend filled with rumors of increased subversive activity in Jamaica, including stories that a strange submarine had landed arms on the North coast and that large quantities of arms had been secretly brought into the island. There was no confirmation by the authorities of these rumors.
The operations were described by the Premier, the Hon. Norman Manley, however, as "normal", in a broadcast to the people in which he appealed for the cooperation of citizens to assist the Government in protecting the good name of the country.
Up to Press time, Police and soldiers (of both the Royal Hampshires and the West India Regiment) had a widely stretched cordon around the entire area of operations, although in concentration in the Sligoville area; a heavy armed guard has been assigned to duty at the Sligoville home of the Hon. Willis O. Isaacs, Ministry of Trade and Industry; ad armed Police protection had been alerted at the homes of the Premier and other ministers of Government.
The combined Police and Military operation moved out to cordon off the Red Hills area early yesterday morning in order to take measures which were described by the Ministry of Home Affairs yesterday in the following words:
"The Military and Police operations now taking place are a continuation of the security measures being taken by the Government in places where it is suspected ganja and/or crude weapons are stored for activities similar to those which were discovered".
This is a reference to raids made in April by the Police on the African Reform Church premises of the Rev. Claudius Henry, Repairer of the Breach, now held without bail on a Treason Felony charge, and to raids by the Military and Police on Rastafarian camps in the Wareika Hill area.
The movement, which began around three o'clock yesterday morning, was directed against a Rastafarian camp the Police knew existed in the Red Hills area. The camp is located on the slopes of the hill overlooking approaches, and connect with Washington Boulevard. High level Police and Military conferences over the week end decided to move in on the camp.
ENCIRCLEMENT
The area was cordoned off during the dark, and at dawn the raiding party moved in. When they arrived there, however, it was empty. All that was found were dynamite, crude bombs and several sharp two edged cutlasses. A party of Hampshire Regiment soldiers was left at the camp while other member's of the raiding party began what was to be a day long combing of the area.
Details are not yet available, but around 11:30 a.m. yesterday the residents of the Red Hills area were startled by the sound of shooting from the bush.
According to an official release, five men, believed to have been among the occupants of the camp, made a surprise attack on the search party at the camp, shooting one fatally and wounding three others. One of them died later at Military Hospital.
The five men have been described as dressed in military style khaki clothing. Three of them were brown and two black; three were bearded fully, two appeared to be without beard, They were armed with long guns or automatic weapons, and one had a long revolver stack in the top of his trousers.
After they had escaped from the scene of the camp's disaster, they were next placed along the Spanish Town Road just below Ferry and a Police Military road block.
Here, two hundreds yards east of Ferry, they seized a Fod can belonging to Wills Battery Company at gun point, ejected the driver, crashed a Police cordon, shooting as they headed towards Spanish Town and Sligoville, A police van which was headed toward Kingston turned around to give chase and in turning went over the embankment.
On the way to Sligovile, people have told of being asked the way, by armed men in a car, and some at Cotton Piece, about five miles from Sligoville, said the men waved to them as they sped towards Sligoville. At Cedar Valley, two miles from Sligoville, the Ford van crashed into a telegraph pole as it attempted to negotiate a corner. The occupants fled the vehicle, carrying their weapons and amunition, and disappeared into the bush.
The Police and Military units are now concentrated in the area, having set up campaign headquarters at Mt. Moreland Postal Agency, about two miles from Sligoville. Two Police dogs are in the area to join the search, while a spotter plane overflew the Sligoville area all yesterday afternoon to assist the ground search for the wanted men.
Though alowed by darkness and difficult terrain, the search for the desperadoes went on through the night.
Shooting, then Screams from the bush
REVOR Wilfris, A 16 year houseboy who works about a quarter mile from thescene of the shooting, told the Gleaner that between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. some soldiers came to the house and took him down to the now defnnet Red Hills Country Club.
At the club they asked him if he knew where any Rastas lived. He told them he did not know, he had only seen them working on a nearby quarry, They returned him to the house shortly after.
While in the house, soldiers accompanied by policemen started moving toward an in the bush near the home.
Long after he heard shooting and screams. An officer shouted for some soldiers and stretchers. Two men were carried away on stretchers. The shooting lasted about 5 minutes.
Military h/q closed to visitors
FULL SECURITY measures were taken at Up Park Camp yesterday, which became closed to all visitors.
Inquiries at the Military Headquarters for the names of the members of the Hampshire Regiment killed and injured in yesterday’s raid on the Rastafari camp at Red Hills, produced no information. The names will not be released until the next of kin have been notified.
Meantime, units of the Hampshires have joined the West India Regiment units and the Police in the Sligoville Area in continuation of the search for the armed desperadoes wanted by the authorities.
Crash kills van driver
OLD ENGLAND Mr. June 21 (From out correspondent) ONE MAN was killed and another seriously injured in an accident on the Old England Brokenhurst main road shortly after noon today.
It is reported that a van owned by Blue Ribbon Bakery of May Pen, and driven by Mr. Dalton Sutherland, 26, of Four Paths, overturned while negotiating a corner, Mr. Sutherland was pinned down under the van and died on the spot.
Mr. James Ferguson, 40, a salesman who was travelling on the van, was seriously injured and was taken to the Mandeville Hospital.
Ten in hospital after bus plunge
THIRTEEN persons were injured yesterday when an Enterprise bus plunged down a 45 foot ravine into a river at Trinityville, St. Thomas.
UNIA appeal Help root out ‘evil menace
MR. RALSTON S. POWELL, Commissioner of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica (founded by Marcus Garvey) told the Gleaner last night he wished to send profound sympathy to the relatives and Army colleagues of the deceased and injured soldiers.
As a result of the shooting he said, well thinking citizens should aid the Police in rooting out the “evil menace in our midst”.
He wished to make clear that the UNIA did not tolerate such “un-Jamaican and un-democratic activities” and they were determined to help in whatever way they could to prevent any similar incident here.
Machine gun hold up ORDER:DRIVE US THROUGH
THE driver of the 1959 Ford pick-up belonging to Willis Battery Company, which was commandeered by five desperadoes on their way to the hills of Sligoville yesterday, described last night how the vehicle was taken from him.
The driver, Mr. Staples, said he was driving toward Spanish Town around noon.
At the bridge, just before reaching Ferry Police Station, five men, dressed in greenish uniforms resembling the uniforms of American soldiers, wearing what he believed to be false beards, and each holding what appeared to him to be a machine gun, suddenly appeared; standing in the road, causing him to stop the vehicle.
One man climbed in beside him, stuck a machine gun into his ribs and ordered him to “drive us through”. Four times he was ordered to do so, and four times he refused. He told them he must know what it was all about before he would drive them. The man refused to tell him; Meanwhile, the other four men had climbed in the pickup from the rear.
A police van approached from the opposite direction and there were exchanges of gun fire between the men and the police; one bullet struck the wind screen, breaking it. The man beside him called to one of the men behind. “You come an drive”. He then opened the van door and pushed him out on the road. Another man, he said came from the rear pushed him aside, climbed in and took the wheel. The motor had been left running and the desperadoes drove off, leaving the driver crouching on the road.
While on the ground, the driver saw the Police van trying to turn round to pursue the bandits, but in the manoeuvring, it went over into the ditch. He heard Police in the upset van, radio to all units a description of the stolen pickup.
The desperadoes threw out his “tool-pan” as they drove away.
A POLICE ROAD BLOCK on Spanish Town Road, at Duhaney Bridge, similar to that at Ferry through which the five desperadoes shot their way yesterday to escape into the rough, broken hilly terrain of Sligoville.
Troops move on Civil Servant’s home
THE HOME occupied in the Red Hills area by Mr. A, St. A. Clarke formerly Senior Statistician in the Civil Service, now attached to the Ministry of Finance, was involved yesterday morning in the security manoeuvres in that area by Military and Police units.
The security forces searching for Rastafarians, moved in on the house, situated some distance beyond the old Red Hills Country Club, about 7:00 yesterday morning and later in the morning and questioned Mr, Clarke. Soldiers were reported to have battered on the door.
At home at the time were Mr. Clarke, his wife and their seven year old son.
Mr. Clarke, who wears a beard, later lodged a complainant with the Ministry of Home Affairs.
He vacated his family from the home for the rest of the day.
Report unusual Rasta moves – Manley
THE Premier, the Hon Norman Manley, Q.C., made an appeal for the cooperation of citizens in reporting unusual movements of Rastafarians to the proper authorities, in a broadcast yesterday afternoon.
Mr. Manley was reporting to the island on yesterday’s incidents in the Red Hills and Sligoville areas:
He said:
“I want to say just a few words about the news that you have probably heard in regard to a raid made by the Police and a detachment of soldiers on a Rastafari camp in the Red Hills.
“I deeply regret that a soldier was shot and killed and three wounded.
“This was done by five of the men who had been in the camp, who managed to get hold of weapons and were shooting their way to escape. It seems that they feel upon the soldiers from the rear,
“This was just a normal raid that was being made on this camp where we discovered the sort of thing that we had found at Rosalie Avenue; we discovered dynamite and cutlasses and things like that.
Must End
“There is no need for anyone to get alarmed, but at the same time, everyone must realize that this wicked and mischievous activity must come to an end. These people and I am glad it is only a small number of them are wicked enemies of your country.
“They are doing your good name great harm, and it is tragic that this sort of thing should be happening just when we are on the verge of becoming an independent people.
“I want to ask every citizen to assist your Government in protecting the good name of your country. I want to ask you all to report any unusual movements you may see of Rastafari people whether they are going in ones or twos or in groups, wherever they suddenly appear in suspicious circumstances.
“I think you have a duty to do this. Make your report to the proper authority, if need be, to the nearest Police station. I promise you that anybody giving information along these lines will have his name kept absolutely secret and will be protected in every way, completely protected. We will do our duty, you do yours, and all will be well.”
Government sympathy to relatives of dead
Following is the text of an announcement made by the Ministry of Home Affairs yesterday afternoon on yesterday’s security measures by the police and the military and on developments:
“The Police and Military raid, mentioned in an earlier statement made by the Ministry of Home Affairs took place early this morning. A well prepared camp was discovered in the Red Hills area but when the raiding party moved in no one was there and it was evident that the camp though recently occupied had been abandoned.
“As we expected dynamite, crude home made bombs and other crude arms were discovered.
“At around 11:30 a.m. five persons, who are believed to have been amongst the occupants of the camp, made a surprise attack on members of the search party, shooting one fatally and wounding three others. These desperadoes then made their escape by commandeering a vehicle at gunpoint on the Spanish Town Road. Appropriate follow up action is proceeding.
Mischief
“Steps have already been taken to advise relatives of the soldiers who suffered casualty in the unfortunate incident, and the Government expresses its sympathy to their relatives.
“There is no doubt that a small element of the Rastafari movement is determined to make mischief and to do damage to the good name of this country. Government calls for the co operation of all law abiding citizens to help to put and end to this wicked conduct.
“Everyone is asked to bring to the attention of the Police authorities any evidence they have of the movements of these persons whether in twos or threes or in larger numbers or any suspicious activities by strangers that they may notice. Government guarantees that their reports will be kept secret and they will be fully protected.
“There is no need for alarm but we must put a stop to this business”
Two held; in ganja charge
DURING the Military operations at Sligoville, yesterday evening, the Police arrested, on a charge of having Ganja in their possession. The men are Gladstone Perkinsm 44, of 44 Seventh Street. Trench Town, and Samuel Tucker 39, of Maxfield Park settlement. They were taken in by Acting Corporal Grant of the Half Way Tree CID.
The soldiers, several hundreds of them, from both the Royal Hampshires and the West India Regiment, together with hundreds of Police armed with rifles, bren guns, sten guns, and light mortars, displaced themselves for an all nig combing of the area but up to the time of going to Press, had made no contact with the armed fugitives.
June 23 King has a private meeting with Democratic presidential candidate John F Kennedy.
July 26 Tuesday The Daily Gleaner.
Reynold Henry, Al Thomas, William Jeter and Howard Rollins found by military and police unit after 7 day manhunt whilst having fallen asleep in shop at Orange Grove in Sligoville, St. Catherine, Rollins is shot reaching for machine gun and later taken to Kingston Public Hospital by ambulance, Henry was as he tries to reach for a weapon is struck by a soldier with the butt of his rifle. taken to Central Police Station.
JAMAICA’S biggest manhunt came to an end just before dawn yesterday morning as four men Reynold Henry, Al Thomas, William Jeters and Howard Rollins, all American citizens were taken into custody by police and military units at Orange Grove, two miles out of Sligoville.
One man was shot. He is Howard Rollins, who the police say reached for a sub machine gun when the search party came upon them in a small dwelling house shop at Orange Grove. As he reached for the weapon, a soldier opened fire. Rollins is now under heavy guard in the Kingston Public Hospital.
The other three men three of the five whom military and police units have been searching for since last Tuesday are in the Kingston Police Station.
Hunger and sleep were the twin factors which led directly to the capture of the wanted men. The men woke up a lone shop keeper at Orange Grove, on Sunday night, demanded food and drinks and having had them fell asleep on the floor of his house. They were awakened just before 5 o’clock yesterday morning by police demands that they “come out with your hands up.” Rollins stirred and reached for the sub machine gun and was promptly shot by military and police guns trained in at a window and covering them as they lay sleeping on the floor.
The shooting was the signal for entry into the room. As the policemen and soldiers entered, Reynold Henry (son of the Rev. Claudius Henry, head of the African Reform Church, now held without bail on a charge of Treason Felony) reached for a gun. A soldier clubbed him to the floor with the butt end of his rifle.
Thus ended a chase and search which had occupied six days and which had begun at a Rastafarian Camp in Red Hills, where four Hampshire soldiers were shot two fatally and which had soread to the rugged hills and broken country of Sligoville. The police took into custody a sub machine gun and several small arms and a large quantity of ammunition.
IDENTIFICATION PARADE
The hunt ended just a few hours before the police had established that the three Rastafarians killed at the Red Hills camp, included among them the long wanted Claudius Beckford, otherwise called “Thunder.” They had all been shot in the head, allegedly on the orders of American nationals who had joined the camp at Red Hills. Before their deaths, Beckford and the two others Gerald Scott and R. McDonald whose bodies were discovered at Red Hills on Sunday were the leaders of the camp.
All four captured men are to be charged with murder in connection with the deaths of the two soldiers at Red Hills on Tuesday and evidence is being accumulated in connected with the death of the three men whose bodies were discovered on Sunday.
Three of them Henry, Jeters and Thomas will appear in the Half Way Tree Court tomorrow. An identification parade was held at the Central Police Station yesterday.
A police communiqué on the capture of the wanted men yesterday said:
At about 1.30 a.m. on the 27th June, a resident of Orange Grove reported to the Police that the four (4) wanted men had gone to his house and demanded food and drink, which he was forced to supply. They then went to sleep and this man contacted the police and military road block at Tredegar Park. As a result a small detachment was taken to watch the house and reinforcements were immediately called for from Sligoville. The reinforcements under Major D. F. Robinson 1 W. L. R. and Asst Supt. Of Police W. S. Howard left Sligoville and proceeded to the area.
A cordon was thrown around the house and at 5.00 a.m. a combined military and police unit moved in on the house. A window was broken by a W. I. B. Sergeant and a police man, who saw the four men lying on the floor. They were ordered out and one man subsequently identified as Howard Rollins attempted to reach the arms that were on the floor of the house. He was shot. Thereupon all the men surrendered to the police and army.
“The injured man was conveyed to the Kingston Hospital by a military doctor and ambulance unit.
“The other three men who are identified as Reynold T Henry, Al Thomas and William Jeters were send under escort to Police Headquarters, where they are detained.
“All four men are U.S. citizens. A quantity of arms and ammunition has been recovered.
“The Police are stil very anzious to interview the following persons:
Lawrence Thornwell RICHBURGH o/c Larry RECHBURGH, Mitchell Dunbar SWABY, Patrick Alnswirth GRANT, Qasim ABDULLAH, Phillip STEVENSON, David AMBRISTER, o/c David KENYATTA, Eldrid Zinton Emanuel MORGAN o/c ‘REX’, Donald Masou Harper, Titus DAMONS, George Junoir DAMONS, All WATUSIE o/c WATTUSEY, Jospeh Lee WILLIAMS o/c William JOSEPH, Sethi AMENEN HAT.”
MILITARY WITHDRAW
At a Press Conference yesterday morning, the Commissioner of Police, Mr. L. P. R. Browning, Lieut. Col. David Smith, Commanding Officer of W.I.R., Major Dunstan Robinson, of WIR, Mr. A. G. Langdon, Assistant Commissioner of Police and Captain D. Prothero, of the Royal Hampshires attended.
Mr. Browning paid tribute to the military, whose action in the operation was absolutely first class, he said.
A skeleton force of police had been left in the area but all military personnel have been withdrawn.
Mr. Browning stressed the fact that public support is still required even though the fugitives have been arrested,
Asked about the arrival of the fugitive s into the island Mr. Browning said that the time of arrival was doubtful.
Lt. Col. Smith said in reply to a question that the ammunition found on the men was not from the local military.
Taking part in the seven day man hunt were 400 military personnel and 100 police.
United States Consul Mr. Robert McGregor was kept informed of the situation up the the arrest yesterday morning, Mr. Browning told the Press Conference.
A reward of £1,200 will be paid today to the shopkeeper at Bamboo whose information to the police led to the arrest of the four fugitives.
Premier commends Police, Military
THE police and the military have been commended by the Premier, the HON. Norman Manley, Q.C., for their work in the manhunt which ended yesterday.
In letters sent to Brigadier Derek Lister, Commander Caribbean Area, and Mr. L. P. R. Browning, Commissioner of PolIce, yesterday, Mr. Manley said:
“Brigadier Lister, Please accept and convey to the commanding officers and all other ranks of the Hampshire Regiment and the West India Regiment the thanks of the Government of Jamaica for their devoted services in the recent troubles which have been brought to a successful conclusion today.
The Government of Jamaica repeats its sincere regrets and (Continued On PAGE 14)
‘Thunder’ one of the dead Rastafarians
CALVERT Claude Beckford, otherwise called “ Thunder” and wanted by the police on a Treason Felony charge since April, when the Rev. Claudius Henry was taken into custody on a similar charge, was one of the three men whose bodies were recovered from a grave at Red Hills on Sunday.
The two other dead men found in the grave were Gerald Scott and R. McDonald, also members of the Rastafarian Cult and members of the Ethiopian Coptic or Reform Church, headed by the Rev. Claudius Henry.
Postmortem examination yesterday morning settled the cause of their deaths. They were all shot in the head.
The police believe that the manner of their deaths was in the nature of execution and on the instructions of American nationals who had taken over command of the camp at Red Hills, where Beckford had been in hiding and where all three were up to recently the leaders of the cultists who occupied the camp.
Soldiers of the Royal Hampshire Regiment digging for weapons at the abandoned Rastafarian Camp at Red Hills on Saturday discovered a recent grave. Expecting to unearth one body a police and military search party visited the on Saturday morning and dug up not one body but three.
First indications were that the man had been strangled or hanged. Marks conforming with such a theory were found around their necks. A postmortem examination yesterday revealed the true cause. They had been shot at close quarters through the head.
Rastas identified
All Jamaicans, the dead Rastafarians were identified yesterday by other Rastafarians who were rounded up by the police yesterday and Sunday.
A police release on this matter said yesterday:
“It is now believed that the three men buried near the abandoned Rastafarian Camp in Red Hills woods are (1) Gerald Scott, (2) C. C. Beckford, and (3) R. McDonald. All these men were members of the Ethiopian Coptic Church and followers of the Rev. C. V. Henry. It is understood that these men were murdered on instructions from foreign members of the camp.” (Continued On PAGE 14)
HE CALLED FORCES WHILE MEN SLEPT
MR. SEPTIMUS HIGGINS, 46, the shopkeeper in whose house the four wanted men were held, yesterday told how he was forced to give them food and drink from his shop and was finally able to summon the security forces when the men went to sleep on the floor of his house.
The wanted men were held at Orange Grove yesterday morning between Tredegar Park and Sligoville by a detachment of policemen and members of “B” company of the West India Regiment.
Mr. Higgins said that at about 7.30 Sunday night four men came in his yard and called to him.
Reynold Henry said to him: “We are in trouble, we are out from Tuesday gone and we got nothing to eat. What do you have in the shop?”
Pot on fire
He said he told them that he had nothing save for “little flour, fish and oil” The four men went in the one room building used as a kitchen and sleeping quarters, made a fire and put a pot of the fire.
They went in the shop, took four bottles of aerated water from a shelf and drank one each.
Mr. Higgins said he gave them flour, codfish and oil, and the men helped prepare it.
The men made dumplings from the flour, cooked and ate them. Then they took off their clothing which were wet wrung them and placed them over cross sticks by the fire to dry.
Mr Higgins said they showed him their guns, saying, “These are for all those who set hands against us.” They put them on the floor.
They next asked for a cro (Continued On PAGE 14)
June 30 Thursday The Daily Gleaner.
ARRESTED AMERICANS EXCEPT ONE IN HOSPITAL TAKEN BEFORE HALFWAY TREE COURT FOUR CHARGED WITH MURDER OF SOLDIERS three also accused of slaying of Rastafarians.
As the round the clock search continues for five men wanted for questioning by the police two Jamaicans and three Americans three of the four men held in the Orange Grove section of the Sligoville area on Monday morning were taken before the Half Way Tree Court yesterday and charged with murder of two soldiers at the Red Hills Rastafarian camp and also with the murder of three Rastafarian members of the camp on June 15.
The men Reynold Henry, son of the Rev. Claidius Henry, head of the African Reform Church who has been held without bail since April, with 15 of his followers, on a charge of Treason Felony Al Thomas and William Jeters were taken to the Court under heavy military and police guards.
They were taken to the Court in a truck in which sat members of the West India Regiment with fixed bayonets and armed members of the police force. Leroy Malachai, an American, held earlier was also taken before the Court.
They were formally charged before His Honour Mr. Donald Eccleston, with the murder of 5 persons, two soldiers Brian Mettherell and David Philpott, privates of the Royal Hampshite Regiment, and three Rastafarians Calvert Beckford, otherwise called "Thunder," R. McDonald and Geral Scott.
Mettherell and Philpott were killed following a combined military-police operation on the Rastafarian camp at Red Hills on Tuesday last week, a development which led to the island's largest manhunt and the bodies of Beckford, McDonald and Scott were discovered by the police in a single grave at the Red Hills camp on Sunday. They had been shot in the head, eight to twelve days previously according to medical evidence. Other charges against the wanted men, as also against Leroy Malachai, who was held last week in premises at Duff Street (and who was charged last week with the murder of the two soldiers) and against Howard Rollins, otherwise called Quasim Abdullah (now recovering in the Kingston Public Hospital from a bullet wound on Monday morning) are being prepared by Mr. Huntley Monroe, Crown Counsel, who was been assigned to the police in connection with the preparation of the cases.
SOLDIERS ON EITHER SIDE
The five men wanted by the police Gabidon, Eldrid Morgan, Jamaicans, Larry Heckburg or Lawrence Richburg, David Ambrister or David Kenyatta and Titus Damon, Americans, were apprehended up to late last night. Rewards of 300 each have been offered for information leading to their detention.
The four men (including Leroy Malachai) were brought to the Half Way Tree police station yesterday in a truck which was escorted by a police car.
The accused sat in the middle of seat boards placed in the truck with soldiers on, either side of them. An English officer attached to the West India Regiment faced Henry and held a revolver trained on him. All the soldiers and policemen in the vehicle carried rifles.
The procedure was repeated on the return trip to the Central Polce Station.
Handcuffed and barefooted and wearing dirty shirts and pants two with shirts unbuttoned and one wearing his shirt capelike across his shoulders, the three men taken to court were marched into court by soldiers of the West India Regiment carrying rifles with fixed bayonets. Members of the police force with batons also guarded the men.
Before the Court were Reynold Henry, 26-year old mechanic, a United States citizen of Jamaican birth; Al Thomas, 26 year old American labourer and William Jeters, 23-year old American electronics engineer. They are charged with being concerned together with Howard Rollins, otherwise called Quasim Abdullah, captured on Monday and now in the hospital suffering from a gunshot wound, Gabidon and Eldrid Morgan, still at large, that on June 15, in the Red Hills woods of St. Andrew they murdered Gerald Scott, Calvert Beckford and R. McDonald.
The second count against Henry, Jeters and Thomas charged them with being concerned with Abdullah on June 21 at the Red Hills woods with the murder of Brain Mettherell and David Philpott two privates of the Royal Hampshire Regiment.
The men were remanded in custody until July 6, Leroy Malachai, 26-year-old carpenter of Brooklyn, New York, who is also charged in connected with the murder of the two soldiers and with unlawful possession of unlicensed firearms and several rounds of ammunition was also brought into Court and remanded in custody until July 6.
Rollins charged, convicted and sentenced to death for robbery and murder of Champion House club and bar Lyndhurst Road and Maxfield Avenue, St. Andrew.
Charged with seven counts of murder, tried, convicted and sentenced to death hanged on the gallows at St. Catherine District Prison.
September X attends the United Nations General Assembly where he meets Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambian African National Congress and Fidel Castro of Cuba all of who invite him to their nations. as travels to Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana.
October 1 The Daily Gleaner.
JURY TAKES FOUR HOURS RETIRES THREE TIME BEFORE RETURNING VERDICT
REYNOLD HENRY, GABBIDON, MORGAN, JETER TO HANG
Damons, Rollins, Thomas acquitted
COURTROOM CROWDED, THOUSANDS OUTSIDE
THE death sentence was passed last night on four of the seven persons charged with the murder of Gerald Scott after a jury sitting until 7.45 o’clock and retiring three time had found them guilty of murder.
Sentenced by the Chief Justice to be hanged were Reynold Henry, 26, Eldred Morgan, 22, William Jeter 23, and Albert Gabbidon, 23, at the conclusion of a ten day trail.
George Domons, Howard Rollins and Al Thomas were acquitted of the charge.
When sentence of death was passed by Sir Colin MacGregor Henry, who during the trail was referred to as the “Commander” at the Camp in Red Hills woods where Scott was shot shrugged his shoulders, struck an unlighted cigarette in his mouth and leaning over to his Counsel, Mr. W. B. Frankson said “you tried your best. You did a dam dine job”.
William Jeter turned to his Counsel, Miss Gladys Morrison and smiled broadly from the oversized prisoners dick which had been built specially to accommodate the accused.
Morgan and Gabbidon stared straight at the Chief Justice.
A packed No.1 Home Circuit Courtroom, many of the occupants having arrived at the Court from 8 o’clock that morning, and eat lunch in the building listened in dead stillness to the verdict.
Outside, thousands of people waited in the dark to hear the outcome and to see the accused when they were being taken from the Courtroom.
The charge against the men followed the discovery in the Red Hills woods if three men buried in a single grave. The three men were identified as Gerald Scott, Calvert Beckford, otherwise called “Thunder”, and R. McDonald, all Rastafarian cultists.
Jury retires first time
Evidence led by the Crown during the trail was that the three men were among five found guilty of “treason” by the accused, ordered to lie down on their faces and shot by the accused Albert Gabbidon. Two of the men were granted a last minute reprieve by the accused and one of these, Alvin Irving, was the chief witness for the Crown.
Ten witnesses gave evidence for the Crown during the hearing and all of the accused with the exception of Henry and Rollins entered the witness box and gave evidence on theor own behalf.
Yesterday the Chief Justice finished his address to the jury which he began on Thursday afternoon and at 2.50 p.m. the jury returned for the first time.
While they were out Henry sat reading a STAR, and Gabbidon sat wiping his face with a handkerchief. At the time Mr, United States Vice Consul who has been watching the trail on behalf of the United States Government, chatted with Henry.
AT 6.40 p.m. two hours after they had been out, the jury returned and asked further directions from the Chief Justice on the question of common design. After retiring once more the twelve men returned to the Courtroom and the foreman, Mr. Stanley Prendergast, informed the Court that they were unable to agree on a decision with respect to all the prisoners.
They were offered ten minutes more time by the Chief Justice, left and returned to the Courtroom at 7.35 four hours after they had first retired: In a packed courtroom that was momentarily stilled the foreman delivered the verdict making recommendation of mercy in respect of the condemned Morgan and Jeter.
Three removed from dock
The Chief Justice ordered the accused who had been acquitted to be taken from the dock and after the black cap was placed on his head, addressing the remaining four said: “After two weeks of very patient and careful hearing and after hours of consideration the jury have come to a verdict guilty of murder against all four of you.
“In regard to Morgan and Jeter, I have noted the recommendations for mercy, the recommendations I will forward to His Excellency the Governor with such recommendations as I see fir to add.
The sentence of the Court on each one of you is that you suffer death in the manner authorised by Law.
When the prisoners were taken from the dock the Judge told the jury of Stanley Prendergast, Eleuterious Kirkland, Peter Nelson, Charles Phillips, Eric Smith, Audley Renwick, Walter Tomlinson, Vincent Rose, Lorenzo Parkes, John Archer, George Roman and Winston Parris, that he was discharging them from jury service for the next five years.
Outside when they were being transported from the Court, Henry and Gabbidon waved to the crowd of thousands that gathered in the precincts of the Court to see them.
In the trail Mr W B Frankson appeared for Henry, Miss Gladys Morrison for Rollin and Jeter, Mr Dennis McFarlane for Albert Gabbidon Mr W B Wilkie for Al Thomas and Mr Basil Rowe for Eldred Morgan and Titus Damons.
Mr Huntley Monroe Crown Councel and Mr L L Robotham Crown Councel, led the evidence for the Crown.
Mr V O Malcome. Deputy Registar of the Supreme Court, was Registar to the Court.
Yesterday during part of the proceedings Mr Robert Mac Gregor United States Consul General was oresent in Court
(Continued on PAGE 13)
Trail of Claudius Henry begins on Monday
THE Rev. Claudius Henry, founder of the African Reform Church and 15 of his followers, charged jointly with reason felony, go on trail Monday in the No. 1 Home Circuit Court.
Mr. Justice Duffus will preside.
Mr. Huntley Monroe, Crown Councel and Mr L. L. Robotham, Crown Councel, will lead the evidence for the prosecution.
Mr. Peter Evens, who appeared for the accused at the preliminary inquiry, will represent them at the trail.
October King is arrested at sit in at Rich's department store in Atlanta and is sentenced to 4 months hard labor for violating a suspended sentence he received for a 1956 traffic violation.
October 27 King is released on a $2, 000 bond.
Howell is arrested for Ganja at Tredegar Park, Spanish Town and sent to Bellevue.
November Du Bois attends the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African Governor of Nigeria.
King publishes his autobiography.
1961 January 17 Patrice Lumumba is murdered.
February 6 The edifice of Africa Hall is named by the Emperor who dedicates it to the service of the African people.
March 29 Wednesday The Daily Gleaner.
CONDEMNED MEN ACCEPT CHRISTIAN MINISTRATION IN DEATH CELL
HENRY, GABBIDON HANGED
Pastor says Reynold finally accepted ‘God was love, not hate’
GARVEY HIS LAST WORD
‘THE LORD IS MY LIGHT’ GABBIDON
AFTER SEVERAL penitent session with Christian Ministers, Reynold Henry and Albert Gabbidon walked to the gallows at 8.30 o’clock yesterday morning, paying the price for the murder of one of three Rastafarians 10 months ago near Red Hills.
“I die for Marcus Garvey,” were the last words of Henry, a naturalized American, aged 27, and son of the Rev. Claudius Henry, now serving a ten year term for treason felony.
“The Lord is my light,” said Gabbidon as he stood on the platform waiting for hangman Alan Whonder to pull the lever at St. Catherine Prison, Spanish Town.
Taking his forty second walk to the gallows beside condemned men, Rev. J. J. Carter Henry, Baptist Pastor, administered the last sacrament to the two.
Two Sister sof Mercy visited Henry last Monday afternoon and, as a result, Fr. T Curran, S.J. OF Spanish Town went to Death Row later in the day and gave Henry final Roman Catholic rites. The Sisters said they consoled and tried to strengthen Henry who was very penitent.
The sisters remembered Henry who attended a Roman Catholic school during his youth in Jamaica.
Henry also saw an Anglican Minister Rev. J. D. Gentle of Spanish Town.
Shorty before they started the seven yard trek to the gallows, Henry shouted; “Morgan, Jeter I will meet you at 8:30 in the morning.” (today).
Gabbidon said; “Morgan, Quasim (meaning Howard Rollins who is also in Death Row) remember tomorrow before you die to say Lord have mercy on my soul.”
Henry’s parting words to his comrades were: “Today I shall be in Paradise.”
A few minutes before he had sighed: “I feel like committing suicide.”
NEAR FINAL DAY
Policemen patrolled the area around the prison as a crowd of about 500 grew restless on the main road nearby. A stirring hush indicated the 8:30 date with death, and several women cried openly as a prison warden pinned the death notice on the public side of the concrete wall signifying that Mr. George E. Morris, Superintendent of Prison, witnessed the hanging and Dr. G. A. McKenzie certified the end.
Rev. Carter Henry held a Press conference at his home 10 minutes after the execution. He said Henry was an atheist at first. He believed that the white men went to stole the lands of his forefathers and gave the Bible in exchange.Rev. Carter Henry added that Henry maintained his chief aim in returning to Jamaica was to gather an army to liberate Africa. He meant no harm to any one in the island.The middle aged pastor said Henry accepted God as the final day approached, after he had been told that God was love, not hate.He said Henry recited John 3:16 , inserting his name: “For God so loved this world that He gave His only begotten Son that I Reynold Henry shall not perish but shall have everlasting life.”“He was loyal to himself.” Rev Carter Henry said, solemnly.The pastor produced a sheet of paper on which he said Henry wrote; “Through Him I shall not die, I am fortunate; I can be no more resolute. No more! Thank God for His love and thank you too Rev. Carter. I am sorry I never met you before.”Henry then recited the passage from John and everyone sang the Hymn: “ There is no dark valley where Jesus comes to gather His loved ones.Jeter, Morgan follow todayEldred Morgan, a Jamaican and William Jeter, an American will be hanged today at 8:30 a.m. at the St. Catherine District Prison also for the murder of Gerald Scott.They were found guilty at the same trail as Reynold Henry and Albert Gabbidon of taking part in a common design to kill Scott.Yesterday morning the two men each had one scalded egg, one poached egg, two slices of toast and a cup of tea. They then smoked mentholated cigarettes, maintaining calm composure as eight strong wardens ried their hands. Then, blindfold, they were led to the gallows.Henry weighed 188 lbs, Gabbidon 162. On a signal from Mr. G .A. McKenzie, the Director of Prisons, the hangman pulled the lever. The platform collapsed.(Continued on PAGE 20)
April 4 The Mission to Africa sent by the government of Jamaica leave. The Mission compromised of 9 men Mortimer Planno, representing the Ras Tafari movement, Bro Douglas Mac and Bro Filmore Alavarana, Rases from Eastern and Central Kingston, Mr. Westmore Blackwood of the UNIA, Dr. M. B. Douglas of the Afro Carribean League, Mr. Cecil George Gordon of the Ethiopian World Federation Inc. advisers Dr. L. C. Leslie, former Mayor of Spanish Town, medical practitioner and leader of the Mission and Mr. Victor Reid, journalist and author.
The Mission was sent to Africa to investigate the potential intake of emigrant's the Mission and include in its report the economy of each of the countries visited.
April 4 The Mission leaves Kingston for New York. The Mission spend 2 day at Hotel Theresa on 5th Avenue and are met at the Idlewilde Airport by members of the Ethiopian World Federation, UNIA and other Back to Africa Movements in New York.
They visit the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in New York, the HQ of the Ethiopian World Federation, New York and also visit the U.N.O. Buildings but are unsuccessful in obtaining sears in the balcony of its general assembly.
April 6 Thursday 21.30 The Mission leaves New York for London.
April 7 Friday 8.30 The Mission arrives in London. They stay at Hotel Londoner and visit the Ethiopian Embassy, the French Embassy and the Ghanaian Embassy to get visas for entry. They visit the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey.
April 14 15.40 The Mission leave London for Khartoum via Rome
April 15 04.10 The Mission arrive in Khartoum and at 4.30 leave for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The Mission arrive at Haile Selassie I airport via Asmara, Mack and Alvarange met 4 Ethiopian Orthodox Priests who fly with them to Addis Ababa.
April 16 Sunday 9.35 The Mission arrives at Addis Ababa on Ethiopian Airlines where they are met by Ato Getanen Haile Mariam, Chief of English and Commonwealth Department in the Ministry of Foereign Affairs, Waizaro Maize of the Ministry of Education.
The Mission visit His Holiness Abuna Basilios of the Ethiopia Orthodox Church.
April 17 visit Her Imperial Majesty Empress Menen handicraft and technical school for girls and boys where they see hand weaving of wool, cotton, working in gold and silver, carpentry, joinery, cabinet making and wood carving.
April 18 Tuesday The Missions meet with the Emperor is postponed until they meet more Government Ministers. They visit the Lions Den next to the Imperial Palace which contained 21 Lions.
April 19 The mission visit the Co operative Farm at Awasa and on the way stop at Shesshaminane, the land granted to the people of the, about 200 km from Addis.
April 20 The mission fly's by Ethiopia Airlines Special Charter Flight to Jimma in the province of Kaffa.
April 21 Planno, Doulas Mac and Alavarana meet the Emperor at the Imperial palace, Alvarana presents a carved wooden sculpture of a map of Africa and a painting of the Emperor, Brother Mac presents photographs taken of Ras Tafari brethren, and a painting of Navy island (Errol Flynn Island), Planno presents a ites gold and green scarf woven by he himself, a painting of the Emperor in his military uniform painting by Sporty Green.
April 22 The mission visits the Ministry of the Interior the Minister welcomes the delegation and says that.
In the afternoon to his residence where they have tea and honey.
April 23 Sunday 10.30 The Mission leaves Haile Selassie I Airport on Ethiopian Airlines for Lagos, Nigeria via Khartoum. The Mission stay at Ikeja Airport Hotel and go to the Federal Palace Hotel in Lagos.
22.30 The Mission arrives at Ikeja Airport by Ethiopia Airlines where they are met by Mr. Babatunde Harper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other officials and stay 2 days at Ikeja Airport Hotel.
April 24 Monday The Mission visit the Oba Adele, King of Lagos and in the afternoon visit the Yaba industrial estate.
April 26 Wednesday The Mission meet Nnamdi Azikiwe at State House in Lagos and also attend as ice show in Lagos as Azikiwe’s guests.
April 27 Thursday Sierra Leone gains its independence and the mission visits the furniture factory at Village also the Defacto Bread Factory Surelereat Yabba and drive around Ikoyi Village.
April 29 Saturday The Mission drives by car to Ibadan from Lagos and are accommodated at Green Sorings Hotel.
10.00 The Mission call on the Head of Service and Chief Secretary, and then the meet Acting Premier of Ibaddan Oba C. D. Akran in the Premier;s office.
13.00 A luncheon is held by the Government in honor of the Mission and in the afternoon they tour the University of Ibadan.
18:30 whilst in the city of Ibadan in Western Nigeria the Mission attend a cocktail party held in their honor by the West Indian residents at the home of Secretary General D. A. R. Alexander a Saint Lucian and Mrs. Alexander a Jamaican.
April 30 The mission drive to Illora farm settlement, 50 miles from Ibadan.
May 1 Monday 9:00 The Mission leave Ibadan by Nigerian Airlines for Kaduna in the north.
11:55 The mission arrive at Kaduna Airport and stay at Catering Rest House.
May 2 The Mission meets the deputy secretary to the Premier S.A.S. (S.D.S.) Premier office in the afternoon legislative and the Kaduna Textile Plant which employs 1, 600 workers.
May 3 The mission drives by car to the city of Zaria about 69 miles from Kaduna. Zaria is an ancient city with a wall of stone and mud all around it, the mission also visits.
May 4 Thursday 1.50 The Mission arrive in Enugu in the east by Nigerian Airlines, they stay at Catering Rest House and in the evening are invited to dinner by Dr Michael Okapard, Premier of Eastern Nigeria at the Premiers Lodge.
May 8 Monday 16.20 The Mission arrives in Accra, Ghana by Nigeria Airlines and stay at the Ambassador Hotel.
May 9 19.00 The Mission attend a reception held in their honor at the Ambassador Hotel where they meet the chiefs from various states in Ghana including 92 year old Nii Amoo Nakwa II Obtobolum Mensta the oldest chief in Ghana and also meet 2 Rastafarians brethren from Jamaica, Jackie Payne a compositor working at the Guenis press in Accra and another brother a machinist working at the Osageyfo Builders Brigade.
May 10 The Mission meets Nkrumah at Flagstaff House.
Nkrumah appoints a special committee to talk with the mission.
May 11 The Mission visits Tena Harbour, the home of the Black Star Line, 20 miles from Accra.
May 12 The mission visit a botanical garden and rest house and are given some seeds to suck which makes everything they eat taste sweet.
May 13 The mission visits the museum at Accra.
May 15 11:59 p.m. The mission leaves Ghana for Liberia.
May 16 1.00 am The Mission arrive in at Robertsfield airport in Liberia by PAA and drive through miles Firestone rubber plantations on the way to Ducor Palace Hotel in Monrovia where they stay.
May 18 The Mission meets President Tubman at his office, the majority report mentions the 1955 law which was enacted to "authorise the President to make arrangements for the care of immigrants to Liberia" enriched by a provision granting the issuing of free lands to immigrants, plus 3 months free housing to encourage immigration and for a bias to farmers, unmarried settlers recieve 10 acres of farm land and 1 town lot, married settlers receive 25 acres of farm land and 1 town lot.
Tubman speaks of Garvey and recalls his own state visit to Jamaica, says that Jamaica is overpopulated and needs easement, speaks of the founding of the republic and the immigration laws which have existed since then which permit people of African descent from the West Indies.
The foreign secretary, Mr. Grimes, who is of West Indian decent is also present at the meeting. The President also mentions Jamaicans Barnes, Corniffe, building contractor Clifford Brown and Miss Ethelda James, the country's first female Diamond miner as some of the West Indians who have contributed to Liberia.
1921 March 7 President C. D. B. King of Liberia arrives in New York as head of the United States Liberian Plenary Commissione to negotiate loan; 5 man UNIA welcoming delegation pays greeting call at Waldorf Astoria Hotel.
March 18 UNIA mission arrives in Monrovia.
March 22 UNIA delegates to Liberia hold official interview with Liberia’s acting president.
April UNIA delegates in Liberia stop "construction work" temporarily because of lack of funds.
Rev. F. Wilcom Ellegor, UNIA high commissioner meets with President C.D.B. King in Washington D.C., regarding UNIA Liberia construction loan.
1924 January
The delegation was led by Henrietta Vinton Davis and also included Princeton education Robert Piston and UNIA new attorney Milton Van Lowe.
1815 Cuffe arrives at Sherbrooke Island in present day Sierra Leone with 88 African Americans, the first.
1816 December The American Colonization Society is established.
1820 The ship Elizabeth sails from New York to Sierra Leone and Liberia with 88 emigrants.
and 22 emigrants die within 3 weeks from yellow fever and of the 4, 571 emigrants brought to Liberia between this year and 1843 only 1, 819 survive.
1821 Lt. Robert Stockton points a pistol to King Peter's head and King Peter sells Cape Mersurado.
1822 January 7 The emigrants brought to Sherbrooke Island by Cuffe are taken to Cape Mersurado by another ship and there they establish the city of Christopolis.
1824 The city of Christopolis is renamed Monrovia after President James Monroe.
1825 King Peter and other Kings sign a treaty with Ashmun granting land and are given 3 barrels of rum, 5 caskets
1829 March Jamaican John Brown Russworm co founder of the first African American owned newspaper, "Freedoms Journal" emigrates from the U. S. to Liberia.
1830 Russwurm found employment as the colonial secretary for the American Colonization Society serving from until 1834 and also worked as the editor of the Liberia Herald and served as the superintendent of education in Liberia's capital, Monrovia.
1836 Russwurm becomes the first black governor of the Maryland in Africa colony which was annexed Liberia in 1857.
1845 The ACS draft a constitution at a convention held in Monrovia.
1847 Liberia delcares its independence becoming an independent and sovereign Republic using the constitution.
1848 January 3 Joseph Jenkins Roberts is elected Liberia's first president.
1850 Edward Wilmot Blyden at age 18 emigrates to Liberia after unsuccessfully enrolling in Rutgers Theological College as well as 2 other theological colleges in the U.S.
Blyden had made the trip to the U.S. with the wife of John P. Knox, pastor of St. Thomas Protestant Dutch Reformed Church.
The state of Virginia begin to put aside $30, 000 every year until 1855 to support emigration.
Blyden edits the Liberia Herald and writes the column "A Voice From Bleeding Africa".
1859 May Martin Delany, whos own paternal descent was that of Goan sails from New York to Liberia where he and chiefs in the Abeokuta region make an agreement similarly to for to unused land.
Earlier that same year Delany had published parts of Blake: Or The Huts of America in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s "Uncle Tom’s Cabin", in which he criticized for inaccurately portraying the slaves as too passive although for cruelty of Southern slave owners, the first half of part one is serialised in The Anglo-African Magazine between January to July.
1860 Delany leaves Liberia for England and there he is honoured by the International Statistical Congress, and returns to America shortly.
1835 Delany attends the National Negro Convention in Philadelphia.
1843 Delany begins publishing The Mystery black newspaper, his articles and writings are reprinted in William Lloyd Garrisons "The Liberator" and also meets and marries Catherine A. Richards Pittsburgh.
1846 Delany is sued $650 for libel by an African American, Fiddler Johnson, who he accused in The Mystery newspaper of being a slave catcher.
1847 Delany meets Douglass and Garrison whilst they are in Pittsburgh on an anti-slavery tour and helps to put together Douglass’s first abolitionist newspaper "the North Star", printed from the basement of the Memorial African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Rochester, New York.
Delanys eulogy for Rev. Fayette Davis is widely redistributed.
Delany recruits for the Union Army. His son Touissant Louverture Delany serves with the 54th regiment.
1848 July Delany reports in the North Star that the jury in the Crosswait trial were instructed by U.S. District Court Justice John McLean to make it a punishable offence for a citizen to thwart those trying to “repossess” an alleged runaway slave, and as a result influences abolitionist Salmon P. Chase to remove McLean as a candidate of the Free Soil Party for the Presidency.
1850 Delany becomes one of the first of three black men to attend Harvard Medical School but is dismissed in after a few weeks on account of a race complaint from white students.
1852 Delany publishes his The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered.
1854 Delany publishes The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men.
Delany, in the second Cholera outbreak stays behind in Pittsburgh to treat patients whilst many leave the city.
August Dealany leads the National Emigration Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
and publishes his “Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent”.
1856 Delany moves his family to Chatham, Ontario, Canada.
1861 Delanys second part of part one series is published in Weekly Anglo African Magazine, he also prepares to embark Abeokuta but abandon plans abolition
Delany begins recruiting black men for the Union Army Rhode Island, Connecticut and Ohio raising thousands of enlistees many joining the new United States Coloured Troops, his son serving in the 54th regiment, writes to secretary of war Edwin Stanton
179, 000 black men enlisting in the U.S. Coloured Troops making up almost 10% of those serving in the Union army.
1865 February Delany meets Abraham Lincoln and proposes the creation of a Corps of black men led by black officers to attract blacks in the south.
Delany becomes the first black line field officer in the U.S. Army as well as the only black officer to receive commission of the highest rank of Major during the Civil War.
April 14 Delany invited to the War Department ceremony in Charleston, South Carolina, attending with Robert Vesey son of hanged black abolitionist, Denmark Vesey in ship named the Planter former slave Robert Smalls, Major Genral Robert Anderson Fort Sumter 1861, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Senator Warner speak, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson and abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher.
1861 Blyden becomes professor of Greek and Latin at Liberia College and becomes Liberian Secretary of State.
1877 Delany became chairman of the Liberian Exodus Joint Steamship Company finance committee they bought the 400 ton ship Azor.
1878 The following year the company made the voyage from Charleston to Monrovia with captain Harrison N. Bouey.
Blyden serves as President of Liberia College for 4 years.
1887 Blyden publishes his Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race.
1895 17 years later Bishop Henry Mc. Turner was responsible for two ships with 500 emigrants sailing to Liberia in 1895 and 1896.
The year after he also received James Mata Dwane of South Africa along with H. B. Parks and J. S. Flipper.
Dwane previously a South African Methodist Minister had left the Methodist Church to join the Ethiopian Church of Mangena Mokone in the same year and was also the founder of the Order of Ethiopia in the Anglican Church.
May 21 Sunday 14:05 The mission leaves Liberia by Air Liban for Freetown, Sierra Leone.
14:05 The mission arrive in Sierra Leone and are met at Queen Elizabeth II Quay in Freetown by representives of Government attended by the Parliamentary Secretary for External Affairs and his permanent Secretary.
The mission meets Prime Minister Dr. Sir Milton Margai at his office in Freetown.
The majority report mentions the Trelawny maroons from the parish of St. James in Jamaica who fought the British in 1795 in what is known as the second maroon war and were sent to Nova Scotia then to Sierra Leone some of the most well known of these maroons are John Jarret, Charles Samuel and his brother Captain Andrew Smith and Montague James.
August 3 A Council of War was held in Spanish Town at which martial law was declared.
"the members of which, considering the flying reports that Frenchmen and people of colour were conspiring with the Maroons, the danger of suffering the departure of troops ready to sail to St. Domingo, and the necessity of justifying Lord Balcarres in detaining them, concurred in opinion that it was requisite to establish martial law; which was accordingly proclaimed."
August 5 Balcarres on arriving at Landoverly orders the 6 Maroons captains into irons.
Correspondence send six Maroon Captains obtain passports from General Palmer Major James and son to go to Spanish Town and to the Governor. Balcarres Caskell to report to Spainish Town.
The six Maroons captains at Landoverly St. Ann half way between Trelawny and Spanish Town apprehended by the Commander of the militia and made to wait for Balcarres.
July the Maroons dismiss superintendent Caskell from his position.
July 17 39 Maroons go to Vaughans field a mile and a half from Trelawny Town to warn Caskell not to return to the town and to let know that they ready for the white people and that if the whites do not come to them they will come to the whites.
The war was caused after the Montego Bay magistrate had authorised the flogging of two Maroons by a slave the maroons had previously taken, these 2 maroons were flogged for killing two hogs belonging to a poor man the situation escalated when Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres orders 6 maroon captains into irons.
July 18 The magistrates of the parish of St. James send a message to the Maroons requesting a meeting between 4 of their justices and 4 chosen maroons, Colonel Montague declines adding that they do not want to see Caskell back in Trelawny ever again wage war. ask for the reappointment of Major James.
July 28 At Green Vale penn where the Maroons had moved up to, three miles away from Trelawny, the Maroon Captain Smith delivers a letter to the Custos of Trelawny Mr. Tharp.
Trelawny John Jarret is chosen to jot down the Maroons greviances.
Governor Alexander Lindsay the 6th Earl of Balcarres imports 100 bloodhounds from Cuba.
December The Maroon surrender Walpole Balcarres deports 600 Maroons to Nova Scotia Sierrra Leone.
1795 April 22 the Brigands war in Saint Lucia, the British attack Fond Doux and Rabot in Soufriere ensuing in the Battle of Rabot.
April Balcarres is appointed to succeed Sir Adam Williamson as Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.
February defeat a battalion of British trops.
June 19 the British leave the Island not returning until a year later.
1797 November The Battle of Rabot ends and recruited into the 1st West India regiment stationed in Sierra Leone.
1794 February 4 the National Convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic, under Maximilien Robespierre proclaim the abolition of slavery in all French colonies and giving civil and political rights to all Blacks.
February Charles No Flint Grey and Vice Admiral John Jervis arrive in the West Indies.
March 22 capture Fort Royal and Fort Saint Louis in Martinique.
March 24 The British capture Fort Bourbon.
March 30 The British reinstate the Old Regime, including the Monarchy's Supreme Council and the seneschal's courts of Trinité, Le Marin, and St Pierre. The Royalists regain possession of their properties and positions, slaves are returned to their masters, and emancipation was forbidden, whereas in the previous month the French had abolished slavery.
The government also promulgate an ordinance banning all gatherings of blacks or meetings by slaves, and banned Carnival. However, the British did require an oath of allegiance to the King of England.
April Jervis leads the invasion of St. Lucia, citadel More Fortune is captured and renamed Fort Charlotte.
L'Ouverture switches his allegiance and now fights on the side of the French, he raises the republican flag over the port of Gonaïves, he has all supporters of the Spanish to leave Cordon de l'Ouest and 4, 000 of his troops with those of General Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux's with Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe as.
May 6 L'Ouverture ambushes the Spanish after mass at church at San Raphael.
May 19 Troops from Greys force under commander John Whyte arrive in Saint Domingue and march to Port Au Prince where 45 ships of sugar are docked in the harbour they take and allow Sonthonax and the French leave providing that they do not burn the ships.
May L'Ouverture and Sonthonax commanding in the North whilst André Rigaud in the South.
Rigaud takes the town of Léogâne by storm and drives the British back to Port-au-Prince.
December 25 Rigaud takes Tiburon in surprise attack.
Soldiers of the 104th, 105th, 111th and 112th regiments in Dublin and Cork, Ireland riot.
1795 July Treaty of Baseline.
Jean-François and Biassou fight with L'Ouverture until November when Francois leave's for Spain and Biassou for Florida.
November 16 The Great Push 30, 000 men on 200 ships under General Ralph Abercromby departs from Portsmouth but wrecked by a storm.
December 9 sets out again for Saint Domingue.
1796 March 17 General Ralph Abercromby arrives in Barbados and despatches a force under Major General Gordon Forbes to Port-au-Prince.
fails to take French held city of Leogane, French Commander Alexandre Peton uses guns of his fort to sink three ships in-line under Admiral Hyde Parker and then turns his guns to the British, Forbes retreats back to Port au Prince.
March 20 Commander Jean-Louis Villatte captures and overthrows French General Étienne Lavaux as part of his plan to form an allegiance with Governor Rigaud, L'Ouverture's troops arrive at Le Cap-Français to free him and drive Villatte out.
May Lavaux promotes L'Ouverture to commander of the West province.
Sonthonax arrives with the French third commission, promotes L'Ouverture to General and arranges for L'Ouverture's sons Placide and Issac to a school for children of colonials in France. highest ranking officer.
June 1 Only 198 of 1, 000 from the Sixty-sixth regiment and 515 of 1, 000 men of the Sixth-ninth regiment, have not been infected with yellow fever.
September elections for colonial representatives of the French National Assembly take place.
Louveture Lavaux, Sonthonax is also elected.
October Lavaux leaves and Sonthonax stays.
1797 L'Ouverture appointed Lieutenant General second only to Lavaux himself.
5, 000 of Greys 7, 000 die from yellow fever and the Royal Navy 11, 000.
1787 Prior to all of this London's Black Poor, some of which were African American Loyalist’s were brought to Sierra Leone by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor and had founded Cline’s Town named after Emmanuel Kline a liberated Hausa, the town was later renamed Gransville Town after Granville Sharp.
Black Loyalist were former slaves who served for British military forces in the American War of Independence and were resettled in Nova Scotia by the British after they lost the war.
1 of the Black Regiments of the British Army were Lord Dunsmore's 800 man strong Ethiopian Regiment who fought in the Battle of Kemp's Landing and the Battle of Great Bridge
1775 November 7 Lord Dunmore, the Royal governor of Virginia makes his proclaimation calling for slaves to enlist in the British Army threatening them with liability of penalties.
November By the end of the month several hundred slaves have fled to Norfolk, Virginia to enlist, almost 2/3rds of those who were resettled in Sierra Leone were from Virginia.
1789 Granville Town is burned down by King Tom's successor, King Jimmy, another King of the local Temne people. The land on which the town was founded was purchased from Koya Temne sub schief King Tom and regent Naimbana.
1792 February 29-March 9 15 ships arrive at St. George Bay.
March 11 The site of Cline's Town is designated by the Sierra Leone Company as the site of the new settlement for African American Loyalists.
Nathaniel Gilbert.
1810 The African Institution ask the British Government for a land grant in Sierra Leone for Paul Cuffe.
1811 March 1 Cuffee arrives in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
April 7 Cuffe meets with black merchants including John Kizele, they write a petition to the African Institution and found the Friendly Society of Sierra Leone.
1815 Cuffe arrives at Sherbrooke Island in present day Sierra Leone with 88 African Americans, the first.
1775 Cuffe, at age 16 learns navigation.
In the late 1780s Cuffe's flagship was the 25-ton schooner Sun Fish and after that he bought the 40-ton schooner Mary.
1795 Cuffe sells the Mary and Sun Fish to finance construction of the Ranger, a 69-ton schooner launched.
1796 Cuffe launches the Ranger from his shipyard in Westport. Wanting a larger homestead
1799 February Cuffe pays $3,500 for 140 acres (0.57 km2) of waterfront property in Westport.
1800 Cuffe purchase a half-interest in the 162-ton barque Hero.
1806 Cuffe's largest ship, the 268-ton Alpha and his favorite ship, the 109-ton brig Traveller are built.
1811 Cuffe takes his favorite ship, the Traveller into Liverpool, The Times of London reports that it is likely the first vessel to reach Europe "entirely owned and navigated by Negroes".
May 23 Tueday The mission visit Njala Agricultural Centre and Training College.
May 24 The mission visits Marampa Iron ore mines and meet with a mission from the U.A.R. also touring the mines.
September The Emperor attends the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, FPR Yugoslavia, considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Nkrumah.
October Du Bois joins the Communist Party and travels to Ghana with his wife to take up residence there and to begin work on his African encyclopedia.
December 15 King works with the desegregation movement in Albany, Georgia.
December 16 King and Abernathy are among those arrested in demonstration in Albany, King declines bail until the city.
Prince Buster’s Oh Carolina by the Folkes Brothers is licensed to Blue Beat Records for release in the UK by Melodisc owned Emil Shalet.
Julius Winston Garvey receives M.D. degree and moves to the United States where he practices medicine in New York.
1962 April 27 LAPD officers beat members of Temple number 27 in South Central, Los Angeles.
A group of Muslims come outside, the disarm one of the officers, another officer is shot on the elbow by one of his colleagues.
Reinforcements of 70 officers arrive and raid the Mosque beating members and even shoot several members including William X Rogers, who is hit in the back and paralyzed for life and Ronald Stokes who is shot from behind whilst raising his hands over his head to surrender and is killed.
The coroner rules Stokes’s killing as being justified.
July 27 King after returning to Albany, Georgia is arrested at prayer vigil 45 days imprisonment or fine of $178, Kings chooses but has his fine paid by Billy Graham three days later with the help of Police Chief Laurie Pritchett.
August 10 King is released.
King works with the Gandi Society to give President Kennedy an executive order for civil rights.
October Brigadier P E Crooks of the Jamaica Defense Force submits a paper to the Governor General Kenneth Blackburne for consideration by the Defence Board in which Ras Tafari is identified as an international threat to Jamaica's national security by reasoning that ‘…the internal threat is well known to readers of this paper and does not require much elaboration. Briefly, Communism will try to infiltrate by all possible means and may make active use of the following: (i) Extreme racial organisations, eg, The Rastafarians approx strength 3,000-5,000, not organised but a potential danger’.
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• Gisthouse will have several features that will address most of the issues associated with existing Audio based social media platforms in the rapidly exploding Audio Conversation industry.
• Gistcoin will Provide Peer-to-Peer gamification and monetization Platform which will enable Fair Compensation for content creators and active users of social media platforms
• Provide a Universal means of exchange for GistHouse social media users and other partner social media partners.
How do content creators make money from GistCoin?
GistCoin's goal is to enable content creators to unlock the economy around their community and take advantage of new monetization methods that work across multiple platforms. Not only does it create an engaged community who can tip with GistCoin and spend GistCoin to get exclusive access to content, special access, events and merchandise, but it also allows content creators to monetize without paying high platform fees.
How does it work?
GISTCOIN is a type of electronic money that can be secretly exchanged for digital content, products and services, and then converted into fiat currency.
It is a Third-Party-Independent exchange tool. Payments from Content Consumers to Content Creators can be made without intermediaries.
Removing national boundaries and local currency issues for the free flow of creative works. One exchange currency for content works globally.
User Anonymity Guaranteed
Latest encrypted daily transactions
Easy payments for micro purchases and payments for creative works
Price fluctuations are purely based on the principle of supply and demand
Transactions without restrictions on fees, times and places
Use on all international social media platforms.
GISTCOIN STRUCTURE
Token Pre-Sale: 1 September to 30 September 2021
Token Crowdsale: October 1 to October 31, 2021
Supply: 500,000,000 GIST
Price: 1 GIST = 0.00001562 ETH [Approx. $0.05 USD]
1 ETH = 64.000 GIST
MINIMUM PARTICIPATION IN CROWD SALES: 0.0031 ETH [Approx. $32/640 BOTTOM LINE]
Total Softcap: 1,500 ETH
Soft cap: $1,000,000
TOKEN ALLOCATION: 500,000,000
TOTAL GIST OFFERED IN INITIAL CROWSALE: 50,000,000 [10%]
TOTAL OFFERED FOR CROWSALE: 200,000,000 GIST [40%]
Accepted Currencies: ETH, BTC and Wire Transfer
Token Distribution Date: November 15, 2021
TOTAL USED FOR BOUNTIES/AIRDROPS: 27,750,000[5.5%]
TOTAL FOR PARTNERS AND AFFILIATES: 25,000,000 [5.0%]
TOTAL RESERD FOR AIRDROP FOR GITHOUSE BETA LAUNCH: 100,000,000 [20%]
TOTAL DONE FOR FOUNDERS: 85,000,000 [17.00%]
TOTAL RESERD FOR GISTHOUSE DEVELOPMENT: 12,500,000 [2.50%]
ROADMAP
October 1, 2021
Release of MVP
Mockup Release of MVP Mockup to technical team for development.
1 — 31 OCT 2021
BEGINNING OF CROWSALE
Preparation for GISTCOIN and Smart contract development for GistCoin release. Continue platform development. Continuity of ecosystem formation (more than 10 partners).
October 15th, 2021
Testing
Beta Public Beta Testing for Public Gisthouse Gisthouse conducted and the feedback collected from the end user
1 Dec 2021
GISTHOUSE CREATOR GIFT PROGRAM LAUNCH
1
DEC 2022 List of GISTCOIN on General Trading Exchanges [At least 3]
1 JAN 2022
Launch of GISTCOIN Trading Platform [GISTtopia.Com):
Jan — Dec 2022
GISTCOIN Acceptance Partner Expansion Campaign
JUNE 1 2022
Official Launch of GITSHOUSE AUDIO DROP-IN Social Media Platform
GISTCOIN DREAM TEAM
The GistCoin team consists of an eclectic group of individuals who have excelled in their fields and have demonstrated consistent performance and success. Our team is experienced in software development, film production, cryptocurrency, and business administration.
The team includes but is not limited to the following individuals:
BUSINESS AND STRATEGY Advisory Board
DR OPE BANWO
Founder/ceo
Dr Ope Banwo holds several degrees in Law and has held top Executive Positions in the United States and his home country of Nigeria, for over 30 years. He was accepted into the New York Bar (1997); Fed District Court, Nebraska USA (1997) and Nigerian Bar (1986). He is a Founding Partner of Banwo & Igbokwe LLC USA; CEO, Netpreneur360 Inc.; Co-Creator of Mobimatic App Builder; Co-Author of Crypto Millionaires Manifesto and Host of Cryptomania Show. He is also the founding CEO of Dove Media PLC and Nollywood Blockbusters Ltd. He trained with Arthur Anderson and has started several businesses in the United States and Africa.
SEGUN AWOSANYA
Director of Business Development
Profile Summary: Segun Awosanya is a realtor (MSc), Futuristic Brand, Digital Media Marketing, Curator of digital space/community culture, Information Technology based business analyst, content writer, Business, perception management and innovation strategy consultant with more than experience a decade in delivering large-scale, innovative technology-driven projects. He is founder/CEO of Aliensmedia, President/Founder of SIAF (Social Intervention Advocacy Foundation) and founding Technical Director of DoveMedia Plc, Founding Technical Director of HiTV and Hypercable Trained Digital Broadcasting Engineer (Lyon, France). He has consulted for various businesses and Government agencies across sectors for two decades across continents.
AKIN OLAOYE
Founder/Chairman, House of Lunettes
Akin Olaoye is an Entrepreneur and former management staff at KPMG USA. He has a degree in Industrial Engineering and attended Portland State University Oregon for a Masters in Engineering Management. As the leader of Dynamic, he has more than 15 years of corporate experience leading 100 rich US companies. He has Strong Project Management, Client Engagement, Business and leadership acumen. His House of Lunnettes has grown to become Nigeria's largest Glasses Chain in a few years. Akin has had outstanding career achievements in IT Project Management, Government projects and Private Sector renowned in the Healthcare, IT, Government, E-Commerce, Insurance and Automotive industries.
JOHN OSEI-BONSU
Director of Finance & Due Diligence
John is a Chartered Management Accountant and holds an MBA in Finance & Business Policy from the University of Durham, MSc Information Systems – Kingston University and LLM-(European Union) Commercial Law-University of Leicester. Member of the Chartered Management Institute. John is an accomplished financial professional and one of the most prominent, is the Chief Executive Officer of Best Fertilizer Company Limited, Ghana. Prior to Best Fertilizer and Lands Dynasty, John was Financial Controller at Spotless Group SAS (part of Henkel), John held Finance Controller roles, Mayborn Group PLC and held senior finance roles at Dylon International Limited and Mirror Group Newspapers. John has an extensive record of transformational strategic and operational leadership, consistent performance delivery, strong capital allocation discipline and by building a strong team; all of which lead to the creation of long-term shareholder value. John has significant due diligence experience including finance, legal, commercial, insurance, technology/intellectual property, operations, environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK. environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK. environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK.
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT TEAM
The technical team consists of highly skilled web developers with a combined experience of over 30 years of web development experience. This team includes:
GABRIEL NWANKWO
Software Engineer
Nwankwo, Gabriel is a renowned Software Engineer with over 7 years experience in designing and building Enterprise Systems. He is a Computer Science graduate and has extensive experience in Systems Analysis and Architectural Design, Database Architecture and Design, Devops and Programming. He has built a number of systems and applications for Government Agencies, Private Companies and Multinational Companies. Some of his web development and software engineering works include: BENUE MOEST: A fintech application for school tax collection. A project implemented for the Benue State Ministry of Education: SUBEB: Human Resource Management Application with Integrated Payroll and Pension System. A project implemented for the Benue State Universal Primary Education Agency; UAMASUUCOOPS: A fintech application for managing cooperative funds that is implemented in the Cooperative of the Academic Civitas of Makurdi Agricultural University; BIPPIIS: Human Resource Management Application with Integrated Verification, Payroll and Pension System. A project implemented for the Benue State Government of Nigeria; BSLGPENCOM: Fintech application for Pension management with integrated Payroll system; Churchio: Revolutionary Church Management App that helps churches manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Worker, Finance and many more Fintech App for Retirement management with integrated Payroll system; Churchio: A Revolutionary Church Management App that helps the church manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Workers, Finance, and many more fintech applications for managing Pensioners with an integrated Payroll system; Churchio: A Revolutionary Church Management App that helps the church manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Workers, Finances and many more
DANIEL ADASHO
Software Engineer
Daniel Adasho is a Certified Software Engineer and Full-Stack Developer at Netpreneur360, CTO at Salamat Groups and Consultant at Ziva Media. He is a prolific and prolific web and mobile developer, who has worked on many projects and built a lot of software that includes software for state and federal governments. Daniel is not only proficient in many computer languages, but he is also a certified IT/Web Engineer, in several programming languages such as JAVA SCRIPT PHP, MYSQL, SQL LITE, LARAVEL, AJAX, NOD.JS He has also developed several programs and has designed many websites. web and web portals for multinational companies including the American Internet Business School; Mobimatic Inc.; Daniel Adasho has also developed LOTS of mobile apps on Google play.
IFIOK NKEM
Web Developer & Software Builder
As one of the most sought after web consultants in Africa, Ifiok has been involved in more than 700 projects and has consulted for high-value individuals, businesses and companies including the governments of Nigeria and Angola. He has trained and mentored more than 10,000 people in web development through workshops, seminars, boot camps and in-house training tools. Ifiok Nk is a 'passionate Netpreneur', web consultant, author and digital product creator with many successful SaaS products including Mobimatic; PageNova, VantagePoint, Streamio, Videotours360 ; ViralLeadFunnels; Rape; PasarGee; Socicake Software; ADA Packages; Local Agent Box; Leadgrow360.
For detailed information about Gistcoin, follow the link below:
Reddit https://www.reddit.com/user/gistcoin
Twitter
http://twitter.com/gistcoin360
Facebook https://www.facebook.com/Gistcoin-110077094675767
Telegram https://t.me/gistcoin
Instagaram hups http://www.instagram.com/gistcoin Linkdin https://www.linkedin.com/company/75067525
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeimgEwf9bk5C5C7gtPipEg
by ; zhenzei link: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=2579433
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GistCoin
GistCoin — The Official Gamification and Monetization Token For The Social Media Industry
About GISTCOIN
Gistcoin is a utility token for all influencers, streamers, musicians, artists, brands and content creators of all backgrounds who create content in social media communities and on other Audio Networks.
Gistcoin's goal is to enable content creators to unlock the economy around their community and take advantage of new monetization methods that work across multiple platforms.
Not only does it create an engaged community that can tip with Gist Coin and spend GistCoin to get exclusive access to content, special access, events and merchandise, but it also allows content creators to monetize their content any way they like.
Gistcoin allows Creators to build a loyal fan base and get rewarded for creating value for members of its user community.
How does it work?
GISTCOIN is a type of electronic money that can be secretly exchanged for digital content, products and services, and then converted into fiat currency.
It is a Third-Party-Independent exchange tool. Payments from Content Consumers to Content Creators can be made without intermediaries.
Removing national boundaries and local currency issues for the free flow of creative works. One exchange currency for content works globally.
User Anonymity Guaranteed
Latest encrypted daily transactions
Easy payments for micro purchases and payments for creative works
Price fluctuations are purely based on the principle of supply and demand
Transactions without restrictions on fees, times and places
Use on all international social media platforms.
AUDIO PLATFORM USING GISTCOIN MONETIZATION
Gistcoin allows content creators to unlock the economy around their community and take advantage of new monetization methods that work across multiple platforms. This not only creates an engaged community that can tip with Gist Coin and spend GistCoin to gain exclusive access to content, special access, events and merchandise, but also allows content creators to monetize their content as they see fit. expect. Gistcoin allows content creators to build a loyal fan base and is rewarded for creating value for members of its user community.
How do content creators make money with GistCoin?
GistCoin's goal is to empower content creators to unlock the economy around their community and take advantage of new monetization methods that work across multiple platforms. This not only creates an engaged community who can tip with GistCoin and spend GistCoin to get exclusive access to content, special access, events and merchandise, but also allows content creators to monetize without paying a fee. high platforms.
GISTCOIN STRUCTURE
Token Pre-Sale: 1 September to 30 September 2021
Token Crowdsale: October 1 to October 31, 2021
Supply: 500,000,000 GIST
Price: 1 GIST = 0.00001562 ETH [Approx. $0.05 USD]
1 ETH = 64,000 GIST
MINIMUM PARTICIPATION IN CROWD SALES: 0.0031 ETH [Approx. $32/640 BOTTOM LINE]
Total Softcap: 1,500 ETH
Soft cap: $1,000,000
TOKEN ALLOCATION: 500,000,000
TOTAL GIST OFFERED IN INITIAL CROWSALE: 50,000,000 [10%]
TOTAL OFFERED FOR CROWSALE: 200,000,000 GIST [40%]
Accepted Currencies: ETH, BTC and Wire Transfer
Token Distribution Date: November 15, 2021
TOTAL USED FOR BOUNTIES/AIRDROPS: 27,750,000[5.5%]
TOTAL FOR PARTNERS AND AFFILIATES: 25,000,000 [5.0%]
TOTAL RESERD FOR AIRDROP FOR GITHOUSE BETA LAUNCH: 100,000,000 [20%]
TOTAL DONE FOR FOUNDERS: 85,000,000 [17.00%]
TOTAL RESERD FOR GISTHOUSE DEVELOPMENT: 12,500,000 [2.50%]
ROADMAP
October 1, 2021
Release of MVP
Mockup Release of MVP Mockup to technical team for development.
1 — 31 OCT 2021
BEGINNING OF CROWSALE
Preparation for GISTCOIN and Smart contract development for GistCoin release. Continue platform development. Continuity of ecosystem formation (more than 10 partners).
October 15th, 2021
Testing
Beta Public Beta Testing for Public Gisthouse Gisthouse conducted and the feedback collected from the end user
1 Dec 2021
GISTHOUSE CREATOR GIFT PROGRAM LAUNCH
1
DES 2022 List GISTCOIN in Stock General Trading [At least 3]
1 JAN 2022
Launch of GISTCOIN Trading Platform [GISTtopia.Com):
Jan — Dec 2022
GISTCOIN Acceptance Partner Expansion Campaign
JUNE 1 2022
Official Launch of GITSHOUSE AUDIO DROP-IN Social Media Platform
GISTCOIN DREAM TEAM
The GistCoin team consists of an eclectic group of individuals who have excelled in their fields and have demonstrated consistent performance and success. Our team is experienced in software development, film production, cryptocurrency, and business administration.
The team includes but is not limited to the following individuals:
BUSINESS AND STRATEGY Advisory Board
DR OPE BANWO
Founder/ceo
Dr Ope Banwo holds several degrees in Law and has held top Executive Positions in the United States and his home country of Nigeria, for over 30 years. He was accepted into the New York Bar (1997); Fed District Court, Nebraska USA (1997) and Nigerian Bar (1986). He is a Founding Partner of Banwo & Igbokwe LLC USA; CEO, Netpreneur360 Inc.; Co-Creator of Mobimatic App Builder; Co-Author of Crypto Millionaires Manifesto and Host of Cryptomania Show. He is also the founding CEO of Dove Media PLC and Nollywood Blockbusters Ltd. He trained with Arthur Anderson and has started several businesses in the United States and Africa.
AWESOME
Director of Business Development
Profile Summary: Segun Awosanya is a realtor (MSc), Futuristic Brand, Digital Media Marketing, Curator of digital space/community culture, Information Technology based business analyst, content writer, Business, perception management and innovation strategy consultant with more than experience a decade in delivering large-scale, innovative technology-driven projects. He is founder/CEO of Aliensmedia, President/Founder of SIAF (Social Intervention Advocacy Foundation) and founding Technical Director of DoveMedia Plc, Founding Technical Director of HiTV and Hypercable Trained Digital Broadcasting Engineer (Lyon, France). He has consulted for various businesses and Government agencies across sectors for two decades across continents.
AKIN OLAOYE
Founder/Chairman, House of Lunettes
Akin Olaoye is an Entrepreneur and former management staff at KPMG USA. He has a degree in Industrial Engineering and attended Portland State University Oregon for a Masters in Engineering Management. As the leader of Dynamic, he has more than 15 years of corporate experience leading 100 rich US companies. He has Strong Project Management, Client Engagement, Business and leadership acumen. His House of Lunnettes has grown to become Nigeria's largest Glasses Chain in a few years. Akin has had outstanding career achievements in IT Project Management, Government projects and Private Sector renowned in the Healthcare, IT, Government, E-Commerce, Insurance and Automotive industries.
JOHN OSEI BONSU
Director of Finance & Due Diligence
John is a Chartered Management Accountant and holds an MBA in Finance & Business Policy from the University of Durham, MSc Information Systems – Kingston University and LLM-(European Union) Commercial Law-University of Leicester. Member of the Chartered Management Institute. John is an accomplished financial professional and one of the most prominent, is the Chief Executive Officer of Best Fertilizer Company Limited, Ghana. Prior to Best Fertilizer and Lands Dynasty, John was Financial Controller at Spotless Group SAS (part of Henkel), John held Finance Controller roles, Mayborn Group PLC and held senior finance roles at Dylon International Limited and Mirror Group Newspapers. John has an extensive record of transformational strategic and operational leadership, consistent performance delivery, strong capital allocation discipline and by building a strong team; all of which lead to the creation of long-term shareholder value. John has significant due diligence experience including finance, legal, commercial, insurance, technology/intellectual property, operations, environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK. environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK. environment and tax and brings more than two decades of financial expertise to the team. He is a strong leader and has a history of driving strong financial performance in the UK.
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT TEAM
The technical team consists of highly skilled web developers with a combined experience of over 30 years of web development experience. This team includes:
GABRIEL NWANKWO
Software Engineer
Nwankwo, Gabriel is a renowned Software Engineer with over 7 years experience in designing and building Enterprise Systems. He is a Computer Science graduate and has extensive experience in Systems Analysis and Architectural Design, Database Architecture and Design, Devops and Programming. He has built a number of systems and applications for Government Agencies, Private Companies and Multinational Companies. Some of his web development and software engineering works include: BENUE MOEST: A fintech application for school tax collection. A project implemented for the Benue State Ministry of Education: SUBEB: Human Resource Management Application with Integrated Payroll and Pension System. A project implemented for the Benue State Universal Primary Education Agency; UAMASUUCOOPS: A fintech application for managing cooperative funds that is implemented in the Cooperative of the Academic Civitas of Makurdi Agricultural University; BIPPIIS: Human Resource Management Application with Integrated Verification, Payroll and Pension System. A project implemented for the Benue State Government of Nigeria; BSLGPENCOM: Fintech application for Pension management with integrated Payroll system; Churchio: Revolutionary Church Management App that helps churches manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Worker, Finance and many more Fintech App for Retirement management with integrated Payroll system; Churchio: A Revolutionary Church Management App that helps the church manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Workers, Finance, and many more fintech applications for managing Pensioners with an integrated Payroll system; Churchio: A Revolutionary Church Management App that helps the church manage all aspects of the church including, Membership, Workers, Finances and many more
DANIEL ADASHO
Software Engineer
Daniel Adasho is a Certified Software Engineer and Full-Stack Developer at Netpreneur360, CTO at Salamat Groups and Consultant at Ziva Media. He is a prolific and prolific web and mobile developer, who has worked on many projects and built a lot of software that includes software for state and federal governments. Daniel is not only proficient in many computer languages, but he is also a certified IT/Web Engineer, in several programming languages such as JAVA SCRIPT PHP, MYSQL, SQL LITE, LARAVEL, AJAX, NOD.JS He has also developed several programs and has designed many websites. web and web portals for multinational companies including the American Internet Business School; Mobimatic Inc.; Daniel Adasho has also developed LOTS of mobile apps on Google play.
IFIOK NKEM
Web Developer & Software Builder
As one of Africa's most sought-after web consultants, Ifiok has been involved in more than 700 projects and has consulted for high-value individuals, businesses and companies including the governments of Nigeria and Angola. He has trained and mentored more than 10,000 people in web development through workshops, seminars, boot camps and in-house training tools. Ifiok Nk is a 'passionate Netpreneur', web consultant, author and digital product creator with many successful SaaS products including Mobimatic; PageNova, VantagePoint, Streamio, Videotours360 ; ViralLeadFunnels; Rape; PasarGee; Socicake Software; ADA Packages; Local Agent Box; Leadgrow360.
For detailed information about Gistcoin, follow the link below:
Reddit https://www.reddit.com/user/gistcoin
Twitter
http://twitter.com/gistcoin360
Facebook https://www.facebook.com/Gistcoin-110077094675767
Telegram https://t.me/gistcoin
Instagaram hups http://www.instagram.com/gistcoin Linkdin https://www.linkedin.com/company/75067525
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeimgEwf9bk5C5C7gtPipEg
Username:TWIXXER Link: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=2579938
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Business Challenges from COVID-19: “DRAM Market ” Size & Share 2021 and Outlook (Forecast) till 2027 | Know More
The global report entitled DRAM Market 2021 by Syndicate Market Research provides a precious tool to evaluate the most recent DRAM market insights and market situation. The analysis report introduces the techniques and research strategies followed to make clear the DRAM business viewpoints. This report examinations the vital factors of the market based on current industry circumstances and also focuses on future possibilities of the DRAM market for the duration of 2016-2026.
This study report tremendously investigates each and every selecting part of the industry on the basis of present financial conditions, Patterns, Trends & Demands, Capacity, methods encapsulated by market competitors and their improvement structure.
>>> To know How COVID-19 Pandemic Will Impact This Market/Industry | Request a Free sample copy of the DRAM Market report, Click Here: https://www.syndicatemarketresearch.com/sample/dram-market
The investigation mostly concentrates on the existing business size of the Global DRAM market and its development proportion in view of the latest five years data with company profile of Key Players and Makers. The major regions which expand the development of industry mostly cover such as the market in North and South America, Europe, The Middle East & Africa, and the Top Asian countries.
• Driving Players and Producers Analysis in DRAM Market:
Samsung Electronics, SK HYNIX, Micron Technology, Kingston Technology, Nanya Technology, Winbond, Transcend Information
Geographically, DRAM research report divided into the global top countries like The United States, Canada, UK, Germany, Italy, France, Russia, India, Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan.
>>> Make an Inquiry before buying this report @ https://www.syndicatemarketresearch.com/inquiry/dram-market
This DRAM Market report separates into the;
1. Key manufacturers
2. Product Type (DDR2 DRAM, DDR3 DRAM, DDR4 DRAM, DDR5 DRAM)
3. Application/ end users (Mobile devices, PC, Consumer electronics, Networking devices)
In the primary segment, The DRAM studies report supplies business profiling, necessities, contact information and product image of key manufacturers of the Worldwide DRAM market. This analysis report equally renders the existing, past and futurist business strategies, company measure, growth, share, and forecast analysis having a place with the anticipated conditions. Moreover, the possible results and the hazard to the improvement of the DRAM market extensively shrouded in this report.
In the next segment, the DRAM manufacturing analysis of the most crucial business players based on their company profiles, sales volume, market value, profit margin, yearly income, supply and demand is also studied in this report, which may encourage various market competitors in driving business bits of learning.
Key Highlights of the DRAM Market:
• Inside and out an investigation of the standard DRAM market makers will urge the entire market to overview the modernized plans and propelling thoughts.
• Targeted summary of the market depends upon expansion, propel proscribing components and limit of the hypothesis will presume the market development.
• The investigation of rising DRAM market portions and the prevailing market areas will control the perusers to plan the business strategies.
• The fundamental evaluation associated with the industry like the value, kind of applications, definition of the product, supply and demand points is mentioned in this study report.
Global DRAM study report scrutinizes largely covers underneath chapters to completely show the market:
Chapter 1 - DRAM market document portrays industry outline, market segment(Upstream, Downstream), cost analysis, market utilizing power.
Chapter 2 - DRAM market trade environment(Policy, Financial aspects, Sociology, Innovation).
Chapter 3 - Market with the help of Type.
Chapter 4 - Major Organizations List - market report examines the leading manufacturers of DRAM, enterprise profile, and sales information of DRAM.
Chapter 5 - Market Competition(Company Competition, Regional Market by Company), Global DRAM trade record observe the key regions.
Chapter 6 - Market Demand(Regional Demand Correlation, Demand Scenario, Demand Forecast).
Chapter 7 - DRAM Market record also depicts Region Operation (Regional Output, Local and Regional Market, By utilizing Region, Regional Forecast).
Chapter 8 - This record moreover explains sales channels, wholesalers, buyers, sellers, market appendix, research findings and conclusion and facts supply.
In conclusion, the Global DRAM Market report 2021 illustrates business improvement designs, deals channel, wholesalers, purchasers, merchants, research findings, reference segment, statistics sources and moreover.
Note – In order to provide a more accurate market forecast, all our reports will be updated before delivery by considering the impact of COVID-19.
(*If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.)
About Us:-
At Syndicate Market Research, we provide reports about a range of industries such as healthcare & pharma, automotive, IT, insurance, security, packaging, electronics & semiconductors, medical devices, food & beverage, software & services, manufacturing & construction, defense & aerospace, agriculture, consumer goods & retailing, and so on. Every aspect of the market is covered in the report along with its regional data. Syndicate Market Research committed to the requirements of our clients, offering tailored solutions best suitable for strategy development and execution to get substantial results. Above this, we will be available for our clients 24×7.
Contact Us:
Syndicate Market Research
244 Fifth Avenue, Suite N202
New York, 10001, United States
+1 347 535 0815 | Email ID: [email protected]
Website: www.syndicatemarketresearch.com | Blog: Syndicate Market Research Blog
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My store is open and the work is a lot more accessible then Dorothy’s red slippers. For the start of the holiday shopping season everything there is ready to ship. Shop early for delivery before the holidays. I also have gift certificates so your loved ones can choose for themselves.#ceramics #porcelain #artbyhand #artistsunday #smallbusiness #shoplocal pickup or delivery for local purchase in the Shokan /Kingston area (at Shokan, New York) https://www.instagram.com/p/CIG4_1SjgTk/?igshid=q7z78wrbl605
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A Cut Above Tree Service Rochester Ny
Contents
Owner james stevens
Local davey arborists
Surrounding areas. professional
Tree removal. contact
Rochester-area restaurants remain
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Your Rochester, New York Davey Tree Office. Your local Davey arborists can help with all your tree care needs. Our ISA Certified Arborists offer professional tree service for tree removal, tree pruning, tree health and lawn care throughout Rochester, New York and surrounding areas.
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People from across the globe who are in lockdown amid the coronavirus pandemic have shared the creative designs they have made with their toilet paper. Those lucky enough to have got their hands …
We have a tree that drops limbs every time the wind blows over 30mph. We wanted the advice of an arborist and found wonderful reviews for J.M Tree Service.
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Data-Smart Cities Speaker Luncheon Goes Digital!
There were a number of firsts achieved at the April Fools Day speaker luncheon: first speaker beamed in by video chat link from an off site location (Professor Susan Crawford spoke from her office on the Harvard campus); first live streaming of a Community Foundation event (reaching 146 off site attendees); first speaker luncheon proceedings to be recorded and soon to be “archived” and viewable on the CF web site; first speaker luncheon with a dedicated Tweeter (thank you Brenda Slomka!) throughout, resulting in 65,000 Twitter accounts reached and 672,000 Twitter “impressions” registered.
There were some 75 flesh and blood attendees at the event. As hoped for, the City was well represented, including Mayor Bryan Paterson, the CAO, the Police Chief, and a passel of City commissioners and officers. Committee organizer and moderator, Chrystal Wilson, introduced Susan Crawford – smiling down from a giant screen at the front of the room – as the co-author of The Responsive City, the book that inspired the event.
The genial Prof. Crawford, a former advisor to New York Mayor Bloomberg and President Obama, quickly and clearly outlined the chief elements of her thesis, among them: not having access to the internet today is the equivalent of not having clean drinking water; broadband should be considered an essential component of a city’s infrastructure; the only delivery format that makes sense is fibre optic cable, because of its vastly superior capacity; the new generation needs and wants to interact with its municipal government by smart phone; citizens will only have faith in their democratic institutions if they are engaged; cities can encourage engagement by broadening the number of internet and smart phone “touch points”; when responsive cities have the trust of their citizens, they can do big things.
Campbell Paterson, of CP Communications and a consultant to Utilities Kingston, spoke next to the challenges of implementing a data-smart vision for Kingston. Referencing both Susan Crawford’s book and the Mayor’s vision laid out at his inauguration, he outlined a number of key points. He called for a new openness (“think Twitter and Facebook”) and a collaborative non-hierarchical approach. He said Kingston needs a “digital platform” to connect people, processes and things. He gave many examples such as smart parking and smart transit (imagine locating that empty parking spot on Clarence with your smart phone or finding out how many blocks away the next bus is. He emphasized that connectedness and openness lead to cities doing more with less; i.e., becoming more efficient. Who will pay for the digital platform? He referenced federal and provincial funds available for broadband infrastructure investment.
Constable Steven Koopman rounded out the panel with an eye-opening overview of current City of Kingston Police Force data-smart and responsive city initiatives. Under his oversight, KPF’s Facebook page has over 13,000 followers, tops in the province on a per capita basis. The Force’s Twitter account, also managed by Constable Koopman, has over 20,000 followers versus 17,000 for a much larger city like Hamilton. The My PD app has been downloaded 4,085 times and has 1,417 active subscribers. The app is the embodiment of Susan Crawford’s “touch point” concept for citizen engagement. With it, anyone can submit tips; ask questions and get feedback; receive Tweets and news alerts; file a report; connect with a specific officer; access local traffic information; and view a crime incident map. KPF also has a 911 texting service for the hearing and speech impaired. In addition to these examples of social media outreach, Constable Koopman related examples of how the Force is employing “data analytics” to identify crime patterns, leading to successful arrests in sex assault and theft cases.
Emcee Chris West concluded with speaker thank yous and acknowledgements of the many players and sponsors who made this ground-breaking day possible: Chrystal Wilson, who came up with the idea and moderated with insight and charm; Station 14 who provided the live streaming and archiving service; Utilities Kingston, who funded the live streaming; Brenda Slomka for her Tweets; jNetrix who set up the video link with Harvard; and the Marriott Residential Hotel. Anyone curious to learn more about this event is encouraged to read Susan Crawford’s The Responsive City and to access the archived proceedings on the Foundation’s web site.
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Latest Research on Enterprise SSD Market Size & Share 2021 Report Covering COVID-19 Impact Analysis and Forecast to 2027 | Know More
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Killamanjaro Sound System ft Super Cat, Ninja Man, Beenie Man, Leroy Gibbons & many more 🔥🎼 1996
Born of Indian descent, Super Cat was raised in Kingston’s tough Seivright Gardens neighborhood, then known as Cockburn Pen. "Super Cat was born home delivery," as he tells it, "and I never, ever reached the low-spital (sic)." Cockburn Pen was a hotbed of dancehall reggae and home to ground-breaking deejays like Prince Jazzbo and U-Roy. As a child, Super Cat heard the latest songs by these veterans blasting from local record shops. By the time he was eight years old, he was hanging out at a local club called Bamboo Lawn, assisting the crew of the Soul Imperial sound system and absorbing the dancehall rhymes of deejays like Dillinger, Ranking Trevor and Early B The Doctor.
Super Cat, a.k.a. Don Dada, a.k.a. the Wild Apache, came roaring out of Jamaica in the 1980s, blazing a new trail through the dancehall reggae scene with hits like "Ghetto Red Hot," "Nuff Man A Dead," "Boops," and "Dolly My Baby." One of the first Jamaican deejays to break through the U.S. market, Maragh helped pioneer the fusion of dancehall with Hip Hop and R&B, now known as reggae fusion, collaborating with then-rising stars like Puff Daddy, Heavy D, Mary J. Blige, Wu-Tang Clan’s Method Man, Kris Kross and DJ Muggs from Cypress Hill. Outspoken in his attitude on politics, sex, drugs, and violence, Cat’s talk is tough, his message is conscious and positive, a cry for justice that rings from the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, Port of Spain, Trinidad, New York City, South Central Los Angeles, inner city Toronto and around the world.
Ninjaman, alias Don Gorgon, (born Desmond John Ballentine on January 20, 1966, in Annotto Bay, Jamaica)
In ancient Japanese culture, a ninja is a highly trained assassin, who specializes in using undetected tactics in the art of slaughter. In modern Dancehall culture, Ninjaman is the original lyrical terror, known for using his razor-sharp wit; slow, steady, calculated delivery; and mastery of the art of rhyme and rhythm to musically slaughter any and all who cross his path.
For over twenty years, Desmond “Ninjaman” Ballentine has stood out as one of the most candid, colorful, and controversial of all of Jamaica’s Dancehall deejays, with the skill, performance, and lifestyle to earn the apt title “The Don Gorgon” or most respected of the Dancehall fraternity.
Beginning with his first single “Protection,” recorded with Reggae singer Courtney Melody in 1986 under the moniker Uglyman, Ninja’s distinct lyrical pattern and smoothly wicked delivery was easily recognizable among the ranking deejays of the mid to late 80’s. A slew of singles followed with “Cover Me,” a romantic duet with Reggae singer Tinga Stewart, becoming his first bonafied hit in 1988. However, Ninja’s greatest acclaim would come at the turn of the decade, when he became the initiator of the “badman era” of 90’s Dancehall, with the release of the highly acclaimed “gunman” anthems “Murder Dem,” “My Weapon,” “Champion,” and “Permit to Bury.”
It would be Ninja’s over-the-top stage performances that cemented his place as the “original gold teet, front teet, gun pon teet don gorgon.” The theatrics, politics, charisma, intensity, and bravado that he brings to the live arena married with his ingenius on-the-spot lyrics has made him not only the most respected, but the most feared lyrical stage opponent among other artists. Revered Dancehall lyricists Super Cat, Bounty Killer, Beenie Man, and Vybz Kartel are among the lengthy list of Ninja’s lyrical conquests.
Moses Davis, better known by his stage moniker Beenie Man was born in the tough Waterhouse district of Kingston, Jamaica on August 22, 1973. He is noted as one of Jamaica’s most innovative artist, whose recording career dates back to 1981. At the age of eight, he took first prize at the national Tastee Talent contest which would lead to TV/radio appearances and recording contracts.
His career gained momentum after a performance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in 1992, and a rivalry with Bounty Killer began the following year after Beenie Man was accused of stealing Bounty Killer’s style and catch phrases. The rivalry was captured on the 1994 album Guns Out, with the two artists settling the feud during a soundclash.
Beenie Man had his first number one single in Jamaica in 1993 with “Matie”, and won the DJ of the Year Award the same year, the first of eight consecutive awards. In 1994, he was signed by Island Records and released the critically acclaimed album Blessed, which was his fifth studio album and featured an array of hits, including the dancehall smash “Slam.” “Slam” peaked at number 33 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart.
Uk's Leading Broadcast Station For #Reggae & #SoundSystem #Culture
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How Local SEO Can Help You Grow Your Small Business
In this post, you will understand how you can use local SEO services to grow your small business. Small businesses are those who have yet to grow or who have yet to create a brand. Around 20 years ago, it was difficult as you had to maintain most of the things online. But, today, with SEO services, you can take your business to the peak in the small time span.
Most of the small businesses start with the own area of the entrepreneur. So, the first thing a small businessperson is required to do is to focus on the local area, and if his/her business is appealing enough then take it to the national or global level. Therefore, if one needs to grow a small business, he/she is recommended to work on SEO or hire an SEO company for local SEO services.
Here are some of the points, which can help you in the growth of your small enterprises.
Local SEO Gives an Identity to Your Business
The first aspect of local SEO is mapping on Google maps. It is a perfect way to give an identity to your business. When someone searches for the services you deal in, he or she gets the list in the top search result in the local listing. Suppose, you are running a restaurant in New York, your restaurant comes in the list of restaurants when some searches for a restaurant nearby to your area. Besides, your restaurant will also come in the list when some traveler from some other area who has plans to visit New York will search the phrases like "restaurants in New York".
Local SEO Ranks Your Website in Local Searches
In the local SEO, you can decide the location where you want your website to appear at top ranking. So, when somebody searches for your services in your area, then your website appears at the high ranking. The competition in local areas is often less than in a national or global market. So, you have the chance to get more visitors with the help of local SEO services. If your business is not entirely local, but it is spread only in two or three cities or states, then you can also do or get local SEO services for these states.
You Reach Every Customer via Local SEO Services
Local SEO services are no doubt the new age yellow pages. A number of customers like to search for the local businesses on the go, through their mobile phones or tablets. So, it will not be wrong to say you're your reach every customer through local SEO services.
Local SEO Services Help Customers to Reach You Physically
Apart from searching, local SEO also enables the individuals to meet you physically. They can get the way to your place with the help of GPS if your location is properly mapped. It is really very helpful in searching the location at nearby places, so when the customers are finding it difficult to search the way to your office, shop or restaurant, they can easily get the location via mobile phone if your location is backed by GPS with the help of local SEO.
Good for Offline Purchases
In many of the businesses, offline interaction is required despite the online availability. For example, customers can search the availability of restaurants on Google, but they need to come to the restaurant in order to eat (however, there is also an option for home delivery in the case of restaurants). Similarly, when real estate buyers search for real estate dealers or builders on the internet, they are required to visit the places to look for the property and to sign the offline contracts. In the case of shops also, some customers like to see a few products themselves before purchasing. So, they are also needed to visit the shops offline after searching it via online option. The businesses that need offline interaction have the local appeals, or the customers who want to buy the products online look for the local shops. Here again, local SEO comes into the picture. With the help of local SEO, you can easily approach the customers.
Local SEO Is Perfect for Making Personal Connections
As local SEO deals in the local market, it is perfect for developing personal relations with customers. Even if you deal online, many of the customers would like to contact you personally. If they like your products or services, they may like to prefer you as you belong to their areas. This will help you in building personal relations.
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handy electrician near me Listowel Ontario
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A Nuclear Accident at a Russian Missile Facility Killed 7 People
Seven are dead in Russia after an explosion at a missile site in the Russian Arctic last Thursday that officials say involved a nuclear reactor.
The explosion happened offshore of the Nenoksa Missile Test Site, which sits on the White Sea, and local officials reported a spike in radiation after the event. Late Sunday night, Russian officials confirmed that the explosion involved a small nuclear reactor. On Monday, the New York Times reported that United States intelligence officials suspect that the explosion was the result of a failed test of Russia’s SSC-X-9 Skyfall, a nuclear-powered cruise missile still in development.
The Kremlin told state media at the time of the incident that the explosion was the result of a failed liquid propulsion engine test, and emphasized that radiation levels were normal. Rosatom—a state-owned nuclear energy company which lost five scientists in the blast—published a statement days later saying the explosion “took place during tests on a liquid propulsion system involving isotopes at a military facility in the Arkhangelsk region.”
The only Russian weapon currently in testing that uses a liquid propulsion system involving nuclear power would be the 9M730 Burevestnik, also known as the SSC-X-9 Skyfall. Russian President Vladimir Putin revealed this weapon to the world in a notorious March 2018 presentation that showed a computer visualization of nukes hitting Florida near the Mar-a-Lago. Skyfall has been billed as a nuclear-powered cruise missile that, according to Putin, flies with “unlimited range and unpredictable trajectory.”
Skyfall is designed to circumvent Western defense systems, which can intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) before they hit their targets by calculating their trajectories.
It’s possible that another weapon or test caused the explosion, though Skyfall is currently suspected as a likely culprit.
“It’s not entirely clear what Russia tested but there is a suspicion that the test involved Russia’s globe circling nuclear powered cruise missile,” Kingston Reif, Director of Disarmament & Threat Reduction Policy at the Arms Control Association, said in an email. “And it went badly wrong.”
In March, unnamed US intelligence sources told CNBC that Russia had yet to make the Skyfall fly farther than 22 miles, and the system will likely take years to fully develop. It’s not the only new nuclear-powered weapon system Russia has developed.
“The system is one of several new strategic-range nuclear delivery systems that Russia is developing,” Reif said. “Most are having testing problems, behind schedule, and/or unlikely to be fielded in large numbers if ever.”
For example, Russia is also working on the nuclear-powered Avangard hypersonic glide vehicle and the RS-28 Sarmat ICBM. Like Skyfall, the Sarmat is designed to bypass US defense systems. Putin has said it’s too fast for our current US weapons systems to shoot down.
The United States tried similar projects throughout the Cold War, beginning with nuclear- powered jet engines and ending with a Supersonic Low Altitude Missile (SLAM) that would drop nuclear bombs before stuttering to a halt when it ran out of fuel. The Pentagon abandoned these plans when it realized it couldn’t stop the engine from spewing radioactive fallout in its flight path.
This incident tells us, first, that the era of arms control treaties is truly over. The US withdrew from the INF Treaty, which limited the range of missiles, on August 2. Second, the explosion hammers home that Russia is still years away from perfecting the weapons that it wants everyone to be frightened of.
New START, an arms reduction treaty President Obama signed with Russia, will expire in 2021 unless renewed. That treaty doesn’t cover new nuclear-powered weapons such as Skyfall, but it shouldn’t be abandoned.
“Some critics of New START argue that Russia’s development of these systems, which aren’t currently captured by the treaty, is a reason not to extend the agreement,” Reif said. “But it would be irresponsible to abandon the treaty limits on Russia’s enormous arsenal of existing deployed strategic weapons because Russia might deploy a small number of new systems 5-10 years from now.”
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Jimmy Clements, a Wuradjuri man from down Gundagai way, walked all the way up to Canberra on hearing that the Duke and Duchess of York were set to open the new federal parliament.
It was May 1927, and Jimmy was pretty well known around the Limestone Plains, the natural amphitheatre on which the new federation’s national capital had been imposed. Like other Aboriginal men whom the whitefellas regarded as amenable, harmless or both, he wore a copper breastplate around his neck bearing the name ‘King Billy’. Supposedly symbolising the white man’s respect for the blacks, the breastplate was little more than another testimony to the Indigenous man’s subjugation to the invader.
With his bare feet, wild hair and his dusty, patched-up clobber, old Jimmy was a sight the police thought best kept from the royals. But when they shooed him away some of the locals protested. Jimmy won his way. He met George and Elizabeth. Then he shuffled off with his mate John Noble.
For decades explorers, anthropologists, historians and newspaper writers claimed that the blacks of the Limestone Plains were extinct—killed by disease and grog, by settlers, police and soldiers. OnYong, the last chief of the local tribe, the Ngambri, in which Canberra’s etymology is cradled, died in an inter-tribal clash in about 1850.
He was buried ceremonially in an upright sitting position. But soon afterwards the settlers dug him up, stole his cranium and fashioned it into an ashtray. I’m pretty sure I know who still has OnYong’s skull. But that bloke never returns my calls. That’s another story, really—and a digression from how blackfellas were viewed around the national capital when the parliament first opened. Which is to say they were pretty well thought of as non-existent—gone. Frederick Watson, in his A Brief History of Canberra (published in 1927 to coincide with the opening of the new interim Australian Parliament) wrote that ‘virtually nothing’ remained to indicate the ‘former existence’ of the original inhabitants. In Canberra, even ahead of elsewhere, they seemed to wish the disappearance complete.
Jimmy Clements died a few months after winning his wish to meet and welcome the royals to Canberra. They buried him on the furthest border of Queanbeyan Cemetery, for a black man could not, even less than 90 years ago, be put to rest in consecrated ground. And there he was forgotten.
Alf Stafford with the prime minister’s car, ‘C 1’. He worked for 11 Australian prime ministers and was a confidant to one in particular, Robert Menzies. (picture: AIATSIS Collection, courtesy Michelle Flynn.)
Australia’s new federated democracy was the toast of the world for its progressiveness on minimum wages and working conditions, women’s suffrage and social security. But make no mistake, this was a country for the man of European extraction and Canberra was the capital intended to serve and strengthen White Australia.
And it was the town to which, just a few years later in 1930, a 24-year-old ex-soldier and talented cricketer, Alfred (Alf) George Stafford, arrived. A Gamilaroi and Darug man, born one of 12 children in Binnaway, New South Wales, he came to visit a friend briefly after being discharged from the Australian Army. He stayed forever after finding a job and subsequently opening a billiard parlour in Kingston, where he hosted the later world billiards champion, Horace Lindrum.
In 1937 he joined the Commonwealth Transport Department as one of its earliest ‘transport officers’—early bureaucratese for public service drivers. Over 35 years until his retirement in 1972, Stafford drove countless politicians, among them opposition leaders and 11 prime ministers, including Joe Lyons, Earle Page, Arthur Fadden, John Curtin, Frank Forde, Billy Hughes, Arthur Calwell, Ben Chifley, Robert Menzies (during two stints as PM), Harold Holt, John McEwen, John Gorton, Billy McMahon and Gough Whitlam.
Stafford first drove Menzies—whom he always referred to as ‘Sir Robert’—in 1939, during the brief, deeply flawed first prime ministership of the Liberal Party founder. And while this Aboriginal man from the bush was evidently fond of most of those he drove or otherwise worked for, it was to the waspish Menzies that Stafford, perhaps improbably to outsiders, became closest.
During Menzies’ 16-year postwar tenure Stafford, the former first-grade cricketer or St George and the Australian Capital Territory, served as adviser for the selection of the Prime Minister’s XI, beginning with the match against the West Indies in 1951. It was a duty for which Stafford, a left-handed batsman and leg-break bowler, was eminently qualified; in the 1920s he opened the batting for St George’s first XI. At number three was Donald Bradman with whom, it seems, Stafford had a relationship that is perhaps best described as ambivalent.
The Menzies–Stafford relationship extended well beyond cricket, however. The two were lifelong friends and confidants. When Stafford’s first wife Edith became ill with cancer in the early 1950s, Menzies—perhaps at the insistence of his wife, Dame Pattie, determined that driving the PM was keeping ‘Alf’ away from his increasingly onerous family responsibilities. So Menzies insisted that a job be fashioned for Stafford as a ‘Cabinet officer’. This was effectively a position as a personal assistant to the prime minister, a messenger for ministers stuck in meetings and their butler, who’d make the tea and pour the drinks when Cabinet rose.
All the while, after the death of Edith in 1954, Stafford and his two youngest children, David and Diana, periodically lived in the Lodge. They did so at the insistence of the Menzies, so that Alf, with the help of one of the housekeepers, could better support his children as a sole parent. For the Menzies, who travelled on official business often, there was the added advantage that the Staffords could serve as caretakers at the Lodge while they were away. In 1956 Alf Stafford married another of the Menzies’ housekeepers, Heather Nesbitt. The Menzies threw a wedding reception for the couple at the Lodge.
Journalists, it is said, write the first drafts of history. This may be true, notwithstanding the compromises that pre-eminent speed of delivery imposes on accuracy. Academic historians, meanwhile, warily draw clues from these first drafts then rake the archives for other, often more reliable, documentary ‘fact’. Others, like Stafford, will incidentally find themselves in the front row—or the driver’s seat—as history unfolds all around them.
Stafford sat metres from Menzies, both in the car and in the prime minister’s office, during a time of postwar stability, prosperity and social change. He was there as Menzies (with too much help from Labor’s leader, Herb Evatt) fomented anti-communist hysteria, then as Australia began fighting the ultimately divisive Vietnam War. The growth of Australian industry and burgeoning middle-class satisfaction throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s coincided with the advent of the Indigenous rights movement that led to the successful 1967 referendum, which gave the federal parliament the power to make laws for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Given that Stafford’s service to prime ministers from Lyons to Whitlam points to a largely hitherto unrecognised Indigenous presence at the epicentre of Australian federal political life for a significant proportion of the twentieth century, it’s reasonable to ponder whether he used his influence to try to further the lot of Indigenous Australians. But even among his own family Stafford exercised great discretion, so we may never know.
The Menzies’ daughter, Heather Henderson—who recalls Alf well—has apparently told Stafford’s children that it had not occurred to her that this confidant to her father was Indigenous.
Stafford’s extensive personal archive—including photographs of him with (and signed by) various prime ministers, personal and official correspondence, voice recordings and ephemera—is now held at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Stafford’s granddaughter, Michelle Flynn, the custodian of this archive, gave the collection to the institute in 2014.
The institute’s director of collections, Lyndall Osborne, said the collection demonstrated a strong historical Aboriginal presence at the highest level of federal politics. It is, she said, an ‘important story for future generations to explore and learn about a man with Aboriginal heritage who was not only a close personal friend of a much loved former prime minister of Australia, Sir Robert Menzies, but also lived at the Lodge’.
This is certainly true. But besides a family tree tracing the Stafford lineage to early European convict and Indigenous antecedents, there is little evidence of any sort of preoccupation by Stafford with his own Indigenous heritage. Asked if Alf strongly identified with his Aboriginality, granddaughter Michelle Flynn says: ‘No, not outwardly—just within the family … I suppose if someone had asked him he wouldn’t have had a problem telling them. But I don’t think that he advertised it.’
His daughter Diana Griffiths says he usually only broached his Indigenous heritage incidentally:
I would have to say he never hid it. But we didn’t talk about it and quite often we’d ask questions and … he’d say ‘Look at my nose, of course I am.’ And we just grew up thinking he was joking, I think. He was a very keen fisherman and he would say, ‘I don’t really need to have a fishing licence because I’m an Aboriginal.’ This was his way of identifying with it culturally. Of course he looks Aboriginal—particularly as a young man in those early photographs. But we just didn’t see it.
Alf Stafford’s youngest son David, meanwhile, says: ‘In some ways it’s almost odd that we were not conscious of dad’s Aboriginality. I wasn’t until after he’d died. Michelle says that he used to talk to her about it. But myself and my brother, to a large extent, weren’t particularly conscious of it.’ David says his father would make occasional comments about the Aboriginal side of his identity being displayed through his various pursuits, like gardening and fishing.
And we’d just sort of think that he was joking about the fact that he was a mad gardener or he was out fishing and he’d keep little fish that were too small and he’d say ‘little fish are sweet’ and we’d keep telling him they were also small. Down at the coast he’d be out on the breakwater with a screwdriver getting the oysters … he would just make that sort of comment from time to time and we just thought it was a throwaway.
Menzies was busy running the country. So when the renowned Australian portrait painter (and mate of Menzies) Sir William Dargie came to Canberra to paint the prime minister in 1963, Menzies asked Stafford to sit in for him.
Dargie, an eight-time winner of the Archibald Prize for portraiture, painted Menzies at least four times. In two of the portraits Menzies wore the elaborate green velvet robes and heavy medallion of the Most Noble Order of the Thistle that the Queen had conferred on him in 1963. During 1963 and 1964 Dargie painted one of the portraits on commission to the London-based Clothworkers Company, where the painting still hangs. It is likely that this is the portrait for which Stafford sat in (or rather more accurately agreed to stand in) for Menzies. In one of several interviews for a Canberra community radio station towards the end of his life, Stafford—who was significantly shorter than Menzies—said:
I stood in for Sir Robert when William Dargie did his painting … of his, his Order of the Thistle. And … Dargie painted the thing (medallion) around my chest … And I sat there for a couple of hours because he (Menzies) was so busy he couldn’t make it so he made me do it, which I enjoyed—it was quite interesting. He painted in the face later.
Stafford’s daughter Diana observes: ‘Sir Robert Menzies was a lot taller and a lot bigger than my dad. But they were both stout men and so you know the robes fitted on dad very nicely.’
This incident entices so many metaphors: of the Indigenous heart that beats, too often undetected and unacknowledged, at the core of national identity; of sovereignty’s black core defying the white face; of the capacity for symbiosis between men with ostensibly little in common. At its simplest, the story behind this painting belies complex interpretation; it is simply a subordinate dutifully doing what a boss ‘made me do’.
Regardless, the story was apparently sufficient to render John Howard—Australia’s second-longest-serving prime minister, and a devotee of and political biographer of Menzies—momentarily speechless when it was recounted during a visit to the Stafford archive at AIATSIS. Howard visited the archive in the course of his research for his forthcoming ABC television documentary about Menzies. A cricket tragic and Bradman aficionado, Howard interviewed Stafford’s family for the documentary. He was, according to David Stafford, apparently captivated with a cricket bat that Alf won in a raffle to mark the first Prime Minister’s XI match at Manuka Oval, Canberra, in 1951.
At each subsequent PM’s XI match, Stafford—who would attend the matches with Menzies, having advised him on team selection—would ask the Australian and overseas international team members to sign the bat. It carries dozens of signatures in pen of greats from Hassett and Benaud to Colin Cowdrey. Alf ultimately bequeathed the bat to his grandson—David’s son, Andrew—after he took five wickets in a schoolboy match. (Neither David not his elder brother ever made the century that would have earned them the famous bat, so it skipped a generation to Andrew.)
David Stafford recalls that when he showed Howard the bat with its fading signatures, ‘I almost had to prise his fingers off it to get it back.’ Of course, Howard would have noted the glaring omission of one signature—that of Bradman.
Bradman came out of retirement in 1962–63 to play for Menzies’ XI. Despite great anticipation, he was dismissed for four by Brian Statham. It seems curious, given that Stafford and Bradman had known each other for almost four decades at the time of that match between the PM’s XI and the Marylebone Cricket Club, that Bradman would not lend his signature to the bat.
Why not? David Stafford says: ‘This cricket bat had the autographs of almost all the great legendary Australian players and English and South Africans and West Indians … But Bradman’s signature is not on there. And we said to dad … “Why didn’t you get Bradman to sign it?” Dad said, “He wouldn’t sign it and I wouldn’t ask him.”’
Which begs a question that will, for a moment, be left to hang.
Alf Stafford, according to his son David, ‘admired Bradman as a cricketer. He did not, I think, like Bradman very much as a person.’ If this was the case, Stafford never publicly said as much when he was interviewed about Bradman on community radio. He was as characteristically generous to and discreet about Bradman as he was regarding most of the politicians for whom he worked, saying: ‘I was lucky enough to be … in a few of the teams when Sir Donald Bradman was there. So I had quite a few times with Don. And I even played golf with him at Cronulla and tennis—he was really a brilliant all-round sportsman.’
This was as close as he came to being barbed about Bradman: ‘I was an opening batsman and my boys, when they were about eight or ten, they reckoned I must’ve been better than Bradman because I went in before him.’
There was, however, one indiscreet recollection that Stafford shared with his family. The night before the PM’s XI matches at Manuka, Menzies would host a dinner for his team at the Lodge. In 1954 the PM’s team enjoyed what David Stafford said Alf recalled as ‘a fairly rowdy sort of a night’ at the Lodge that ‘got a bit out of hand’ when the captain, Lindsay Hassett, demonstrated his batting on the dining room table.
Alf Stafford, a Gamilaroi and Darug man, opened the batting for St George, First Grade, in the 1920s while Donald Bradman batted at number three. Their relationship, perhaps because of Stafford’s Indigenous heritage, was ambivalent. (picture: AIATSIS Collection, courtesy Michelle Flynn)
Heather Henderson was an adult by the time Alf and his children began staying at the Lodge. But she well remembers him and the special relationship he had with her father. ‘Alf used to pour the drinks [after Cabinet meetings] and they did like to talk about cricket together,’ she says. Recalling the circumstances under which the Staffords came to stay at the Lodge, she says: ‘My mother would have insisted on it. They were very fond of Alf. He and dad had a very easy and close relationship that endured, from what I remember.’
Indeed, Alf’s daughter Diana Griffiths says that as a child around the time of her mother’s death, she considered Dame Pattie to be a ‘surrogate mother’. ‘Nothing was too much trouble for her. You could tell her your problems and tell her if someone was picking on you at school, and she would say, “Well, I’ll fix that, darling.”’
She says that she moved into the Lodge, where they lived in the staff quarters, with her father and David perhaps a month after her mother died:
When things settled down a bit and when things started to get back to normal then dad was away a lot and travelling and so they took us under their wings. Then they went overseas and we stayed in the Lodge almost as a caretaker role. And so we had the prime minister’s driver drive us to school and pick us up after school. We’d say ‘Just stop at Kingston, Wally, and get us some ice cream’. My friends were very impressed and the teachers were very impressed when C Star One [the Commonwealth car with the number plates reading ‘C✩1’] used to pull up at school.
I have different memories. David says that we weren’t there [at the Lodge] for as long as I remember being there. But we were there on and off. We’d sort of come and go. Dame Pattie would ring and say, ‘I want you here,’ and we’d have a month or so and off we’d go. I always had birthday parties and play dates. All of my friends came to the Lodge to play.
Mr Menzies—I mean he used to come home from work and we’d be there at the door to meet him. Just like our dad coming home. And we’d go in and we’d sit in the little drawing room and he’d ask us all about our day and what we’d done at school and what we’d learnt. And he’d always read me a story.’
Menzies and his wife travelled extensively in the mid 1950s to places including England, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, the Philippines, Malta and Japan. During their absence, Stafford and his two youngest children often stayed in the Lodge as de facto caretakers. David Stafford says:
After my mother had died, Dame Patty had said it was no good dad driving Menzies—‘Alf gets home too late for the kids,’ she told Sir Robert, ‘he needs a job at Parliament House.’ Menzies, effectively, I think, got the prime minister’s department to create this job as a cabinet officer. All of which meant that dad got home five minutes earlier because he didn’t leave … Parliament House until Menzies left and instead of driving Menzies to the Lodge and back down home in the Cadillac in those days … he’d just come straight home from Parliament House.
She [Dame Pattie] suggested that it might be helpful for dad to get settled if we moved into the Lodge because the housekeeper was still there. And they were going over to England by ship (away for six months) … which meant dad didn’t have to cook meals—she was there for the children. And we knew her well. As kids we were often up at the Lodge with dad when he was driving Menzies. We were in and out of the kitchen. It was a different world. There was no big fences around the Lodge, there was a wire fence … all the back part was just like a farm-wire fence, a couple of strands of wire.
Stafford’s descendants emphasise just how discreet he was about his years of driving prime ministers and ministers, and of servicing the prosaic needs of Cabinet members (meals and drinks, messages and phone calls) when they met at Parliament House. While there were some MPs, prime ministers and ministers he may well have disliked, Stafford tended to be generous, even in private, to most of them. Stafford strongly indicated he did not like Billy Hughes (who changed parties five times during a long political career). In retirement, however, he never criticised Hughes, just mimicked his tinny, quavering voice instead. David Stafford says:
He would impersonate his [Hughes’] voice sometimes. But … never really said anything derogatory about anyone that I can recall. He used to defend all of them to my brother and myself. John Gorton he used to defend when we used to say we’re not too concerned about his relationship with [principal private secretary] Ainslie Gotto as to what he’s doing to the country. And dad’d say ‘She’s a lovely person.’ I think … he wasn’t terribly fussed about Billy McMahon though.
As a driver to prime ministers and ministers, Alf Stafford had too many adventures to count. After drinking whisky with Hughes one wet night after the long, treacherous drive from Canberra, Stafford got bogged in the rose garden while reversing out of the then former PM’s driveway in Sydney.
For a while Stafford drove the minister for the interior, the Western Australian MP Herbert ‘Vic’ Johnston. Johnston, also a keen fisherman, insisted Stafford drive him to the Gudgenby River, out past Tharwa from Canberra. Stafford would park the Commonwealth Buick on the narrow Glendale Crossing while Johnston fished out of the car window.
It is likely that Indigenous man Alf Stafford sat in for this portrait by eight-time Archibald prize winner William Dargie of Sir Robert Menzies, commissioned by the Clothworkers Company, London, in the 1960s. (picture courtesy Clothworkers Company, London)
One wet night Menzies despatched Stafford to collect the government whip, Jo Gullett, from his family property Lambrigg at Tharwa, ahead of a pending urgent parliamentary debate and vote. Stafford had his younger son in the car. David recalls the Cadillac reaching 100 miles per hour on the unmade, muddy Point Hutt Road. Alf Stafford, it is said, also held the record for the fastest driving time from Canberra to Melbourne of six and a half hours (on today’s highway, a good time might be seven hours, 45 minutes).
In one of those late-life radio interviews, Stafford recounted driving the Labor information minister, Arthur Calwell, through central west New South Wales on a freezing night in August 1944. Both were unaware that 1100 Japanese prisoners of war had just escaped from a prison in nearby Cowra. Four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese died in the breakout:
We were pulled up by a military convoy … they asked us if we saw any Japs on the road and we said no, and of course we didn’t know what was going on. Just after that there was six little Japs walked down the road just behind us. I dare say if they’d wanted the car they could’ve knocked us off pretty easily.
Arthur Calwell then got out of the car—it was the middle of June … freezing… and he went up on the hills and it was just like a miniature war really, there was machineguns going and searchlights all around. And I had a good look at them and there was Japanese who’d hung themselves in trees with fencing wire and that sort of thing, others had knives and forks through their chests—they’d stabbed themselves in the heart…
And there was about eight of them the next morning who got under the railway bridge because the train was coming to Cowra and they all jumped out and committed suicide under the train. It was a very dramatic sort of a show… harikari (ritual suicide), yes… There was quite a few Australian soldiers killed, which we saw there. By accident we were there in the middle of it. I must say that Calwell did a mighty job. He got on the phone and got through to the papers in Sydney and asked them not to print anything on the show because we had prisoners of war in Japan.
In Stafford’s archive, Menzies emerges as his favourite boss. ‘And also Chifley was a grand man. And Curtin. They were outstanding prime ministers. You could say those three,’ he said when asked to name his favourite PMs. He spoke reverentially of a humble Chifley, the former locomotive engine driver who became Australia’s wartime treasurer and, later, Australia’s sixteenth prime minister. Chifley’s humility was evidenced by his willingness, during the Second World War when charcoal burners were used on rural car trips instead of headlights, to get out of the car to help stoke and light the lamps. ‘He said, “It reminds you of the old [train] engine, Alf.”’
Alf Stafford retired shortly after the election of the Whitlam government in 1972, the same year he was awarded an Order of the British Empire. The week before Christmas in 1972, Whitlam wrote to Stafford:
I understand you will be finishing up on Friday after twenty-two years of personal service in Parliament House to Prime Ministers.
What a record!
I have been a recipient of your services for only a brief week, but I have already come to appreciate your personal watchfulness over my needs. Your reputation is outstandingly high and I now understand by experience how well-merited it is.
You have presided over six Australian Prime Ministers! And not only that, you have ministered in your excellent way to a number of Prime Ministers and Heads of Government and, indeed, Heads of State from elsewhere. They would all support me in this appreciation of your services.
Of course the great virtue of Stafford’s long service, as both driver and (in the words of his son) as something of ‘a glorified butler’ to the Cabinet, was his discretion and loyalty to whichever prime minister he drove or served, and his effective invisibility to eyes beyond the old Parliament House or the driving pool.
Well known in Canberra for captaining the ACT representative cricket side (he faced the first ball ever bowled at the PM’s XI match venue, Manuka Oval, in 1930) and as a foundation member of the Canberra Racing Club (the Alf Stafford Guineas is raced in his name), officialdom cruelly overlooked him when the new Parliament House opened in 1988.
‘With great regret, I must advise that we will not be able to meet your request that you receive an official invitation to the opening of the new Parliament House,’ Jan McGuinness, an official of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, wrote to Stafford with cool efficiency. ‘As several thousand persons have requested official invitations, you will appreciate that we have not been able to include all of them on the official guest list.’
Indeed. Bureaucracy may have overlooked Alf Stafford on this occasion. But the prime ministers he served did not forget him, as evidenced by the correspondence in his archive. In October 1974, as Senate hostility, scandal and ministerial ineptitude plagued the Whitlam government, the ageing, increasingly frail Menzies wrote to his old confidant, the Indigenous man from Binnaway:
I think we saw the best times, both in cricket and politics and living. Everything seems in turmoil at present and the cricketers even seem to be ordinary run of the mill, without any spark in them.
I trust you and your wife are well. You may have heard that I am unable to go far from home these days. My legs are letting me down. My wife is as spry as ever … We often think of you both, and the days in Canberra.
Three of Alf Stafford’s brothers served as light horsemen in—and returned from—the First World War at a time when Indigenous Australians were not permitted to join up. Another brother served in the Second World War. Alf, meanwhile, served briefly in the Australian Army when Indigenous Australians still faced obstacles in joining up (he said his skills as a cricketer made enlisting easy). It is clear that Alf Stafford identified with his Aboriginal heritage just as his granddaughter, Michelle, strongly does with hers—though more publicly than Alf did. She continues to research her background and plans a book on a remarkable heritage that illustrates the early colonial connections between convict settlers and First Australians. Of Alf’s Aboriginal heritage Michelle says:
Grandpa always told us about our Aboriginality but I became more interested not long before he died. Of course, I wish I had asked him a whole lot more about it all than I did. But we used to talk about it all of the time … and it immediately resonated and meant a lot to me in terms of who I am. When he died I got all of his papers which made it much easier to piece together—but I’m still on the journey, tracing new elements of our Indigenous history.
For 35 years Alfred George Stafford was the obvious—but unspoken—Indigenous presence in the cars and offices of 11 prime ministers from Lyons to Whitlam. David Stafford says that when he and Diana reunited recently with Heather Henderson, they asked her if she or her father ever realised that Alf was an Aboriginal man. ‘I mean, when we look back at photos of my father … you think, of course he was. But back then you didn’t even give it a thought. And Menzies was no fool—he could probably work it out for himself. But Heather just said it never occurred to her: “Alf was just Alf.”’ But he was a lot more, too, you’d have to say.
Which leads us back to the question that hangs, awkwardly, over his relationship with Bradman and that refusal by ‘The Don’ to sign Alf Stafford’s precious PM’s XI bat. Nobody knows for certain, but David Stafford has given it quite some thought over the years:
This is a bloke that he played first-grade cricket with at St George. Same team—better than Bradman because he was the opening batsman and Bradman was number three and even the kids know that—the best ones go in first, don’t they? Of course they do. But he wouldn’t ask him [to sign the bat]. Now we thought … having read a lot more about Bradman’s personality and his view about signing things, knowing the value of his signature and being pretty reluctant to sign anything, you draw a conclusion that may or may not be entirely fair. The impression I certainly got was that [Alf] didn’t particularly like him. Who knows where that may have come from? Dad in his younger days definitely looked quite Aboriginal. Is that a possibility? Who knows? This may be … the sort of reasons why he didn’t sort of identify [as Aboriginal] particularly.
To me it’s no particularly big deal. I grew up being just a normal kid and I’m not in any way perturbed by it—it’s terrific. Also there’s a bit of convict there too. You are who you are … Thinking about it later, you think, did dad not make anything of this or not comment about this because it may have affected his life and achievements, where you get to, what you do in life? I mean he was an extremely good cricketer. But would he have been playing first-grade cricket for St George, captaining the ACT cricket team … if he identified as Aboriginal? Back in those days I mean those sorts of things did matter. Who knows? Would he have been driving the prime minister? Or would he have just become a bus driver?
Alf Stafford died, aged 90, in 1996. Towards the end of his life, he remarked: ‘In 29 years of working for the Cabinet I’ve seen and heard a lot. They used to say, “Prime ministers come and go but Alf Stafford goes on forever.” I wish it were true.’
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