slpsych
Ace Dat Psych Exam
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Brain Plasticity
Researcher
Rosenzweig and Bennett (1972)
Aim
To measurement the effect of either enrichment or deprivation on the development of neurons in the cerebral cortex
Procedure
Rats into one of two environments
Enriched environment EC - 10-12 rats, has toys, received maze training
Impoverished condition (IC)- no stimulations, isolation
30-60 days in their respective environment
Finding
In the stimulating environment, rats have thicker cortex, frontal lobe is heavier
EC rats developed more acetylcholine receptors in the cerebral cortex
Evaluation
Generalization?
Good for cause-and-effect relationship
Human brains differ in terms of genetic make-up and the environmental inputs that they receive
Importance of education
Dendritic branching
Follow up study: Just 2 hours in the EC environment can develop the the plastic changes in the brain as in rats that are in the EC environment all the time
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Technology in Brain Research
Invasive techniques - Ablation or lesioning brain tissue in order to study behavioral changes
EEG - When neurons transport information through the brain, they have an electrical charge. The EEG registers patterns of voltage change in the brain. Limitations: Cannot reveal what is happening in deeper brain regions, can't show the actual function of the brain
PET - Scan monitors glucose metabolism in the brain. It can record ongoing activity in the brain, such as thinking.
fMRI - 3D pictures. Shows actual brain activity and indicates which areas of the brain are active when engaged in a behavior.
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Enviornment and Intellegence
Researcher
Scarr and Weinberg (1977), Horn (1979)
Procedure
Parents who raise both adopted and natural children
Any significant differences between parent-child IQ correlations for adopted and natural children should be attributable to genes
Finding
No significant difference
Shows that environment also determines intelligence
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Minnesota Twin Study
Researcher
Bouchard (1990)
Procedure
MZAs: identical twins raised apart
MZTs: identical twins raised together
Longitudinal study
Mean age of MZAs: 41
Finding
Concordance rate
MZA: 76%
MZT: 86%
70% of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance
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Brain Plasticity
Refers to the brain's ability to rearrange the connections between its neurons-that is, the changes that occur in the structure of the brain as a result of learning or experience.
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H.M.
Researcher
Milner (1957)
Procedure
H.M. epileptic seizures
Case study
Surgery of removing tissues from medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus
H.M. suffers from amnesia
He cannot create new episodic and semantic memories
He can learn procedural memories
Same intelligent level and personality
Finding
Hippocampus is important in memory processing (convert memories of experiences from ST memory to LT memory) and storing new memories
Hippocampus is a temporary memory store (H.M. remembers memory before the surgery)
There are different memory systems in the brain
Evaluation
Ethic
Case study --> generalization
Unexpected outcome (the surgery was intended to stop the seizure, not causing memory problem)
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Oxytocin and Trust
Oxytocin
A hormone that links to trust
It can also play a role in reducing fear reactions via the amygdala that may arise as a consequence of betrayal
Researcher
Baumgartner (2008)
Aim
Investigate the role of oxytocin after breaches of trust in a trust game
Procedure
Trust game
Player 1 (investor) receives money, if he/she decides to keep/share the money with player 2 (trustee), the money is tripled, player 2 then decide if this money should be shared/kept
49 participants who receive either oxytocin or placebo, fMRI
50% of the trust is broken
Finding
Placebo group shows less trust. They invest less
Oxytocin group continues to invest
fMRI scan shows decreases in responses in the amygdala and the caudate nucleus
Evaluation
Explains why people can restore trust and forgive in long-term relationships.
fMRI is just mapping the activity
Reductionist
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Acetylcholine and Memory
Researcher
Martinez and Kesner (1991)
Aim
Acetylcholine and memory formation
Procedure
Rats are trained to go through a maze and get to the end where there is food
After that, the rats are divided into three groups
Group 1: Receive scopolamine (blocks ACh receptor sites, reduce available ACh)
Group 2: Receive physostigmine (blocks cholonesterase which leans up ACh from the synapses, more available ACh)
Control group
ACh level:
Group 1 < Control group < Group 2
Finding
Speed and accuracy of going through the maze
Group 1 < Control group < Group 2
Cause and effect relationship
Evaluation
ACh is important in memory
Controlled lab experiment
Reductionist
Cause and effect
Generalization of animal studies to human
Other studies: ACh producing cells are damaged in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease
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Serotonin
Researcher
Kasamatsu and Hairai (1999)
Aim
How sensory deprivation affects the brain
Procedure
Buddhist monks go to a holy mountain
During the stay, no water or water, no talking, cold weather for 48 hours
Monks have hallucinations
Researcher take their blood samples before monks go to the mountain and immediately after they reported to have hallucinations
Finding
Serotonin levels increase in the monk's brains
Sensory deprivation triggered the released of serotonin, which altered the way that the monks experienced the world
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Effects of Chemicals on Human Behavior
Neurotransmitter
Underlies behavior as varied as mood, memory, sexual arousal, and mental illness.
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Hormone
Cortisol
Oxytocin
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Reductionist
A micro-level of research, which breaks down complex human behavior into its smallest parts -- for example, focusing on the role of a gene, a neurotransmitter, or a protein
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Principles that Define the Biological Level of Analysis
Behavior can be innate because it is genetically based
Animal research can provide insights into human behavior
There are biological correlates of behavior
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Bidirectional
Biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology
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May 2013 SL Human Relationship
Discuss the role of communication in maintaining relationships
Attribution - Bradbury and Fincham
Communication Style - Deborah Tannen
Social Penetration Theory
Self-Disclosure
Evaluate two theories explaining altruism in humans
Kin Selection Theory - Hamilton, Madsen
Empathy-Altruism Theory - Batson
Negative State Relief - Cialdini
Discuss sociocultural explanations of the origins of violence
Deindividuation Theory
Diener
Zimbardo
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Nisbett and Cohen (1996)
Aim
Honor culture and aggression
Procedure
South - honor
Uni students
Insult participants publicly
Measure cortisol and testosterone levels through saliva and blood test
Finding
South - cortisol rises 79%, higher testosterone
North - cortisol rises 33%
EValuation
Culture norms --> retaliation
Norms are embedded in social roles, expectations and shared definition os masculinity
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Bystanderism
Phenomenon of a person or people not intervening despite awareness of another person's need
Major factors that influence bystanderism
Diffusion of responsibility
Arousal, cost & reward
Similarity, attributions
Mood
Competence, experience
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Similarity and Cost and Reward
Researcher
Piliavin (1969)
Procedure
NY subway
4 teams, 1 black 3 whites, cane/drunk
Participants are everyone who saw the incident
4450 people
Covert field observation
Finding
Drunk people are helped 19/38
Cane people are helped 62/65
Helpers are 90% male 64% white
Sick are more likely to receive help --> attribution and costs
Men help male victims --> competence and costs of lifting people
Same race help same race --> similarity and costs
Diffusion of responsibility is not observed because there is way less ambiguity in the situation
Cost and Reward: time, danger, effort, guilt. Both cognitive and emotional factors determine whether bystanders to an emergency will intervene
#bystanderism#cost benefit#similarity#piliavin#human relationship#social responsibility#cognitive#psychology#star
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