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how to calculate percentage of water in hydrated salt

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “ how to calculate percentage of water in hydrated salt “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

How can I calculate the percent composition of water in a hydrate?

This is a classic chem lab! It involves massing a compound, then heating it to remove water and then measuring its mass a second time.

Explanation:

This can be approached in two different ways, calculating the percent of water in a hydrate from experimental data or analysis of a chemical formula.

Let’s discuss experimental analysis first. Let’s say that you are given a hydrated salt we’ll call Y. Its general formula would be…

Y•X(H2O).

calculate the percent of water

If you heat the sample you will be able to dry it and remove all of the water leaving just Y. To calculate the percent of water you will divide the change in mass of your sample (mass of water removed) by the mass of the hydrated salt (original mass).

If you are given the formula you would do analysis of the information provided…

CuSO4 = 159.62g Mass of water = 18.02 x 5 = 90.1g CuSO4•5(H2O) = 249.72g

% water = (90.1 / 249.72) x 100 = 36.08%

Presentation on theme: “Determining the Percent of Water in a Hydrated Salt Questions and Calculations Help.”— Presentation transcript:

Determining the Percent of Water in a Hydrated Salt Questions and Calculations Help

2 Calculation

#1a Use the % composition equation from your reference tables to solve this problem. Use the % composition equation from your reference tables to solve this problem. Mass of water = part Mass of water = part Mass of hydrated salt = whole Mass of hydrated salt = whole

3 Calculation

#1b Use the % composition equation from your reference tables to solve this problem. Use the % composition equation from your reference tables to solve this problem. Mass of anhydrous salt = part Mass of anhydrous salt = part Mass of

hydrated salt = whole Mass of hydrated salt = whole

4 Calculation

#2 a&b This question references the first question. If you had 100 grams of sample, use your percentages from #1 to determine grams of water and anhydrous salt would be present. See next slide… This question references the first question. If you had 100 grams of sample, use your percentages from #1 to determine grams of water and anhydrous salt would be present. See next slide…

5 Calculation

#2 a&b For example: For example: If you calculated 25% water and 75% anhydrous, then 25 grams would be water and 75 grams would be anhydrous salt. If you calculated 25% water and 75% anhydrous, then 25 grams would be water and 75 grams would be anhydrous salt.

6 Calculation

#3 Change grams of water (driven off) to moles of water. Change grams of water (driven off) to moles of water. Grams water moles water Grams water moles water Use “Mole Triangle” if necessary Use “Mole Triangle” if necessary

7 Calculation

4a Do the following calculation for your unknown only!!!! Do the following calculation for your unknown only!!!! Use the masses from the Periodic Table to determine the total mass for your unknown. (See #35 in your Unit VI note packet for additional help) Use the masses from the Periodic Table to determine the total mass for your unknown. (See #35 in your Unit VI note packet for additional help).

Calculation 4b Use the formula mass you just calculated to convert the mass of your anhydrous salt (from your data table) to moles. Use the formula mass you just calculated to convert the mass of your anhydrous salt (from your data table) to moles. Grams anhydrousmoles Grams anhydrousmoles Use “Mole Triangle” if needed. Use “Mole Triangle” if needed.

9 Calculation

5 Use the moles you calculated in #3 and #4b to determine the smallest whole number ratio. Use the moles you calculated in #3 and #4b to determine the smallest whole number ratio. Divide the larger # by the smaller #. Round the answer to a whole number. Divide the larger # by the smaller #. Round the answer to a whole number. This will give you “X” in the formula. Please re-write the formula and replace “X” with the # you just calculated. This will give you “X” in the formula. Please re-write the formula and replace “X” with the # you just calculated

What if there was water in the crucible when you started? Would this make you percent of water change?

(Increase, Decrease, or remain the same?) What if there was water in the crucible when you started? Would this make you percent of water change? (Increase, Decrease, or remain the same?)

11 Question 7

In this lab we re-heated the crucible & cover a second time to make sure the mass did not change. In this lab we re-heated the crucible & cover a second time to make sure the mass did not change. How might your percentage be affected if we had just heated once and assumed we removed all the water? How might your percentage be affected if we had just heated once and assumed we removed all the water?

12 Question 8

Inert material = material that does not react. Inert material = material that does not react. How would your % of water be affected if material was in the crucible when you began and remained there for the entire lab? How would your % of water be affected if material was in the crucible when you began and remained there for the entire lab?

13 Question 9 & 10

See your Unit VI notes (Pages 21-24) for help with these two questions. See your Unit VI notes (Pages 21-24) for help with these two questions. #9 – You are calculating an empirical formula. #9 – You are calculating an empirical formula. #10 – You are calculating a molecular formula. #10 – You are calculating a molecular formula.

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Hydrate

In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.

Inorganic chemistryMain article: water of crystallization

Hydrates are inorganic salts “containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal”[1] that are either bound to a metal center or that have crystallized with the metal complex. Such hydrates are also said to contain water of crystallization or water of hydration. If the water is heavy water in which the constituent hydrogen is the isotope deuterium, then the term deuterate may be used in place of hydrate.

Organic chemistry

In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration, i.e. “Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity”.[3] For example: ethanol, CH3−CH2−OH, is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be considered as the hydrate of ethene. A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example, by the action of sulfuric acid. Another example is chloral hydrate, CCl3−CH(OH)2, which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral, CCl3−CH=O.

resource: wikipedia

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how to treat dog wounds from fighting

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “how to treat dog wounds from fighting “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Home Care for

Dog Wound

If your

dog

has been

fighting

with another

animal

, look your

dog

over carefully for

wounds

. If a

wound

is visible and bleeding, apply a

clean

cloth to the

wound

or wrap it around the

wound

for added pressure to control the bleeding. Some parts of the body are more vascular than other regions.Wound CareTo clean the wounds at home, you can apply a small amount of petroleum jelly on the wound and clip the fur around the bites. Petroleum jelly will help to keep hair out of the injury and prevent bacteria located on your dog’s fur out of the wound. Once the wound is visible and free of the obstacles or fur, clean it thoroughly with a betadine, iodine, or hydrogen peroxide solution. Whether you are continuing veterinary care or cleaning minor wounds from home, you will need to continue to keep the wound clean with hydrogen peroxide and a gentle gauze several times a day. Applying antibiotic ointment will help keep infection away, keep the wound clean and free of bacteria, as well as help with healing.

InfectionIf, for any reason, you think your dog has an infection, or if a known infection has worsened, contact your veterinarian for an exam or recheck and antibiotics.Three basicThree basic signs of infection in your dog will be swelling, discharge, and redness. Restricting exercise and keeping your dog resting and relaxed while all bite wounds heal is crucial. Your dog’s skin will need time to heal without risk of reopening the wounds.If your veterinarian installed a drain, you will want to keep the area around the drain clean and clear of any pus discharge.Drains can usually be removed after three to five days. After the drain is removed, you will need to follow up at home with hydrogen peroxide and gauze cleaning and home care for several days as the bite wounds heal.

Dog fightsDog fights happen, even to the best of dogs and with the most responsible of owners.Whether your dog is on a leash, roaming free, or at a dog park, other dogs biting your dog is not only possible but a common reason for pet owners to bring their dogs to their veterinarian for an emergency visit.Even animals within your own home could inflict a bite wound on your dog.If your dog has been involved in a fight with an animal you do not know or another dog, you may want to visit withveterinarianyour veterinarian and be sure the other animal is tested for rabies, if possible. In the least, your veterinarian may want to administer antibiotics to fight any infection from the offending animal’s mouth and pain medications to assist with pain.Assessment Some bite injuries are not incredibly apparent. If your dog has been fighting with another animal, look your dog over carefully for wounds.If a wound is visible and bleeding, apply a clean cloth to the wound or wrap it around the wound for added pressure to control the bleeding. Some parts of the body are more vascular than other regions.Head woundsHead wounds will bleed more profusely than leg or trunk lacerations. Once you have control over your dog and have done a quick initial assessment,you will need to decide if your dog needs emergency care right away or if you can wait for your veterinarian to fit you in with an appointment.Wound Care To clean the wounds at home, you can apply a small amount of petroleum jelly on the wound and clip the fur around the bites.

Petroleum jellyPetroleum jelly will help to keep hair out of the injury and prevent bacteria located on your dog’s fur out of the wound.Once the wound is visible and free of the obstacles or fur, clean it thoroughly with a betadine, iodine,or hydrogen peroxide solution.Whether you are continuing veterinary care or cleaning minor wounds from home, you will need to continue to keep the wound clean with hydrogen peroxide and a gentle gauze several times a day.antibioticApplying antibiotic ointment will help keep infection away, keep the wound clean and free of bacteria, as well as help with healing. Infection If, for any reason, you think your dog has an infection,or if a known infection has worsened, contact your veterinarian for an exam or recheck and antibiotics.Three basic signs of infection in your dog will be swelling, discharge, and redness. Restricting exercise and keeping your dog resting and relaxed while all bite wounds heal is crucial.Your dog’s skin will need time to heal without risk of reopening the wounds.If your veterinarianIf your veterinarian installed a drain, you will want to keep the area around the drain clean and clear of any pus discharge.Drains can usually be removed after three to five days.The absolute best preventionThe absolute best prevention for bite wounds is to keep control over your dog and know your surroundings when you are out with your pup.If you are in a public area with other dogs around,keep your dog on a tight leash and within your control.Don’t let your dog roam freely outside around your house or with you on running trails or public areas. Dog training classes are helpful for teaching your dog obedience.However, not all dogs will be as well behaved as your dog might be.Though some dogyou can do your part as a responsible dog owner by following the rules of common sense when you are out in public with your dog or around your home and neighborhood.

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dog

The domestic dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris)[4] is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. The dog derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[5][6] and the modern grey wolf is the dog’s nearest living relative.[7] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[8][7] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[6] before the development of agriculture.[1] Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely adapted to human behavior,[9] leading to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11]

Taxonomy

Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog

In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning “dog,”[13] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the grey wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[14]

resource: wikipedia

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what percentage of earth’s water is stored in oceans

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “what percentage of earth’s water is stored in oceans “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Where is Earth’s Water?

“Water, Water, Everywhere….” You’ve heard the phrase, and for water, it really is true. Earth’s water is (almost) everywhere: above the Earth in the air and clouds, on the surface of the Earth in rivers, oceans, ice, plants, in living organisms, and inside the Earth in the top few miles of the ground.

water cycle

For an estimated explanation of where Earth’s water exists, look at this bar chart. You may know that the water cycle describes the movement of Earth’s water, so realize that the chart and table below represent the presence of Earth’s water at a single point in time. If you check back in a million years, no doubt these numbers will be different!

Left bar: All water, freshwater and saline, on, in, and above the Earth.

Center bar: All freshwater

Right bar: Only the portion of freshwater residing in surface water (rivers and lakes, etc), snow and ice, and relatively-shallow ground water.

Here is a bar chart showing where all water on, in, and above the Earth exists. The left-side bar chart shows how almost all of Earth’s water is saline and is found in the oceans. Of the small amount that is actually freshwater, only a relatively small portion is available to sustain human, plant, and animal life.

Where is all of the Earth’s water?

The ocean holds about 97 percent of the Earth’s water; the remaining three percent is distributed in many different places, including glaciers and ice, below the ground, in rivers and lakes, and in the atmosphere.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, there are over 332,519,000 cubic miles of water on the planet. A cubic mile is the volume of a cube measuring one mile on each side. Of this vast volume of water, NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center estimates that 321,003,271 cubic miles is in the ocean.

Distribution of Earth’s Water

Earth’s oceans contain 97% of the planet’s water, so just 3% is fresh water, water with low concentrations of salts. Most fresh water is trapped as ice in the vast glaciers and ice sheets of Greenland.

A storage location for water such as an ocean, glacier, pond, or even the atmosphere is known as a reservoir. A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or may remain for much longer.

The amount of time

The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is known as its residence time.Earth’s oceans contain 97% of the planet’s water, so just 3% is fresh water, water with low concentrations of salts.

Most fresh water is trapped as ice in the vast glaciers and ice sheets of Greenland. A storage location for water such as an ocean, glacier, pond, or even the atmosphere is known as a reservoir.

A water molecule may pass through a reservoir very quickly or may remain for much longer. The amount of time a molecule stays in a reservoir is known as its residence time.

Three States of Water

Because of the unique properties of water, water molecules can cycle through almost anywhere on Earth. The water molecule found in your glass of water today could have erupted from a volcano early in Earth history.

In the intervening billions of years, the molecule probably spent time in a glacier or far below the ground. The molecule surely was high up in the atmosphere and maybe deep in the belly of a dinosaur.

Where will that water molecule go next?

Water is the only substance on Earth that is present in all three states of matter – as a solid, liquid or gas.

Along with that, Earth is the only planet where water is present in all three states.

Because of the ranges in temperature in specific locations around the planet, all three phases may be present in a single location or in a region. The three phases are solid (ice or snow), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

The Water Cycle

Because Earth’s water is present in all three states, it can get into a variety of environments around the planet. The movement of water around Earth’s surface is the hydrologic (water) cycle.

The Sun, many millions of kilometers away, provides the energy that drives the water cycle. Our nearest star directly impacts the water cycle by supplying the energy needed for evaporation.

Most of Earth’s water is stored in the oceans where it can remain for hundreds or thousands of years. The oceans are discussed in detail in the chapter Earth’s Oceans.

Water changes what?

Water changes from a liquid to a gas by evaporation to become water vapor. The Sun’s energy can evaporate water from the ocean surface or from lakes, streams, or puddles on land. Only the water molecules evaporate; the salts remain in the ocean or a freshwater reservoir.

The water vapor remains in the atmosphere until it undergoes condensation to become tiny droplets of liquid. The droplets gather in clouds, which are blown about the globe by wind.

As the water droplets in the clouds collide and grow, they fall from the sky as precipitation. Precipitation can be rain, sleet, hail, or snow. Sometimes precipitation falls back into the ocean and sometimes it falls onto the land surface.

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water

Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent[1]). It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.[2] “Water” is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.

resource: wikipedia

When water falls from the sky…

When water falls from the sky as rain it may enter streams and rivers that flow downward to oceans and lakes. Water that falls as snow may sit on a mountain for several months.

Snow may become part of the ice in a glacier, where it may remain for hundreds or thousands of years.

Snow and ice may go directly back into the air by sublimation, the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid.

Although you probably have not seen water vapor sublimating from a glacier, you may have seen dry ice sublimate in air.

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how many percent of salt water in earth

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “how many percent of salt water in earth “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

How Much Water is There on Earth?

All Earth’s water, liquid fresh water, and water in lakes and rivers

Spheres showing:

(1)All water (largest sphere over western U.S., 860 miles (1,385 kilometers) in diameter) (2) Fresh liquid water in the ground, lakes, swamps, and rivers (mid-sized sphere over Kentucky, 169.5 miles (272.8 kilometers) in diameter), and (3) Fresh-water lakes and rivers (smallest sphere over Georgia, 34.9 miles i(56.2 kilometers) n diameter).

Credit: Howard Perlman, USGS; globe illustration by Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (©); and Adam Nieman.

The Earth is a watery place. But just how much water exists on, in, and above our planet? About 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth’s water. Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you and your dog.

Water is never sitting still. Thanks to the water cycle, our planet’s water supply is constantly moving from one place to another and from one form to another. Things would get pretty stale without the water cycle!

All Earth’s water in a bubble

The globe illustration shows blue spheres representing relative amounts of Earth’s water in comparison to the size of the Earth. Are you surprised that these water spheres look so small? They are only small in relation to the size of the Earth. This image attempts to show three dimensions, so each sphere represents “volume.” The volume of the largest sphere, representing all water on, in, and above the Earth, would be about 332,500,000 cubic miles (mi3) (1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers (km3)), and be about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) in diameter.

The smaller sphere

The smaller sphere over Kentucky represents Earth’s liquid fresh water in groundwater, swamp water, rivers, and lakes. The volume of this sphere would be about 2,551,000 mi3(10,633,450 km3) and form a sphere about 169.5 miles (272.8 kilometers) in diameter. Yes, all of this water is fresh water, which we all need every day, but much of it is deep in the ground, unavailable to humans.

Water is on and in the Earth

The vast majority of water on the Earth’s surface, over 96 percent, is saline water in the oceans. The freshwater resources, such as water falling from the skies and moving into streams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater, provide people with the water they need every day to live.

Water sitting on the surface of the Earth is easy to visualize, and your view of the water cycle might be that rainfall fills up the rivers and lakes. But, the unseen water below our feet is critically important to life, also

. How do you account for the flow in rivers after weeks without rain?

In fact, how do you account for the water flowing down a driveway on a day when it didn’t rain? The answer is that there is more to our water supply than just surface water, there is also plenty of water beneath our feet.

Where is Earth’s water located?

For a detailed explanation of where Earth’s water is, look at the data table below. Notice how of the world’s total water supply of about 332.5 million mi3 of water, over 96 percent is saline. Of total freshwater, over 68 percent is locked up in ice and glaciers. Another 30 percent of freshwater is in the ground. Rivers are the source of most of the fresh surface water people use, but they only constitute about 509 mi3 (2,120 km3), about 1/10,000th of one percent of total water. Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Earth’s surface

Even though you may only notice water on the Earth’s surface, there is much more freshwater stored in the ground than there is in liquid form on the surface. In fact, some of the water you see flowing in rivers comes from seepage of groundwater into river beds. Water from precipitation continually seeps into the ground to recharge aquifers, while at the same time water in the ground continually recharges rivers through seepage.

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What is the percentage of the earth’s salt water?

Answer 1:

You may know that water covers nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface, are much of the water is contained within the world’s oceans. There is only a small portion of freshwater sources on Earth: lakes and rivers take a small part of that, but most of the freshwater is either underground or locked away, frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

Answer 2:

About 97% of the earth’s water is salt water, most of this in the oceans. That being said there is also a lot of water on Earth, and since it cycles, we just have to be careful not to pollute the valuable fresh water we have. Also, a good amount of the fresh water on Earth (about 70%) is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

Answer 3:

Oceans (which are the biggest bodies of salt water on our planet) cover around 70% of the surface of earth.

Answer 4:

The result from a quick Google search: 97.2% of the Earth’s water is in the oceans, which is all salt water. About 2% is glaciers (fresh), 0.6% is groundwater (also fresh), and the rest (mainly fresh) adds up to about 0.02%.

water

Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent[1]). It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.[2] “Water” is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.

Etymology

The word water comes from Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic *watar (source also of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, vatn, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato), from Proto-Indo-European *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- (“water”; “wet”).[7] Also cognate, through the Indo-European root, with Greek ύδωρ (ýdor), Russian вода́ (vodá), Irish uisce, and Albanian ujë.

Chemical and physical properties

Main article: Properties of waterSee also: Water (data page) and Water model

Water (H 2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a hint of blue. This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the “universal solvent” for its ability to dissolve many substances.[8][9] This allows it to be the “solvent of life”:[10] indeed, water as found in nature almost always includes various dissolved substances, and special steps are required to obtain chemically pure water. Water is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in normal terrestrial conditions.[11]

resource: wikipedia

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what percent of the earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “ what percent of the earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water“. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Distribution and quantity of Earth’s waters

hydrosphere

Ocean waters and waters trapped in the pore spaces of sediments make up most of the present-day hydrosphereThis water, however, plays an important role in the water cycle.

Earth’s water earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

At present, ice locks up a little more than 2 percent of Earth’s water and may have accounted for as much as 3 percent or more during the height of the glaciations of the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). Although water storage in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere is small, the rate of water circulation through the rain-river-ocean-atmosphere system is relatively rapid. The amount of water discharged each year into the oceans from the land is approximately equal to the total mass of water stored at any instant in rivers and lakes.

Soil moisture earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

Soil moisture accounts for only 0.005 percent of the water at Earth’s surface. It is this small amount of water, however, that exerts the most direct influence on evaporation from soils. The biosphere, though primarily H2O in composition, contains very little of the total water at the terrestrial surface, only about 0.00004 percent, yet the biosphere plays a major role in the transport of water vapour back into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration.

Thus, the masses of water at Earth’s surface are major receptacles of inorganic and organic substances, and water movement plays a dominant role in the transportation of these substances about the planet’s surface.

Biogeochemical properties of the hydrosphere

Rainwater

About 107,000 cubic km (nearly 25,800 cubic miles) of rain fall on land each year. The total water in the atmosphere is 13,000 cubic km, and this water, owing to precipitation and evaporation, turns over every 9.6 days. Rainwater is not pure but rather contains dissolved gases and salts, fine-ground particulate material, organic substances, and even bacteria. The sources of the materials in rainwater are the oceans, soils, fertilizers, air pollution, and fossil fuel combustion.

oceanic islands

It has been observed that rains over oceanic islands and near coasts have ratios of major dissolved constituents very close to those found in seawater. The discovery of the high salt content of rain near coastlines was somewhat surprising because sea salts are not volatile, and it might be expected that the process of evaporation of water from the sea surface would “filter” out the salts.

nitrogen

For the nitrogen gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) released from fossil fuel burning, their atmospheric reactions lead to the production of nitric acid (HNO3) and its dissociation to hydrogen ions (H+) and nitrate (NO3−). These reactions are responsible for the acid rain conditions that occurred in the northeastern United States, southeastern Canada, and western Europe during the second half of the 20th century (see below Acid rain). The high sulfate values of the rain in the northeastern United States reflect the acid precipitation conditions of this region.

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River and ocean waters

hydrosphere and earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

River discharge constitutes the main source for the oceans. Seawater has a more uniform composition than river water. It contains, by weight, about 3.5 percent dissolved salts, whereas river water has only 0.012 percent. The average density of the world’s oceans is roughly 2.75 percent greater than that of typical river water.

fresh versus salt water

Of the remaining one part of the salinity, calcium and potassium constitute 0.4 part each and carbon, as carbonate and bicarbonate, about 0.15 part. These elements strongly regulate the organic production of the world’s oceans.

Hydrosphere earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

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The Pacific Ocean, part of Earth’s hydrosphere

The hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr, “water”[1] and σφαῖρα sphaira, “sphere”[2]) is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth’s hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion years,[3][4] it continues to change in shape. This is caused by seafloor spreading and continental drift, which rearranges the land and ocean.[5]

cubic kilometers earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

It has been estimated that there are 1386 cubic kilometers (or roughly 332 cubic miles) of water on Earth.[6] This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater, oceans, lakes and streams. Saltwater accounts for 97.5% of this amount, whereas fresh water accounts for only 2.5%.

; 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater; and only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems.[6]

resource: wikipedia

mass of Earth’s hydrosphere

The total mass of Earth’s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth’s total mass. At any given time, about 20 × 1012 tonnes of this is in the form of water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere (for practical purposes,

1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne).

The average salinity of Earth’s oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5%).[7]

Congruent and incongruent weathering reactions

These acid solutions in the soil environment attack the rock minerals, the bases of the system, producing neutralization products of dissolved constituents and solid particles. Two general types of reactions occur: congruent and incongruent. In the former, a solid dissolves, adding elements to the water according to their proportions in the mineral. An example of such a weathering reaction is the solution of calcite (CaCO3) in limestones:

Water-rock interactions as determining river water composition

Generally speaking, the composition of river water, and thus that of lakes, is controlled by water-rock interactions. The attack of carbon dioxide-charged rain and soil waters on the individual minerals in continental rocks leads to the production of dissolved constituents for lakes, rivers, and streams.

HCO

3

Here one of the HCO3− ions comes from calcite and the other from CO2(g) in the reacting water. The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved according to reaction (4) depends on temperature, pressure, original bicarbonate content of the weathering solution, and partial pressure of the carbon dioxide.

The carbon dioxide

The carbon dioxide and the temperature are the most important variables. Increases in one or both of these variables lead to increases in the amount of calcite dissolved.

fresh versus salt water

For example, for a carbon dioxide pressure of 10−3.5 (0.00032) atmosphere, the amount of calcium that can be dissolved until saturation is about 10−3.3 (0.0005) mole, or 20 ppm, at 25 °C (77 °F).

For an atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure of 10−2 (0.01) atmosphere and for a soil atmosphere of nearly pure carbon dioxide, the values are 65 and 300 ppm, respectively.

The weathering of calcite

The insoluble residue of quartz (SiO2), clay minerals, and iron oxides (e.g., FeOOH) in the limestone rock make up the deep-red soils that form from limestone weathering.

An example of an incongruent

An example of an incongruent weathering reaction—that is, one where only part of a solid is consumed—is that involving aluminosilicates.

One such reaction is the aggressive attack of carbon dioxide-charged soil water on the mineral K-spar (KAlSi3O8), an important phase found in continental rocks. The reaction is

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what percent of the earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

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Distribution and quantity of Earth’s waters

hydrosphere

Ocean waters and waters trapped in the pore spaces of sediments make up most of the present-day hydrosphereThis water, however, plays an important role in the water cycle.

Earth’s water earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

At present, ice locks up a little more than 2 percent of Earth’s water and may have accounted for as much as 3 percent or more during the height of the glaciations of the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). Although water storage in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere is small, the rate of water circulation through the rain-river-ocean-atmosphere system is relatively rapid. The amount of water discharged each year into the oceans from the land is approximately equal to the total mass of water stored at any instant in rivers and lakes.

Soil moisture earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

Soil moisture accounts for only 0.005 percent of the water at Earth’s surface. It is this small amount of water, however, that exerts the most direct influence on evaporation from soils. The biosphere, though primarily H2O in composition, contains very little of the total water at the terrestrial surface, only about 0.00004 percent, yet the biosphere plays a major role in the transport of water vapour back into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration.

Thus, the masses of water at Earth’s surface are major receptacles of inorganic and organic substances, and water movement plays a dominant role in the transportation of these substances about the planet’s surface.

Biogeochemical properties of the hydrosphere

Rainwater

About 107,000 cubic km (nearly 25,800 cubic miles) of rain fall on land each year. The total water in the atmosphere is 13,000 cubic km, and this water, owing to precipitation and evaporation, turns over every 9.6 days. Rainwater is not pure but rather contains dissolved gases and salts, fine-ground particulate material, organic substances, and even bacteria. The sources of the materials in rainwater are the oceans, soils, fertilizers, air pollution, and fossil fuel combustion.

oceanic islands

It has been observed that rains over oceanic islands and near coasts have ratios of major dissolved constituents very close to those found in seawater. The discovery of the high salt content of rain near coastlines was somewhat surprising because sea salts are not volatile, and it might be expected that the process of evaporation of water from the sea surface would “filter” out the salts.

nitrogen

For the nitrogen gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) released from fossil fuel burning, their atmospheric reactions lead to the production of nitric acid (HNO3) and its dissociation to hydrogen ions (H+) and nitrate (NO3−). These reactions are responsible for the acid rain conditions that occurred in the northeastern United States, southeastern Canada, and western Europe during the second half of the 20th century (see below Acid rain). The high sulfate values of the rain in the northeastern United States reflect the acid precipitation conditions of this region.

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River and ocean waters

hydrosphere and earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

River discharge constitutes the main source for the oceans. Seawater has a more uniform composition than river water. It contains, by weight, about 3.5 percent dissolved salts, whereas river water has only 0.012 percent. The average density of the world’s oceans is roughly 2.75 percent greater than that of typical river water.

fresh versus salt water

Of the remaining one part of the salinity, calcium and potassium constitute 0.4 part each and carbon, as carbonate and bicarbonate, about 0.15 part. These elements strongly regulate the organic production of the world’s oceans.

Hydrosphere earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

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The Pacific Ocean, part of Earth’s hydrosphere

The hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr, “water”[1] and σφαῖρα sphaira, “sphere”[2]) is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth’s hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion years,[3][4] it continues to change in shape. This is caused by seafloor spreading and continental drift, which rearranges the land and ocean.[5]

cubic kilometers earth’s hydrosphere is fresh versus salt water

It has been estimated that there are 1386 cubic kilometers (or roughly 332 cubic miles) of water on Earth.[6] This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater, oceans, lakes and streams. Saltwater accounts for 97.5% of this amount, whereas fresh water accounts for only 2.5%.

; 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater; and only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems.[6]

resource: wikipedia

mass of Earth’s hydrosphere

The total mass of Earth’s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth’s total mass. At any given time, about 20 × 1012 tonnes of this is in the form of water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere (for practical purposes,

1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne).

The average salinity of Earth’s oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5%).[7]

Congruent and incongruent weathering reactions

These acid solutions in the soil environment attack the rock minerals, the bases of the system, producing neutralization products of dissolved constituents and solid particles. Two general types of reactions occur: congruent and incongruent. In the former, a solid dissolves, adding elements to the water according to their proportions in the mineral. An example of such a weathering reaction is the solution of calcite (CaCO3) in limestones:

Water-rock interactions as determining river water composition

Generally speaking, the composition of river water, and thus that of lakes, is controlled by water-rock interactions. The attack of carbon dioxide-charged rain and soil waters on the individual minerals in continental rocks leads to the production of dissolved constituents for lakes, rivers, and streams.

HCO

3

Here one of the HCO3− ions comes from calcite and the other from CO2(g) in the reacting water. The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved according to reaction (4) depends on temperature, pressure, original bicarbonate content of the weathering solution, and partial pressure of the carbon dioxide.

The carbon dioxide

The carbon dioxide and the temperature are the most important variables. Increases in one or both of these variables lead to increases in the amount of calcite dissolved.

fresh versus salt water

For example, for a carbon dioxide pressure of 10−3.5 (0.00032) atmosphere, the amount of calcium that can be dissolved until saturation is about 10−3.3 (0.0005) mole, or 20 ppm, at 25 °C (77 °F).

For an atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure of 10−2 (0.01) atmosphere and for a soil atmosphere of nearly pure carbon dioxide, the values are 65 and 300 ppm, respectively.

The weathering of calcite

The insoluble residue of quartz (SiO2), clay minerals, and iron oxides (e.g., FeOOH) in the limestone rock make up the deep-red soils that form from limestone weathering.

An example of an incongruent

An example of an incongruent weathering reaction—that is, one where only part of a solid is consumed—is that involving aluminosilicates.

One such reaction is the aggressive attack of carbon dioxide-charged soil water on the mineral K-spar (KAlSi3O8), an important phase found in continental rocks. The reaction is

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approximately what percent of water on earth is freshwater liquid and solid

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Earth Observatory Water Cycle Overview

Type:ArticleAudience:Outreach, Informal, GeneralStandards:ESS2.C

Keywords:water vapor, freshwater, oceans, water distributionSummary:Water is a vital substance that sets the Earth apart from the rest of the planets in our solar system. In particular, water appears to be a necessary ingredient for the development and nourishment of life.Viewed from space, one of the most striking features of our home planet is the water, in both liquid and frozen forms, that covers approximately 75% of the Earth’s surface. Geologic evidence suggests that large amounts of water have likely flowed on Earth for the past 3.8 billion years—most of its existence. Believed to have initially arrived on the surface through the emissions of ancient volcanoes, water is a vital substance that sets the Earth apart from the rest of the planets in our solar system. In particular, water appears to be a necessary ingredient for the development and nourishment of life.Water, Water, Everywhere

Water is practically everywhere on Earth. Moreover, it is the only known substance that can naturally exist as a gas, a liquid, and solid within the relatively small range of air temperatures and pressures found at the Earth’s surface.

In all, the Earth’s water content is about 1.39 billion cubic kilometers (331 million cubic miles), with the bulk of it, about 96.5%, being in the global oceans. As for the rest, approximately 1.7% is stored in the polar icecaps, glaciers, and permanent snow, and another 1.7% is stored in groundwater, lakes, rivers, streams, and soil. Only a thousandth of 1% of the water on Earth exists as water vapor in the atmosphere.

this water vapor

Despite its small amount, this water vapor has a huge influence on the planet. Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, and it is a major driver of the Earth’s weather and climate as it travels around the globe, transporting latent heat with it. Latent heat is heat obtained by water molecules as they transition from liquid or solid to vapor; the heat is released when the molecules condense from vapor back to liquid or solid form, creating cloud droplets and various forms of precipitation.

Water vaporWater vapor—and with it energy—is carried around the globe by weather systems. This satellite image shows the distribution of water vapor over Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. White areas have high concentrations of water vapor, while dark regions are relatively dry. The brightest white areas are towering thunderclouds. The image was acquired on the morning of September 2, 2010 by SEVIRI aboard METEOSAT-9. [Watch this animation (23 MB QuickTime) of similar data to see the movement of water vapor over time.] (Image ©2010 EUMETSAT.)Estimate of Global Water DistributionVolume (1000 km

3

)Percent of Total WaterPercent of Fresh Water

Oceans, Seas, and Bays1,338,00096.5–

Ice Caps, Glaciers, and Permanent Snow24,0641.7468.7

Groundwater23,4001.7–

Fresh(10,530)(0.76)30.1

Saline(12,870)(0.94)–

Soil Moisture16.50.0010.05

Ground Ice and Permafrost3000.0220.86

Lakes176.40.013–

Fresh(91.0)(0.007).26

Saline(85.4)(0.006)–

Atmosphere12.90.0010.04

Swamp Water11.470.00080.03

Rivers2.120.00020.006

Biological Water1.120.00010.003

Total1,385,984100.0100.0

Source: Gleick, P. H., 1996: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823.

For human needs, the amount of freshwater on Earth—for drinking and agriculture—is particularly important. Freshwater exists in lakes, rivers, groundwater, and frozen as snow and ice. Estimates of groundwater are particularly difficult to make, and they vary widely. (The value in the above table is near the high end of the range.)

Groundwater may constitute anywhere from approximately 22 to 30% of fresh water, with ice (including ice caps, glaciers, permanent snow, ground ice, and permafrost) accounting for most of the remaining 78 to 70%.

Water

Water is the only common substance that can exist naturally as a gas, liquid, or solid at the relatively small range of temperatures and pressures found on the Earth’s surface. Sometimes, all three states are even present in the same time and place, such as this wintertime eruption of a geyser in Yellowstone National Park. (Photograph ©2008 haglundc.)

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a.Water cycle:

The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, cools, condenses to form clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. About 75% of the energy (or heat) in the global atmosphere is transferred through the evaporation of water from the Earth’s surface. On land, water evaporates from the ground, mainly from soils, plants (i.e., transpiration), lakes, and streams. In fact, approximately 15% of the water entering the atmosphere is from evaporation from Earth’s land surfaces and evapotranspiration from plants. Such evaporation cools the Earth’s surface, cools the lower atmosphere, and provides water to the atmosphere to form clouds.

b. Earth’s fresh water :

Of all the water that exists on our planet, roughly 97% is saltwater and less than 3% is freshwater. Most of Earth’s freshwater is frozen in glaciers, ice caps, or is deep underground in aquifers. Less than 1% of Earth’s water is freshwater that is easily accessible to us to meet our needs, and most of that water is replenished by precipitation—a vital component of the water cycle, affecting every living thing on Earth.

Earth’s Water

Water—the main reason for life on Earth—continuously circulates through one of Earth’s most powerful systems: the water cycle. Water flows endlessly between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. Earth’s water is finite, meaning that the amount of water in, on, and above our planet does not increase or decrease.

a.Water cycle:

The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, cools, condenses to form clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. About 75% of the energy (or heat) in the global atmosphere is transferred through the evaporation of water from the Earth’s surface. On land, water evaporates from the ground, mainly from soils, plants (i.e., transpiration), lakes, and streams. In fact, approximately 15% of the water entering the atmosphere is from evaporation from Earth’s land surfaces and evapotranspiration from plants. Such evaporation cools the Earth’s surface, cools the lower atmosphere, and provides water to the atmosphere to form clouds.

b. Earth’s fresh water :

Of all the water that exists on our planet, roughly 97% is saltwater and less than 3% is freshwater. Most of Earth’s freshwater is frozen in glaciers, ice caps, or is deep underground in aquifers. Less than 1% of Earth’s water is freshwater that is easily accessible to us to meet our needs, and most of that water is replenished by precipitation—a vital component of the water cycle, affecting every living thing on Earth.

c. Precipitation:

Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls quickly from a cloud. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel (soft hail or snow pellets), and hail. While precipitation is the ultimate source of the freshwater we use in our daily lives, this essential natural resource is not distributed evenly across our planet. On land, some places are drenched with rain, such as temperate and tropical rainforests. Other locations receive little rain and snow and are so dry that communities, such as Las Vegas, Nevada, recycle water that has been used for bathing and cleaning—known as grey water— to water their gardens.

liquid

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape

resource: wikipedia

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how many percent of freshwater resides in glaciers

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How much of the Earth’s water is stored in glaciers?

About 2.1% of all of Earth’s water is frozen in glaciers.

97.2% is in the oceans and inland seas

2.1% is in glaciers

0.6% is in groundwater and soil moisture

About three-quarters of Earth’s freshwater is stored in glaciers. Therefore, glacier ice is the second largest reservoir of water on Earth and the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth!

What is the difference between global warming and climate change?Although people tend to use these terms interchangeably, global warming is just one aspect of climate change. “Global warming” refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. “Climate change” refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period…Which mountain in the conterminous U.S. has the most glaciers?Mount Rainier, Washington, at 14,410 feet (4,393 meters), the highest peak in the Cascade Range, is a dormant volcano whose glacier ice cover exceeds that of any other mountain in the conterminous United States. Mount Rainier has approximately 26 glaciers. It contains more than five times the glacier area of all the other Cascade volcanoes…

How old is glacier ice?The age of the oldest glacier ice in Antarctica may approach 1,000,000 years old The age of the oldest glacier ice in Greenland is more than 100,000 years old The age of the oldest Alaskan glacier ice ever recovered (from a basin between Mt. Bona and Mt. Churchill) is about 30,000 years old. Glacier flow moves newly formed ice through the entire…Where are glaciers found in continental North America?Glaciers exist in both the United States and Canada. Most U.S. glaciers are in Alaska; others can be found in Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Nevada (Wheeler Peak Glacier in Great Basin National Park). Utah’s Timpanogos Glacier is now a rock glacier (in which the ice is hidden by rocks), and Idaho’s Otto Glacier has…Where are Earth’s glaciers located?Glaciers exist on every continent except Australia. Approximate distribution is: 91% in Antarctica 8% in Greenland Less than 0.5% in North America (about 0.1% in Alaska) 0.2% in Asia Less than 0.1% are in South America, Europe, Africa, New Zealand, and Irian Jaya.How would sea level change if all glaciers melted?There is still some uncertainty about the full volume of glaciers and ice caps on Earth, but if all of them were to melt, global sea level would rise approximately 70 meters (approximately 230 feet), flooding every coastal city on the planet. Learn more: USGS Water Science School: Glaciers and Icecaps National Snow and Ice Data Center: Facts about…What are the impacts of glacier loss, other than losing an aesthetic landscape feature?Glaciers act as reservoirs of water that persist through summer. Continual melt from glaciers contributes water to the ecosystem throughout dry months, creating perennial stream habitat and a water source for plants and animals. The cold runoff from glaciers also affects downstream water temperatures. Many aquatic species in mountainous…What is a glacier?A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water that originates on land and moves down slope under the influence of its own weight and gravity. Typically, glaciers exist and may even form in areas where: mean annual temperatures are close to the freezing point winter precipitation…

Facts about glaciers

Presently, 10 percent of land area on Earth is covered with glacial ice, including glaciers, ice caps, and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. Glacierized areas cover over 15 million square kilometers (5.8 million square miles).

Glaciers store about 69 percent of the world’s fresh water.

During the maximum point of the last ice age, glaciers covered about 32 percent of the total land area.

Starting around the early 14th century, and lasting to the mid-19th century, the world experienced a “Little Ice Age,” when temperatures were consistently cool enough for glaciers to advance in many areas of the world.

In the United States

In the United States, glaciers cover over 90,000 square kilometers (35,000 square miles). Most of those glaciers are located in Alaska, which holds 87,000 square kilometers (34,000 square miles) of glacial ice.

If all land ice melted, sea level would rise approximately 70 meters (230 feet) worldwide.

Glacier ice

Glacier ice crystals can grow to be as large as baseballs.

Glacial ice often appears blue when it has become very dense and free of bubbles. Years of compression gradually make the ice denser over time, forcing out the tiny air pockets between crystals. When glacier ice becomes extremely dense, the ice absorbs a small amount of red light, leaving a bluish tint in the reflected light, which is what we see. When glacier ice is white, that usually means that there are many tiny air bubbles still in the ice.

North America’s longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 190 kilometers (118 miles) long.

The Kutiah Glacier

The Kutiah Glacier in Pakistan holds the record for the fastest glacial surge. In 1953, it raced more than 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in three months, averaging about 112 meters (367 feet) per day.

In Washington State, the state with the largest area of glaciers in the contiguous United States, melting glaciers provide 1.8 trillion liters (470 billion gallons) of water each summer.

The largest glacier in the world is the Lambert-Fisher Glacier in Antarctica. At 400 kilometers (250 miles) long, and up to 100 kilometers (60 miles) wide, this ice stream alone drains about 8 percent of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Glacier

A glacier (US: /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK: /ˈɡlæsiər, ˈɡleɪsiər/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow under stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that forms on the surface of bodies of water.

Etymology and related terms

The word glacier is a loanword from French and goes back, via Franco-Provençal, to the Vulgar Latin glaciārium, derived from the Late Latin glacia, and ultimately Latin glaciēs, meaning “ice”.[8] The processes and features caused by or related to glaciers are referred to as glacial. The process of glacier establishment, growth and flow is called glaciation. The corresponding area of study is called glaciology. Glaciers are important components of the global cryosphere.

Classification by size, shape and behaviorFurther information: Glacier morphology

Glaciers are categorized by their morphology, thermal characteristics, and behavior. Alpine glaciers form on the crests and slopes of mountains. A glacier that fills a valley is called a valley glacier, or alternatively an alpine glacier or mountain glacier.[9] A large body of glacial ice astride a mountain, mountain range, or volcano is termed an ice cap or ice field.[10] Ice caps have an area less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) by definition.

resource: wikipedia

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what percentage of the water on earth is not frozen freshwater

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about ” what percentage of the water on earth is not frozen freshwater “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Freshwater Crisis

There is the same amount of freshwater on earth as there always has been, but the population has exploded, leaving the world’s water resources in crisis.

3 min read

A Clean Water Crisis

The water you drink today has likely been around in one form or another since dinosaurs roamed the Earth, hundreds of millions of years ago.

While the amount of freshwater on the planet has remained fairly constant over time—continually recycled through the atmosphere and back into our cups—the population has exploded.

This means that every year competition for a clean, copious supply of water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and sustaining life intensifies.

Water scarcity

Water scarcity is an abstract concept to many and a stark reality for others. It is the result of myriad environmental, political, economic, and social forces.

Freshwater makes up a very small fraction of all water on the planet.

While nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it is fresh.

The rest is saline and ocean-based. Even then, just 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 percent of the planet’s water is available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people.

Due to geography, climate, engineering, regulation, and competition for resources, some regions seem relatively flush with freshwater, while others face drought and debilitating pollution.

In much of the developing world, clean water is either hard to come by or a commodity that requires laborious work or significant currency to obtain.

Water Is Life

Wherever they are, people need water to survive.

Not only is the human body 60 percent water, the resource is also essential for producing food, clothing, and computers, moving our waste stream, and keeping us and the environment healthy.

Earth’s Freshwater

Most people have heard Earth referred to as “the water planet.” With that name comes the rightful image of a world with plentiful water.

In photographs taken from space, we can see that our planet has more water than land.

However, of all the water on Earth, more than 99 percent of Earth’s water is unusable by humans and many other living things – only about 0.3 percent of our fresh water is found in the surface water of lakes, rivers and swamps.

The teacher guide describes our current understanding of water cycling and freshwater issues that affect natural and human communities.

Distribution of the Earth’s water

Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” because 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle.

The earth

The earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage (about 0.3 percent), is even usable by humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the oceans, soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3 percent that is useable is unattainable. Most of the water used by humans comes from rivers. The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water. The majority of fresh water is actually found underground as soil moisture and in aquifers. Groundwater can feed the streams, which is why a river can keep flowing even when there has been no precipitation. Humans can use both ground and surface water.

Distribution of the water on Earth

Ocean water: 97.2 percent

Glaciers and other ice: 2.15 percent

Groundwater,: 0.61 percent

Fresh water lakes: 0.009 percent

Inland seas: 0.008 percent

Soil Moisture: 0.005 percent

Atmosphere: 0.001 percent

Rivers: 0.0001 percent.

Water distribution on Earth

Most water in Earth’s atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 4.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions.

Earth’s Freshwater

Most people have heard Earth referred to as “the water planet.” With that name comes the rightful image of a world with plentiful water. In photographs taken from space, we can see that our planet has more water than land. However, of all the water on Earth, more than 99 percent of Earth’s water is unusable by humans and many other living things – only about 0.3 percent of our fresh water is found in the surface water of lakes, rivers and swamps.The teacher guide describes our current understanding of water cycling and freshwater issues that affect natural and human communities.

Will There Be Enough Fresh Water?

Clean fresh water is a limited and valuable resource. In this module, students consider the question: will there be enough fresh water? Students explore the distribution and uses of fresh water on Earth. They explore models of porosity and permeability, run experiments with computational models, and hear from a hydrologist working on the same question.

1. Engage students in thinking about how fresh water is used.

Tell students in this activity they will be taking a close look at how humans use water—both in direct and indirect ways. They will examine the relationship between freshwater distribution and populations, and they will analyze the costs and benefits of putting dams on rivers and streams. To

2. Introduce the concept of systems in Earth’s water resources.

Tell students that forecasting what will happen to Earth’s fresh water supplies is a complicated process because there are many different interacting parts. Tell students that scientists think about how one part of the system can affect other parts of the system. Give students a simple example of a system, as described in the scenario below.

3.Have students launch the Using Fresh Water interactive.

Provide students with the link to the Using Fresh Water interactive. Divide students into groups of two or three, with two being the ideal grouping to allow groups to share a computer workstation. Tell students that they will be working through a series of pages of data with questions related to the data. Ask students to work through the activity in their groups, discussing and responding to questions as they go.

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the percentage of the earth's water that is freshwater that is not frozen is

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what percentage of the world’s freshwater is frozen

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Ice, Snow, and Glaciers percentage world’s freshwater

The color white reflects sunlight (heat) more than darker colors, and as ice is so white, sunlight is reflected back out to the sky, which helps to create weather patterns. Read on to learn how glaciers and ice caps are part of the water cycle.

Water stored as ice is part of the water cycle frozen

The water cycle describes how water moves above, on, and through the Earth. But, in fact, much more water is “in storage” at any one time than is actually moving through the cycle. By storage, we mean water that is locked up in its present state for a relatively long period of time. Short-term storage might be days or weeks for water in a lake, but it could be thousands of years for deep groundwater storage or even longer for water at the bottom of an ice cap, such as in Greenland. In the grand scheme of things, this water is still part of the water cycle.

Ice caps around the world

Map of where glaciers and ice caps exist on Earth. Credit: National Geographic

The white areas in this map show glaciers and ice sheets around the world (reproduced from National Geographic WORLD, February 1977, no. 18, p. 6, with permission). The vast majority, almost 90 percent, of Earth’s ice mass is in Antarctica, while the Greenland ice cap contains 10 percent of the total global ice mass.

The Greenland ice cap

The Greenland ice cap is an interesting part of the water cycle. The ice cap became so large over time (about 600,000 cubic miles (mi3) or 2.5 million cubic kilometers (km3)) because more snow fell than melted. Over the millennia, as the snow got deeper, it compressed and became ice. The ice cap averages about 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) in thickness, but can be as thick as 14,000 feet (4,300 meters). The ice is so heavy that the land below it has been pressed down into the shape of a bowl. In many places, glaciers on Greenland reach to the sea, and one estimate is that as much as 125 mi3 (517 km3) of ice “calves” into the ocean each year—one of Greenland’s contributions to the global water cycle. Ocean-bound icebergs travel with the currents, melting along the way. Some icebergs have been seen, in much smaller form, as far south as the island of Bermuda.

Ice and glaciers come and go, daily and over millennia

The climate, on a global scale, is always changing, although usually not at a rate fast enough for people to notice. There have been many warm periods, such as when the dinosaurs lived (about 100 million years ago) and many cold periods, such as the last ice age of about 18,000 years ago. , and extended well into the United States.

Glaciers are still around today; tens of thousands of them are in Alaska. Climatic factors still affect them today and during the current warmer climate, they can retreat in size at a rate easily measured on a yearly scale.

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Glacier worldwide are shrinking in size frozen

This picture shows the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA in 2005. The glacier has been retreating rapidly since the early 1900’s. The year markers point to the former extent of the glacier in 1850, 1937, 1968, and 1981.

Ice caps influence the weather and percentage world’s freshwater

Just because water in an ice cap or glacier is not moving does not mean that it does not have a direct effect on other aspects of the water cycle and the weather. Ice is very white, and since white reflects sunlight (and thus, heat), large ice fields can determine weather patterns. Air temperatures can be higher a mile above ice caps than at the surface, and wind patterns, which affect weather systems, can be dramatic around ice-covered landscapes.

Some glacier and ice cap facts of world’s freshwater frozen

Bering Glacier in Alaska is the largest glacier in North America. This NASA satellite view shows how a glacier is similar to a river. (Credit: NASA Earth Observatory) View full size

Glacial ice and world’s freshwater frozen

Glacial ice covers 10-11 percent of all land.

According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), if all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet (70 meters).

During the last ice age (when glaciers covered more land area than today) the sea level was about 400 feet (122 meters) lower than it is today. At that time, glaciers covered almost one-third of the land.

During the last warm spell, 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 18 feet (5.5 meters) higher than they are today. About three million years ago the seas could have been up to 165 feet (50.3 meters) higher.

Largest surface area of any glacier in the contiguous United States: Emmons Glacier, Washington (4.3 square miles or 11 square kilometers)

Ice caps and global water distribution

Even though the amount of water locked up in glaciers and ice caps is a small percentage of all water on (and in) the Earth, it represents a large percentage of the world’s total freshwater. As these charts and the data table show, the amount of water locked up in ice and snow is only about 1.7 percent of all water on Earth, but the majority of total freshwater on Earth, about 68.7 percent, is held in ice caps and glaciers.

Fresh water or world’s freshwater frozen

Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may include water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rainfall, rivers, streams, and groundwater contained in underground aquifers.

Numerical definition frozen

Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[2]

Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[3] or 3000 ppm.[4]

Sources

Main articles: Water cycle and Water resources

The original source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. The precipitation leads eventually to the formation of water bodies that humans can use as sources of freshwater: ponds, lakes, rainfall, rivers, streams, and groundwater contained in underground aquifers.

resource: wikipedia

What Percentage Of Earth’s Water Is Frozen?

From space, the earth looks like a majestic blue bubble, the blue color of the earth is because of reflection of the light from the planet’s massive oceans. About 71% of the planet is covered by water while the rest is land.

Water is considered a finite source; it circulates across the oceans, land surface and underground. The bottled water we drink was once flowing in the rivers and existed in the atmosphere as water vapor before cooling a trickling down as rain.

The earth’s water frozen

The earth’s water has existed for billions of years. Researchers are yet to determine where exactly the water came from but it is theorized that it might have been carried into the earth by meteors and meteorites during the early years of the planet. No water leaves or enters the earth’s atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle cleans and replenishes the planet’s water.

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what percent of the earth’s water is salt water hence unfit for direct human consumption

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What is saline water?

First, what do we mean by “saline water?”

Water that is saline contains significant amounts (referred to as “concentrations”) of dissolved salts, the most common being the salt we all know so well—sodium chloride (NaCl).

In this case, the concentration is the amount (by weight) of salt in water, as expressed in “parts per million” (ppm). If water has a concentration of 10,000 ppm of dissolved salts, then one percent (10,000 divided by 1,000,000) of the weight of the water comes from dissolved salts.

Here are our parameters for saline water:

Fresh water – Less than 1,000 ppm

Slightly saline water – From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm

Moderately saline water – From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm

Highly saline water – From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm

By the way, ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt.

Saline water is not just in the oceans

Naturally, when you think of saline water you think of the oceans. But, hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean, the residents of states such as Colorado and Arizona can “enjoy a day at the beach” by just walking outside their house, for they may be right next to saline water.

groundwater

There is an extensive amount of very salty water in the ground in the western United States. In New Mexico, approximately 75 percent of groundwater is too saline for most uses without treatment (Reynolds, 1962).

Water

Water in this area may have been leftover from ancient times when saline seas occupied the western U.S., and, also, as rainfall infiltrates downward into the ground, it can encounter rocks that contain highly soluble minerals, which turn the water saline. Groundwater can exist and move for thousands of years and can thus become as saline as ocean water.

The declining water

The declining water level of the lake is clearly seen by the parallel lines and white-colored lake deposits ringing the shore. The diversion of fresh-water inflow to the city of Los Angeles and evaporation has led to the decline in water level at a rate of about 1 m per year. The snow-covered mountains in the background are the Sierra Nevada.

Mono Lake

Mono Lake in California is the saline remnant of a much larger lake (Lake Russel) that filled the Mono basin millions of years ago.

The ancient fresh-water lake was once about 130 meters higher than the current water level.

Mono Lake

Mono Lake is now a highly-saline remnant of Lake Russel, having much of its fresh water drained off to serve the water needs of the city of Los Angeles. Water levels are currently falling about 1 meter per year. This has resulted in salty deposits left onshore as the water recedes.

Can saline water be used for anything?

So, with all of the water available on Earth and all that saline water sitting offshore of our coasts, how come we are worried about water shortages? You can think of it as a water-quality situation rather than water-quantity situation. In its raw state, saline water cannot be used for many of the purposes we need water for, such as drinking, irrigation, and many industrial uses.

freshwater

Slightly saline water is sometimes used for similar purposes as freshwater. For example, in Colorado, water having up to 2,500 ppm of salt is used for irrigating crops. Normally, though, moderate to high saline water has limited uses. After all, you don’t drink salt water at home; you don’t use it to water your tomatoes or brush your teeth; farmers don’t usually irrigate with it; some industries can’t use it without damaging their equipment; and, farmer Joe’s cows won’t drink it.

saline water

If nothing else, saline water can be just plain fun. If you happen to be one who has been to the Dead Sea in the Middle East, you could have experienced the unique sensation of floating in the extremely dense (and salty) water that apparently holds you up like a mattress. The water is so dense that you truly do not sink, as you do in normal, even ocean, water. Closer to home, many homeowners who have backyard pools fill them with saline water, rather than have to use freshwater and added chlorine.

Saline water use in the United States in 2015

In today’s world we are all more aware of the need to conserve freshwater. With the ever-growing demand for water by growing populations worldwide, it makes sense to try to find more uses for the abundant saline water supplies that exist, mainly in the oceans. As these pie charts of the Nation’s water use show, about 16 percent of all water used in the United States in 2015 was saline.

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Human consumptionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Human consumption may refer to:

Anthropophagy (disambiguation), the consumption of humans

Consumption (economics), consumption of goods by humans

Consumer (food chain), consumption of other organisms by humans

Consumption (sociology)

Tuberculosis, historically called consumption

Chapter 13:Fresh Water ResourcesFigure 13.1:When you look at it from space, it’s easy to see why Earth is called “the blue planet.”Fresh Water Resources441WWAATTEERR’’SSFFUUNNDDAAMMEENNTTAALLIIMMPPOORRTTAANNCCEE

Water

Water is one of the most widely occurring substances on Earth. It covers seventypercent of the planet’s surface. Water is the only substance that exists naturally in all three states—solid (ice), liquid, and gas (water vapour and steam). Water falls as various types ofprecipitation—rain,hail,sleet,snow—and collects on thesurface in glaciers, lakes, marshes, rivers, and oceans. It can be suspended in the air or found deep underground. Its presence helps regulate Earth’s temperature.

Water is essential for all living species. Humans drink water and use it foragriculture, for industry, and for recreation.

It is also valued in aesthetic andspiritual ways. In most of the world’s major religions, water has an importantsymbolic or ceremonial role. Not surprisingly, the development of humancivilization has been closely linked to the presence of water.

the universal solvent

Historically, peoplesettled or moved between places where water was plentiful and good for drinking. These two factors—water’s quantity and its quality—continue to shape how we use, manage, and discuss water today.

442Unit 4 •Chapter 13TThheeUUnniivveerrssaallSSoollvveennttWater can dissolve more substances than almost any other liquid. That’s why it is oftencalled the “universal solvent”. Wherever water travels through the air, the ground, andeven our bodies, it picks up and carries chemicals, minerals, and nutrients.

Electrolysis

About four percent of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is created by electrolysis. The majority of this hydrogen produced through electrolysis is a side product in the production of chlorine.

resource: wikipedia

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how many percentage of pure water is on earthBy

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What percent of Earth is water?

The Earth is often compared to a majestic blue marble, especially by those privileged few who have gazed upon it from orbit. This is due to the prevalence of water on the planet’s surface. While water itself is not blue, water gives off blue light upon reflection.

For those of us confined to living on the surface, the fact that our world is mostly covered in water is a well known fact. But how much of our planet is made up of water, exactly? Like most facts pertaining to our world, the answer is a little more complicated than you might think, and takes into account a number of different qualifications.

In simplest terms, water makes up about 71% of the Earth’s surface, while the other 29% consists of continents and islands.

To break the numbers down

To break the numbers down, 96.5% of all the Earth’s water is contained within the oceans as salt water, while the remaining 3.5% is freshwater lakes and frozen water locked up in glaciers and the polar ice caps. Of that fresh water, almost all of it takes the form of ice: 69% of it, to be exact. If you could melt all that ice, and the Earth’s surface was perfectly smooth, the sea levels would rise to an altitude of 2.7 km.

Aside from the water that exists in ice form, there is also the staggering amount of water that exists beneath the Earth’s surface. If you were to gather all the Earth’s fresh water together as a single mass (as shown in the image above) it is estimated that it would measure some 1,386 million cubic kilometers (km3) in volume.

Meanwhile

Meanwhile, the amount of water that exists as groundwater, rivers, lakes, and streams would constitute just over 10.6 million km3, which works out to a little over 0.7%. Seen in this context, the limited and precious nature of freshwater becomes truly clear.

But how much of Earth is water—how much water contributes to the actual mass of the planet? This includes not just the surface of the Earth, but inside as well. Scientists calculate that the total mass of the oceans on Earth is 1.35 x 1018 metric tonnes, which is 1/4400 the total mass of the Earth. In other words, while the oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface, they only account for 0.02% of our planet’s total mass.

The origin of water on the Earth’s surface

The origin of water on the Earth’s surface, as well as the fact that it has more water than any other rocky planet in the Solar System, are two of long-standing mysteries concerning our planet.

Not that long ago, it was believed that our planet formed dry some 4.6 billion years ago, with high-energy impacts creating a molten surface on the infant Earth. According to this theory, water was brought to the world’s oceans thanks to icy comets, trans-Neptunian objects or water-rich meteoroids (protoplanets) from the outer reaches of the main asteroid belt colliding with the Earth.

the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole

However, more recent research conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has pushed the date of these origins back further. According to this new study, the world’s oceans also date back 4.6 billion years, when all the worlds of the inner Solar System were still forming.

This conclusion was reached by examining meteorites thought to have formed at different times in the history of the Solar System. Carbonaceous chondrite, the oldest meteorites that have been dated to the very earliest days of the Solar System, were found to have the same chemistry as those originating from protoplanets like Vesta. This includes a significance presence of water.

These meteorites are dated to the same epoch in which water was believed to have formed on Earth – some 11 million years after the formation of the Solar System. In short, it now appears that meteorites were depositing water on Earth in its earliest days.

While not ruling out the possibility that some of the water that covers 71 percent of Earth today may have arrived later, these findings suggest that there was enough already here for life to have begun earlier than thought.

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Earth’s Freshwater

Most people have heard Earth referred to as “the water planet.” With that name comes the rightful image of a world with plentiful water. In photographs taken from space, we can see that our planet has more water than land. However, of all the water on Earth, more than 99 percent of Earth’s water is unusable by humans and many other living things – only about 0.3 percent of our fresh water is found in the surface water of lakes, rivers and swamps.The teacher guide describes our current understanding of water cycling and freshwater issues that affect natural and human communities.

Most water in Earth’s atmosphere

Most water in Earth’s atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 4.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores a globally significant amount of water. Saline groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions.

The remainder of Earth’s water constitutes the planet’s fresh water resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1 percent that of the oceans – i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as marginal water because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 50 to 1.

The planet’s fresh water

The planet’s fresh water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Of these sources, only river water is generally valuable.

Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of fossil groundwater in arid regions that has never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water.

Lakes

Most lakes are in very inhospitable regions such as the glacial lakes of Canada, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Khövsgöl in Mongolia, and the African Great Lakes. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world’s fresh water by volume,[5][6][7] are the exception. They are located in a hospitable region, which is heavily populated. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people.[8] The Canadian cities of Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara, Oshawa, Windsor, Barrie, and Kingston and the U.S. cities of Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Rochester, are all located on shores of the Great Lakes.

ressource: wikipedia

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what percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available for drinking

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “ what percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available for drinking “. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Distribution of the Earth’s water

Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” because 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle.

The earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage (about 0.3 percent), is even usable by humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the oceans, soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3 percent that is useable is unattainable. Most of the water used by humans comes from rivers. The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water. The majority of fresh water is actually found underground as soil moisture and in aquifers. Groundwater can feed the streams, which is why a river can keep flowing even when there has been no precipitation. Humans can use both ground and surface water.

Distribution of the water on Earth

Ocean water: 97.2 percent

Glaciers and other ice: 2.15 percent

Groundwater,: 0.61 percent

Fresh water lakes: 0.009 percent

Inland seas: 0.008 percent

Soil Moisture: 0.005 percent

Atmosphere: 0.001 percent

Rivers: 0.0001 percent.

(Reference figure: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html)

(Source: Nace, USGS, 1967 and The Hydrologic Cycle (Pamphlet), USGS, 1984)

Surface water is far easier to reach, so this becomes the most common source of potable water. Problems also exist in contamination of the water supplies. This further limits the amount of water available for human consumption.

Surface waters

Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth. This includes the oceans, rivers and streams, lakes, and reservoirs. Surface waters are very important. They constitute approximately 80 percent of the water used on a daily basis. In 1990, the United States alone used approximately 327,000 billion gallons of surface water a day. Surface waters make up the majority of the water used for public supply and irrigation. It plays less of a role in mining and livestock industries.

Oceans

Oceans, which are the largest source of surface water, comprise approximately 97 percent of the Earth’s surface water. However, since the oceans have high salinity, the water is not useful as drinking water. Efforts have been made to remove the salt from the water (desalination), but this is a very costly endeavor. Salt water is used in the mining process, in industry, and in power generation. The oceans also play a vital role in the hydrologic cycle, in regulating the global climate, and in providing habitats for thousands of marine species.

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Groundwater(what percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available for drinking)

Ninety-eight percent of Earth’s available fresh water is groundwater. It is about 60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams. Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock, and in fractures and weathered areas of bedrock. The amount of pore space present in rock and soil is known as porosity. The ability to travel through the rock or soil is known as permeability. The permeability and porosity measurements in rock and/or soil can determine the amount of water that can flow through that particular medium. A “high” permeability and porosity value means that the water can travel quickly.

Conclusion(what percentage of the earth’s freshwater is available for drinking)

Water on Earth is a finite source. Protecting the water means protecting all forms of the Groundwater can be found in aquifers. water found on Earth. Water at the surface, under the ground, in vapor form, and as precipitation. Pollution from using fossil fuels can impact all forms of water (from crude oil leaks to acid rain generated from coal burning). Acid rain falls onto the land and flows into the surface water, back into the ground, and back into the air. It can be an endless cycle. . Most of the water on Earth is saline. Fresh water is and will be in demand and become a very valuable resource.

The water cycle

The hydrologic cycle or water cycle is a graphic representation of how water is recycled through the environment. Water molecules remain constant, though they may change between solid, liquid, and gas forms. Drops of water in the ocean evaporate, which is the process of liquid water becoming water vapor. Evaporation can occur from water surfaces, land surfaces, and snow fields into the air as water vapor.

Glaciers and ice caps

Glaciers and icecaps are referred to as storehouses for fresh water. They cover 10 percent of the world’s land mass. These glaciers are primarily located in Greenland and Antarctica. The glaciers in Greenland almost cover the entire land mass. Glaciers begin forming because of snowfall accumulation. When snowfall exceeds the rate of melting in a certain area, glaciers begin to form. This melting occurs in the summer. The weight of snow accumulating compresses the snow to form ice. Because these glaciers are so heavy, they can slowly move their way down hills.

Groundwater

Porosity and permeability of the sediment, soil, and bedrock in the area also affects the recharge rate of the groundwater. This means that in some areas, the groundwater can be pumped out faster than it can replenish itself. This creates a number of problems. One of these problems is called “drawdown,” a lowering of the aquifer near a pumping well. This can occur in areas where the well is pumping faster than the groundwater aquifer is recharged. Drawdown creates voids in the bedrock and can lead to additional land subsidence or sinkholes (as there is no longer water present and the void cannot hold the weight of the material above and collapses).

water

Peak water (category Water and the environment).Peak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources.Water (redirect from Effects of water on life).Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere.Seawater (redirect from Extraction of minerals from seawater)contains more dissolved ions than all types of freshwater. However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about.

resource: wikipedia

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what percent of earth’s freshwater is surface water available for human use

Hello dear friends, thank you for choosing us. In this post on the solsarin site, we will talk about “ what percent of earth’s freshwater is surface water available for human use“. Stay with us. Thank you for your choice.

Distribution of the Earth’s water

Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” because 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle.

The earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage (about 0.3 percent), is even usable by humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the oceans, soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3 percent that is useable is unattainable. Most of the water used by humans comes from rivers. The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water. The majority of fresh water is actually found underground as soil moisture and in aquifers. Groundwater can feed the streams, which is why a river can keep flowing even when there has been no precipitation. Humans can use both ground and surface water.

Distribution of the water on Earth

Ocean water: 97.2 percent

Glaciers and other ice: 2.15 percent

Groundwater,: 0.61 percent

Fresh water lakes: 0.009 percent

Inland seas: 0.008 percent

Soil Moisture: 0.005 percent

Atmosphere: 0.001 percent

Rivers: 0.0001 percent.

Surface water

Surface water is far easier to reach, so this becomes the most common source of potable water. About 321 billion gallons per day of surface water is used by humans.

Surface waters can…

Surface waters can be simply described as the water that is on the surface of the Earth. This includes the oceans, rivers and streams, lakes, and reservoirs. Surface waters are very important. They constitute approximately 80 percent of the water used on a daily basis.

In 1990, the United States alone used approximately 327,000 billion gallons of surface water a day. Surface waters make up the majority of the water used for public supply and irrigation.

It plays less of a role in mining and livestock industries. Oceans, which are the largest source of surface water, comprise approximately 97 percent of the Earth’s surface water. However, since the oceans have high salinity, the water is not useful as drinking water.

Efforts

The oceans also play a vital role in the hydrologic cycle, in regulating the global climate, and in providing habitats for thousands of marine species.

Rivers and streams

Rivers and streams constitute the flowing surface waters. The force of gravity naturally draws water from a higher altitude to a lower altitude.

Rivers obtain their water from two sources: groundwater, and runoff.

This is known as base flow to the stream. Runoff flows downhill, first as small creeks, then gradually merging with other creeks and streams, increasing in size until a river has formed. These small creeks, or tributaries, where the river begins are known as the headwaters. Springs from confined aquifers also can contribute to rivers.

The water cycle

The hydrologic cycle or water cycle is a graphic representation of how water is recycled through the environment. Water molecules remain constant, though they may change between solid, liquid, and gas forms. Drops of water in the ocean evaporate, which is the process of liquid water becoming water vapor.

Evaporation can occur from water surfaces, land surfaces, and snow fields into the air as water vapor. Moisture in the air can condensate, which is the process of water vapor in the air turning into liquid water. Water drops on the outside of a cold glass of water are condensed water.

Condensation is the opposite

Condensation is the opposite process of evaporation. Water vapor condenses on tiny particles of dust, smoke, and salt crystals to become part of a cloud. After a while, the water droplets combine with other droplets and fall to Earth in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, hail, sleet, dew, and frost).

Once the precipitation has fallen to Earth, it may go into an aquifer as groundwater or the drop may stay above ground as surface water. The hydrologic cycle is an important concept to understand.

Water

Water has so many uses on Earth, such as human and animal consumption, power production, and industrial and agricultural needs. Precipitation—in the form of rain and snow—also is an important thing to understand.

It is the main way that the water in the skies comes down to Earth, where it fills the lakes and rivers, recharges the underground aquifers, and provides drinks to plants and animals. Different amounts of precipitation fall on different areas of the Earth at different rates and at various times of the year.

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Glaciers and ice caps

Glaciers and icecaps are referred to as storehouses for fresh water. They cover 10 percent of the world’s land mass. These glaciers are primarily located in Greenland and Antarctica.

The glaciers in Greenland almost cover the entire land mass.

Glaciers begin forming because of snowfall accumulation.

When snowfall exceeds the rate of melting in a certain area, glaciers begin to form.

This melting occurs in the summer. The weight of snow accumulating compresses the snow to form ice. Because these glaciers are so heavy, they can slowly move their way down hills.

Groundwater

Ninety-eight percent of Earth’s available fresh water is groundwater. It is about 60 times as plentiful as the fresh water found in lakes and streams.

Water in the ground travels through pores in soil and rock, and in fractures and weathered areas of bedrock.

The permeability and porosity measurements in rock and/or soil can determine the amount of water that can flow through that particular medium. A “high” permeability and porosity value means that the water can travel quickly.

A river

A river reaches flood stage when the river overflows its banks. The flood stage can be determined by measuring the gage height, or simply the height of the water in the stream measured from the river’s bottom. The streamflow can increase exponentially as the gage height increases. Thus, a small increase in gage height may indicate that a river has reached its flood stage. Floods are a fairly common, yet dangerous, natural disaster.

flowing water

When flowing water travels to an area of land that is completely surrounded by higher land, a lake is formed. The water is not trapped in this low area, the water just escapes at a slower rate than the rate of incoming water.

Lakes can vary greatly in area, depth, and water type. Most lakes are fresh water, however some, such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea, are salt water.

Contrary to common belief, a reservoir is not the same as a lake. A reservoir is a manmade lake caused by a river being dammed.

The water in a reservoir is very slow moving compared to the river. Therefore, the majority of the sediments that the river was carrying settle to the bottom of the reservoir.

A reservoir will eventually fill up with sediment and mud and become unusable.

Fresh water

Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may include water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rainfall, rivers, streams, and groundwater contained in underground aquifers.

resource: wikipedia

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solsarin · 3 years

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what percentage of water on earth is available for human use

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A Clean Water Crisis

The water you drink today has likely been around in one form or another since dinosaurs roamed the Earth, hundreds of millions of years ago.

While the amount of freshwater on the planet has remained fairly constant over time—continually recycled through the atmosphere and back into our cups—the population has exploded. This means that every year competition for a clean, copious supply of water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and sustaining life intensifies.

Water scarcity is an abstract concept to many and a stark reality for others. It is the result of myriad environmental, political, economic, and social forces.

Freshwater

Freshwater makes up a very small fraction of all water on the planet. While nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it is fresh. The rest is saline and ocean-based. Even then, just 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 percent of the planet’s water is available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people.

Due to geography, climate, engineering, regulation, and competition for resources, some regions seem relatively flush with freshwater, while others face drought and debilitating pollution. In much of the developing world, clean water is either hard to come by or a commodity that requires laborious work or significant currency to obtain.

Water Is Life

Wherever they are, people need water to survive. Not only is the human body 60 percent water, the resource is also essential for producing food, clothing, and computers, moving our waste stream, and keeping us and the environment healthy.

What is the Percentage of Drinkable Water on Earth?

With merely 5% of the ocean floor having been discovered and mapped, and with the deepest part reaching almost 7 miles, water seems to be as abundant as it is ominous.

Yet, it wouldn’t take much of the mineral-rich ocean to dehydrate a human being if consumed. The amount of sodium in seawater is much more concentrated than what the body can safely process, requiring more water as salt is consumed. Eventually, death would come as a result of dehydration without ever having the thirst quenched (Ocean Service).

Of the waters occupying 70%

Of the waters occupying 70% of the earth’s surface, only 3% is considered freshwater. And most of this freshwater reserve is inaccessible to humans — locked up in polar ice caps or stored too far underneath the earth’s surface to be extracted. Furthermore, much of the freshwater that is accessible has become highly polluted.

This leaves us with roughly 0.4% of the earth’s water which is usable and drinkable to be shared among the 7 billion of its inhabitants (World Atlas, 2018).

Surface WaterSurface water is any body of water that is on the earth’s surface: lakes, rivers, streams, and reservoirs. 80% of the world’s daily water usage comes from surface water and makes up the majority of the water used for irrigation and public supply. Oceans are the world’s largest source of surface water and make up 97% of it, but due to its high salinity, it is unusable for humans (Postel, 2010).

The earth’s surface waters

The earth’s surface waters travel through a complex network of flowing rivers and streams. Rivers can obtain their water from two sources: base flow and runoff. Base flow is when the river collects its water from water-saturated areas in the ground, adding to its volume. Runoff is when the force of gravity naturally pulls water downhill from higher to lower altitudes. They usually start as small creeks in the mountains, and then gradually merge with larger streams as they flow downward, eventually forming large rivers which empty out into the ocean.

GroundwaterGroundwater is the water beneath the earth’s surface that is at 100% saturation. Anything less than 100% is considered soil mixture. 98% of the earth’s freshwater is indeed groundwater and it is about 60 times more plentiful than the surface water.Groundwater travels through holes and cracks in the bedrock.

The Hydrologic Cycle When water evaporates, liquid molecules become gas molecules as they rise through the atmosphere. Condensation begins when the moisture from these gas molecules becomes so great that they fall back to earth in the form of precipitation.They are the storehouses for the world’s freshwater.

Water Conflicts Around the World

There are 263 rivers and countless aquifers worldwide which either cross or demarcate geopolitical boundaries. The Atlas of International Freshwater Agreement states that 90 percent of the world’s countries share these water sources with at least one or two other governing bodies. The atrocities in Darfur are an example of conflict resulting from clean water shortages.

• Violence erupts in 1992 over a dispute between Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan regarding the contested Tyuyamuyun reservoir.

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Change is Needed

Water is finite. The amount of water circulating through the earth’s hydrologic cycle is the same amount that has been there since the earth’s beginning, not a drop more or less. What has changed is the number of people living on earth, and thus, the amount of drinkable water required for human sustenance. The United Nations reports that in the last century alone, water consumption has grown at more than twice the rate of population increase.Distribution of the Earth’s water

Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” because 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the hydrologic cycle.

The earth

The earth has an abundance of water, but unfortunately, only a small percentage (about 0.3 percent), is even usable by humans. The other 99.7 percent is in the oceans, soils, icecaps, and floating in the atmosphere. Still, much of the 0.3 percent that is useable is unattainable. Most of the water used by humans comes from rivers. The visible bodies of water are referred to as surface water. The majority of fresh water is actually found underground as soil moisture and in aquifers. Groundwater can feed the streams, which is why a river can keep flowing even when there has been no precipitation. Humans can use both ground and surface water.

Fresh water

Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water may include water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rainfall, rivers, streams, and groundwater contained in underground aquifers.

Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live.

resource: wikipedia

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solsarin · 3 years

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how to find percentage decrease calculator

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Percentage Change | Increase and Decrease

For an explanation and everyday examples of using percentages generally see our page Percentages: An Introduction. For more general percentage calculations see our page Percentage Calculators.

To calculate the percentage increase:

First: work out the difference (increase) between the two numbers you are comparing.

Increase = New Number – Original Number

Then: divide the increase by the original number and multiply the answer by 100.

% increase = Increase ÷ Original Number × 100.

If your answer is a negative number, then this is a percentage decrease.

To calculate percentage decrease:

First: work out the difference (decrease) between the two numbers you are comparing.

Decrease = Original Number – New Number

Then: divide the decrease by the original number and multiply the answer by 100.

% Decrease = Decrease ÷ Original Number × 100

If your answer is a negative number, then this is a percentage increase.

If you wish to calculate the percentage increase or decrease of several numbers then we recommend using the first formula. Positive values indicate a percentage increase whereas negative values indicate percentage decrease.

Examples – Percentage Increase and Decrease

In January Dylan worked a total of 35 hours, in February he worked 45.5 hours – by what percentage did Dylan’s working hours increase in February?

To tackle this problem first we calculate the difference in hours between the new and old numbers. 45.5 – 35 hours = 10.5 hours. We can see that Dylan worked 10.5 hours more in February than he did in January – this is his increase. To work out the increase as a percentage it is now necessary to divide the increase by the original (January) number:

10.5 ÷ 35 = 0.3 (See our division page for instruction and examples of division.)

Finally, to get the percentage we multiply the answer by 100. This simply means moving the decimal place two columns to the right.

0.3 × 100 = 30

Dylan therefore worked 30% more hours in February than he did in January.

In March Dylan worked 35 hours again – the same as he did in January (or 100% of his January hours). What is the percentage difference between Dylan’s February hours (45.5) and his March hours (35)?

First calculate the decrease in hours, that is: 45.5 – 35 = 10.5

Then divide the decrease by the original number (February hours) so:

10.5 ÷ 45.5 = 0.23 (to two decimal places).

Dylan’s hours

Finally multiply 0.23 by 100 to give 23%. Dylan’s hours were 23% lower in March than in February.

You may have thought that because there was a 30% increase between Dylan’s January hours (35) and February (45.5) hours, that there would also be a 30% decrease between his February and March hours. As you can see, this assumption is incorrect.

The reason

The reason is because our original number is different in each case (35 in the first example and 45.5 in the second). This highlights how important it is to make sure you are calculating the percentage from the correct starting point.

Sometimes it is easier to show percentage decrease as a negative number – to do this follow the formula above to calculate percentage increase – your answer will be a negative number if there was a decrease. In Dylan’s case the increase in hours between February and March is -10.5 (negative because it is a decrease). Therefore -10.5 ÷ 45.5 = -0.23. -0.23 × 100 = -23%.

Calculating Values Based on Percentage Change

Sometimes it is useful to be able to calculate actual values based on the percentage increase or decrease. It is common to see examples of when this could be useful in the media.

You may see headlines like:

UK rainfall was 23% above average this summer. Unemployment figures show a 2% decline. Bankers’ bonuses slashed by 45%.

These headlines give an idea of a trend – where something is increasing or decreasing, but often no actual data.

Without data, percentage change figures can be misleading.

Ceredigion, a county in West Wales, has a very low violent crime rate.

Police reports for Ceredigion in 2011 showed a 100% increase in violent crime. This is a startling number, especially for those living in or thinking about moving to Ceredigion.

However, when the underlying data is examined it shows that in 2010 one violent crime was reported in Ceredigion. So an increase of 100% in 2011 meant that two violent crimes were reported.

When faced with the actual figures, perception of the amount of violent crime in Ceredigion changes significantly.

In order to work out how much something has increased or decreased in real terms we need some actual data.

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example

Take the example of “UK rainfall this summer was 23% above average” – we can tell immediately that the UK experienced almost a quarter (25%) more rainfall than average over the summer. However, without knowing either what the average rainfall is or how much rain fell over the period in question we cannot work out how much rain actually fell.

Calculating the actual rainfall for the period if the average rainfall is known.

If we know the average rainfall is 250mm, we can work out the rainfall for the period by calculating 250 + 23%.

First work out 1% of 250, 250 ÷ 100 = 2.5. Then multiply the answer by 23, because there was a 23% increase in rainfall.

2.5 × 23 = 57.5.

Total rainfall for the period in question was therefore 250 + 57.5 = 307.5mm.

Calculating the average rainfall if the actual amount is known.

If the news report states the new measurement and a percentage increase, “UK rainfall was 23% above average… 320mm of rain fell…”.

In this example we know the total rainfall was 320mm. We also know that this is 23% above the average. In other words, 320mm equates to 123% (or 1.23 times) of the average rainfall. To calculate the average we divide the total (320) by 1.23.

320 ÷ 1.23 = 260.1626. Rounded to one decimal place, the average rainfall is 260.2mm.

The difference between the average and the actual rainfall can now be calculated: 320 – 260.2 = 59.8mm.

We can conclude that 59.8mm is 23% of the average rainfall amount (260.2mm), and that in real terms, 59.8mm more rain fell than average.

The percentage

The percentage decrease calculator determines the change from one amount to a lesser amount in terms of percent decrease. It is important to understand how to calculate percent decrease manually using the percent decrease formula. The content below will explain these concepts in further detail.

How to calculate percent decrease

Suppose original value is 750 and new value is 590. Input this into the formula below.

Perform the operation 750 - 590 = 160.

Divide 160 by 750 to get 0.213.

Multiply 0.213 by 100 to get 21.3 percent.

Check your answer using the percentage decrease calculator.

So you must provide an original quantity and a new quantity. The new quantity must be less than the original or the change will be an increase. The difference between the quantities is computed, which is divided by the original quantity. The result is multiplied by 100. This can also be accomplished using the percentage difference calculator and the percentage change calculator.

Percent decrease formula

Percent decrease = [(original_value - new_value)/original_value * 100]

Other related concepts

The basic a concept of percentage is essentially the portion of one value in terms of another if the original was divided into 100 parts. For example, 3 compared to 50 is 6 compared to 100, which is 6 parts of 100, or 6 percent. The easy way to learn how to find a percentage is to take the partial quantity, divide it by the whole quantity, then multiply the remaining value by 100.

how to calculate percent increase

If you want to know how to calculate percent increase you can use the percent increase calculator or work it out by hand. >Another interesting aspect of the percentage decrease calculator is that it displays the difference as well as the percent difference. In some cases, you may only want to know the raw difference, so we have designed the calculator to serve multiple purposes.

Retirement (redirect from Retirement calculator)calculators on the Internet. Many retirement calculators project how much an investor needs to save, and for how long, to provide a certain level of retirement.resource:

wikipedia

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how do you work out percentages on iphone calculator

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how to do percentages on iphone calculator

How to use the Calculator app on iPhone

Whether you need to add or subtract, the Calculator app’s got your back.

Serenity Caldwell

4 May 2017

The iPhone’s stock Calculator app has gotten a bit of press lately for its swipe-to-delete gesture, but it’s been a longtime workhorse on the iPhone — in fact, it’s been around since the launch of Apple’s very first model in 2007.

Throughout the years, the Calculator’s look and feel has changed somewhat, but its core functionality remains the same: To help you quickly add, subtract, and square up sums and figures.

Here’s how you can use some of the Calculator app’s basic features — and some of its hidden gems.

How to launch the Calculator app

You can access the Calculator app in four different ways on the iPhone: via the Calculator app icon, Siri, Search Bar, or Control Center.

How to launch the Calculator app from Control Center

For everything from home repair and improvements to splitting up the dinner bill, you can get to the calculator with just a tap.

Swipe up from the bottom bezel onto the screen to bring up Control Center.

Tap the Calculator button on the bottom, second from right.Fun fact: You can also firmly press (3D Touch, iPhone 6s or later) on the Calculator icon if you’d like to copy your last calculation from the app.

How to launch the Calculator app via the Home Screen, Siri, or Search Bar

To launch the Calculator app from your Home Screen, you can do one of three things:

Find the Calculator app icon on your Home Screen

Open the Search bar by swiping down from the center of your Home Screen and type in “Calculator”

Ask “Hey Siri, open the Calculator app”

how to figure out percentages on iphone calculator

How to use the Calculator app

When you first open the Calculator app, you’re presented with the basic Calculator interface: A 10-digit (0-9) virtual keypad with controls for decimals, clearing the equation, adding positivity or negativity to a number, turning a number into a percentage, dividing, multiplying, subtracting, adding, and calculating an equation.

How to undo an erroneous number

Accidentally tapped an 8 when you meant to tap 9? It’s an easy fix. Note: This only works for the numerical keypad (0-9) and the decimal point button; if you accidentally hit any of the math operations buttons, you won’t be able to use this gesture.

Enter your numbers.

If you make a mistake, swipe left on the black display to erase the most recent number or decimal point.

Continue to swipe left if you wish to delete all numbers on the display screen.

How to add, subtract, multiply, or divide in the Calculator app

Enter your first number.

Press the Plus, Minus, Multiply, or Divide button.

Enter your second number.

Press the Calculate button.

ow to calculate a tip in the Calculator app

Enter your bill cost.

Press the Multiply button.

Enter the tip percentage you want (i.e. 20 for 20%).

Press the Percentage button. This will convert your tip number into a decimal (i.e. 20% = 0.2).

Press the Calculate button. This number is your tip amount.

To see your total amount with tip included, tap the Plus button.

Type in your original bill amount.

Press the Calculate button. This number is your total.

How to use the scientific calculator

The Calculator app also comes with a somewhat-hidden scientific calculator mode. To access it, rotate your iPhone from portrait into landscape mode; as long as your Rotation Lock button is disabled, the calculator screen should shift into a landscape display with new buttons for square roots, exponential equations, logarithmic equations, trigonometry, and more.

Spoiler: I’m not going to explain how to use a scientific calculator to calculate specific equations. If you want to learn more about advanced mathematic equations, I suggest visiting Khan Academy or your local library, or emailing your old mathematics teachers.

how to figure out percentages on iphone calculator

How to switch the iPhone Calculator to a scientific view

Most cell phones have calculators today, but iPhone offers a full-function scientific calculator too. To open the scientific calculator, turn your iPhone to landscape view. (If you have locked your iPhone in Portrait view, this won’t work until you unlock it: swipe up from the bottom of the screen to open the command center and tap the Orientation Lock button.)

Here you’ll find the memory commands:

mc clears any numbers you have in memory.

m+ adds the number on the display to the number in memory.

m- subtracts the number on the display from the number in memory.

mr (memory replace) uses the number you put in memory in your current calculation. The button is outlined in black when a number is stored.

Two keys on the calculator toggle the other keys:

2nd: Tap to change trigonomic (sin, cos, tan) and hyperbolic functions to the inverse. The button is outlined in black when active.

Rad/Deg: Tap to switch between Radians and Degrees for trigonomic functions. Deg or Rad in the left corner of the number display tells you what mode you’re in.

You find keys that calculate square, cube, and other roots, decimal and Naperian logarithms, and factorials, as well as generates random numbers.

how to use percent on iphone calculator ,

Bonus Tip for Apple Watch Users

The Calculator app on Apple Watch comes with a couple of additional features that make short work of calculating how much you should tip and how much each person in a group owes if you’re splitting a bill.

The steps below show you how it’s done. Note that the two features can be used together, but you can also use them independently by selecting a 0% tip and changing the number of people, or changing the tip and leaving the People field set to 1.

Launch the Calculator app on your Apple Watch.

Enter the total amount of the bill.

Tap the TIP button in the top-right corner, just left of the divide button.

With the Tip field highlighted in green, turn your watch’s Digital Crown to change the percentage.

To split the bill between a group of people, tap People and then use the Digital Crown to change the number (the maximum is 50).

1. Swipe to Delete Numbers

It’s a common misconception that if you type the wrong number into the Calculator app, you have to start the whole sum all over again. Happily, that isn’t the case: Simply swipe right or left with a finger across the number display to remove the last number you typed, and repeat the action if necessary to remove several numbers.

2. Scientific calculator

The default calculator app includes a built-in scientific calculator that you can use to perform logarithms, square roots, trigonometric calculations, and more advanced math equations.

To access the scientific calculator, simply rotate your iPhone to landscape mode. If it’s not showing up, make sure the portrait orientation lock is disabled in Control Center. To switch back to the regular calculator, rotate your phone to portrait mode.

3. Copy and Paste

You don’t need to memorize the results of your calculations to input them into other apps. Use the clipboard functions instead – just long press on the number field to copy or paste the result.

4. Copy Last Result

If you’ve switched to another app, you can still quickly paste the last figure that you calculated without returning to the calculator to copy it.

Using either a swipe up or a swipe down, launch the Control Center on your iPhone, then long press the Calculator button, and you’ll see a handy option to Copy Last Result.

5. Spotlight Calculations

Did you know that calculator functions are built into Spotlight Search on your iPhone?

Simply swipe down from the Home screen to bring up Spotlight, and you can perform basic calculations by typing them directly into the Search field at the top of the screen without having to open the Calculator app.

Percentage

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation Jump to search

“Percent” redirects here. For the Apink mini-album, see Percent .“Per cent” redirects here. For the unit of currency, see cent .

In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum “by a hundred”) is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, “%”, although the abbreviations “pct.”, “pct” and sometimes “pc” are also used. A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number); it has no unit of measurement.

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