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What is the Incidence of Lung Cancer Related to Smoking in the Canadian Geriatric Community and how can we Tailor Education to Benefit this Population?
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Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System
Common Effects of Tobacco on the Respiratory System Include: --> Jourdan
- Irritation of the windpipe and voicebox
- Feelings of Breathlessness due to swelling of airways and increase in mucus secretionin the passageways
- Lung Irritation and damage caused by a buildup of poisonous substances
- Increased risk of lung infection
- Coughing and wheezing
(Department of Health & Human Services, 2017)
Potentially life threatening diseases lifetime smokers are at risk of include: --> Jourdan
- Cancer
- Chronic Bronchitis and COPD (obstructive bronchitis and emphysema)
- Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Disease, Heart attacks, and stroke
- Ulcers in the digestive system
- Osteoporosis
- Poor circulation; may cause pain and lead to gangrene and amputation
(Department of Health & Human Services, 2017)
In a study conducted about the effect of smoking on the accumulation of deficits, frailty, and survival in older adults, comparisons were made between light smokers, heavy smokers, and those who had never smoked before. Their results showed that heavy smokers faced the highest levels of frailty, light smokers had some frailty, and non-smokers were the fittest of the individuals tested. It also showed that the heavy smokers had higher mortality rates than non-smokers (Hubbard, Searle, Mitnitski, & Rockwood, 2009).
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Statistics Related to Smoking
- It is estimated that women have a longer life expectancy than men due to several historic factors, such as higher rates of smoking (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2011, p. 28). --> Jot
- Evidence of higher life expectancy in developed countries for those over 65, due to healthier lifestyle choices such as lower numbers of smokers, improved distribution of medical care, and increase on education and awareness regarding health conditions (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2011, p. 28). --> Jot
- The occurance of lung cancer increases with age, particularly after age 60 (Zagryazhskaya & Zhivotovsky, 2014). --> Angelina
- In the USA, two thirds of lung cancer patient are over the age of 65 at the time of diagnosis (Zagryazhskaya & Zhivotovsky, 2014).--> Angelina
- Statistics show that hte median age of lung cancer patiens in the USA is 70 years of age (Zagryazhskaya & Zhivotovsky, 2014, p. 56). --> Angelina
- Approximately 6 million deaths are attributed to smoking per year (Azagba, 2014). --> Jot
- Over the years, there has been a noticeable decline in smoking rates in develped countries, which can be attributed to Canada’s policies regarding tobacco control (Azagba, 2014). These include warning labels on cigarette packages, legislations regulating “smoke-free places” and “age restrictions” put in place by the government (Azagba, 2014). --> Jot
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Sociological Impact
Socio-Economic Positions in Relation to Treatment Options
Socio-economic position of an individual can impact their chance of receiving treatment for lung cancer. “Patients with lung cancer living in more socioeconomically deprived circumstances are less likely to receive any type of treatment, surgery, and chemotherapy,” (p.1). this position does not only impact the incidence of geriatric lung cancer, but also the means of acquiring treatment (Forrest, Adams, Wareham, Rubin, & White, 2013, p. 1). --> Emily
Changes in Culture
Changes have been seen in Chinese culture surrounding smoking patterns for immigrants in Canada. Canadian culture portrays smoking as dangerous and this has influenced and challenged the Chinese cultural norms, for those who have immigrated to Canada, regarding smoking. For example, Chinese fathers have changed their smoking patterned to to their concern for their children’s health because of the social norms and restrictions related to smoking in Canada (Mao, Bottorff, Oliffe, Sarbit, & Kelly, 2015, p.1). --> Emily
The Role of Gender in Attitude Toward Smoking
Gender also plays a role in attitudes towards smoking in some cultures. As evidence of this, Mao et al. (2015) explains that “across Asian countries, including China, men’s smoking is socially accepted, while women’s smoking is discouraged; in contrast, in the Eastern world, women smoke at almost the same rate as men (Mao, Bottorff, Oliffe, Sarbit, & Kelly, 2015, p.2). --> Emily
Socio-Economic Groups and Harmful Behaviours
Research findings suggest that “individuals ages 50 and over who belong to lower socioeconomic groups engaged in harmful behaviours such as smoking at a much higher rate than those belonging to higher socioeconomic groups” (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2011, p. 29). Possible factors for such choices include lack of education and health promotions, and lower degree of health and social resources available (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2011, p. 29). --> Emily
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References
Azagba, S. (2014). Hardcore smoking among continuing smokers in canada 2004–2012. Cancer Causes & Control, 26(1), 57-63. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0482-3
Canadian Institute of Health Information. (2011). Health car in Canada, 2011: A focus on seniors and aging. Retrieved from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/HCIC_2011_seniors_report_en.pdf
Department of Health & Human Services. (2017). Smoking - effects on your body. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/smoking-effects-on-your-body
Hubbard, R. E., Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. (2009). Effect of smoking on the accumulation of deficits, frailty and survival in older adults: A secondary analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging. JNHA - the jourdan of nutrition, health, and agin, 13(5), 468-472. doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0085-y
Johnson, D., Schiller, J., & Bunn, P. (2014). Recent clinical advances in lung cancer management. Journal of clinical oncology, 32(10), 973-982. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Venuta, F., Diso, D., Onorati, I., Anile, M., Mantovani, S., & Rendina, E. A. (2016). Lung cancer in elderly patients. Journal of thoracic disease, 8(Suppl 11), S908-S914. Retrieved May 17, 2017. http://doi.org/10.21037/jt.2016.05.20
Zagrayazhskaya, A., & Zhivotovsky, B. (2014). MiRNAs in lung cancer: A link to aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 17, 54-67. Retrieved May 17, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.009
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