Treasury Records and Renaming

In another register book from the same era, alongside the diamond’s description, there are 19 Ottoman letters in various colors such as “F.ayin.mun,” indicating that the Imperial Treasury underwent 19 counting sessions. This diamond came to be known as the “Kaşıkçı Diamond” when the Imperial Treasury began to function as a museum during Sultan Abdülaziz’s reign.

Formal Visits and European Permits

During Sultan Abdülaziz’s time, as the Ottomans expanded westward, he made a formal visit to France and upon his return, organized the Treasury. Special permits were issued for European envoys to view it, documented as “Imperial-rescript” (Irade-i Seniye). These permits were also accessible to certain locals. For instance, in Sultan Mehmet V’s era, Mehmet Raif visited the Treasury with such a permit. In his writings, he described the “Kaşıkçı Diamond” as a receptacle made of gold adorned with a mosaic of various-sized diamonds, including the 84-carat centerpiece. It was discovered by a shepherd in the dumps of Egrikapi, traded for a dozen spoons, and earned its name.

Carat Measurements

Although historical sources refer to the diamond as 84 carats, Topkapi Palace’s inventory book values it at 86 carats. This discrepancy arises from the standardization of the carat measure in the early 20th century. Previously, each country had its own carat measurement system. For instance, Abdulhamit’s list of jewelry sold in Paris used both ancient and metric carat measures Guided Istanbul Tour Whirling Dervishes.

Sultan Mehmet IV’s Legacy

Sultan Mehmet IV’s affinity for luxury is well-documented. Following a major fire at Topkapi Palace, he spent an extended period at Edirne Palace, primarily engaged in hunting. Due to his passion for hunting, Ottoman historians dubbed him “Mehmet the Hunter” rather than Mehmet IV.

The Tragic Toll of Loss

In the aftermath of the massacre, the stories of loss and devastation echoed through the village.

A Patriarch’s Plight

One elderly man shared the tale of his uncle, Blagoi Christostoff, a revered figure in the community. Blagoi was the patriarch of a large family, with five sons and their wives, totaling thirty-nine individuals living under one roof. Now, only eight remain—a stark reminder of the massacre’s toll.

Stories of Suffering

As we listened to the survivors’ accounts, the scale of the tragedy became painfully clear. Families once thriving were decimated, with only a fraction of their members left behind. Twenty-five reduced to seven, twenty to eight, and countless others obliterated entirely. The perpetrators were not foreign invaders but neighboring Turks, driven by envy, greed, and religious fanaticism Tour Packages Balkan.

Unpunished Atrocities

Shockingly, the mastermind behind the slaughter, Achmet-Agha, faced no consequences for his crimes. Instead, he was rewarded with a promotion and decorations, a grotesque display of impunity in the face of unspeakable brutality.

Stolen Innocence

The horror didn’t end with the slaughter. Many children and young girls were abducted, their whereabouts known but their return denied by the Turks. Mr. Schuyler uncovered a list detailing eighty-seven abducted children, a stark testament to the ongoing anguish of the survivors.

The tragedy of Batak reveals the depths of human cruelty and the horrors inflicted upon innocent lives. As we confront the aftermath of this senseless violence, we must remember the stories of those who perished and honor the resilience of those who survived. Their voices must not be silenced, their suffering must not be forgotten, as we strive for justice and peace in a world scarred by violence.

Turnovo Monuments and Cultural Attractions

House Museum of Emilian Stanev

Located at 20 N. Zlatarski Street, this museum offers a glimpse into the life of the renowned Bulgarian writer Emilian Stanev. The exhibition, housed in his restored home, showcases both traditional and modern ways of life.

The Asenov Dynasty Monument

Situated near the Stambulovia Bridge and InterHotel Veliko Turnovo, this monument pays tribute to the leaders of the war of independence from Byzantium, including Petur & Asen, Kaloyan, and Ivan Asen the Second. Sculpted by Krum Damynov in 1985, it stands as a symbol of Bulgaria’s rich heritage.

Art Gallery with Continuous Exhibition

Adjacent to the Asenov Dynasty Monument, the Art Gallery hosts an ongoing exhibition titled “Veliko Turnovo – Through the Eye of an Artist.” Featuring works by Bulgarian artists, the collection offers diverse impressions of Turnovo and historical events.

Audio Visual Spectacular “Sound & Light”

Presented by the Czech company Art Centrum in the ruins of Tsarevets, this spectacular audiovisual performance combines sound and light to bring history to life. Directed by film director Vulo Radev, the show offers a mesmerizing experience for visitors. For inquiries and bookings, contact the Tourist Information Center at 5 Christo Botev Street Sightseeing Turkey.

Echoes of Turnovo’s Splendor

Nikita Homat: “This city (Turnovo) is the most fortified and beautiful of all the cities of the Balkans. Surrounded by strong walls, washed by the river, built on the top of the hills.” Tzar Kolyan to Pope Innocent III, 1203: “….and to uphold the leader for Patriach of the Holy and Great Church of Turnovo, the First City of the whole of Bulgaria.” Tzar Kolyan’s oath in his communique to the Pope, 1204: “To be given the blessing of the Patriach and granted by order, the city of my Kingdom, Turnovo.” Gregori Tsamblak: “Because he had heard a lot for Turnovo, for its great magnificence, for the strength of its walls, for its beauty and location, hard to attack not only for the walls but its natural defenses, and its great riches and population famous in faith and culture.” Unknown Traveler: “Turnovo in Europe is truly unique by its location, all travelers are amazed by the picturesque scene and the originality of the entire region.”

Turnovo’s monuments and cultural attractions serve as testaments to its rich history and enduring beauty. From museums honoring literary giants to monuments commemorating pivotal moments, Turnovo offers visitors a journey through time, steeped in legend and splendor.

Turnovo Monuments and Cultural Attractions

House Museum of Emilian Stanev

Located at 20 N. Zlatarski Street, this museum offers a glimpse into the life of the renowned Bulgarian writer Emilian Stanev. The exhibition, housed in his restored home, showcases both traditional and modern ways of life.

The Asenov Dynasty Monument

Situated near the Stambulovia Bridge and InterHotel Veliko Turnovo, this monument pays tribute to the leaders of the war of independence from Byzantium, including Petur & Asen, Kaloyan, and Ivan Asen the Second. Sculpted by Krum Damynov in 1985, it stands as a symbol of Bulgaria’s rich heritage.

Art Gallery with Continuous Exhibition

Adjacent to the Asenov Dynasty Monument, the Art Gallery hosts an ongoing exhibition titled “Veliko Turnovo – Through the Eye of an Artist.” Featuring works by Bulgarian artists, the collection offers diverse impressions of Turnovo and historical events.

Audio Visual Spectacular “Sound & Light”

Presented by the Czech company Art Centrum in the ruins of Tsarevets, this spectacular audiovisual performance combines sound and light to bring history to life. Directed by film director Vulo Radev, the show offers a mesmerizing experience for visitors. For inquiries and bookings, contact the Tourist Information Center at 5 Christo Botev Street Sightseeing Turkey.

Echoes of Turnovo’s Splendor

Nikita Homat: “This city (Turnovo) is the most fortified and beautiful of all the cities of the Balkans. Surrounded by strong walls, washed by the river, built on the top of the hills.” Tzar Kolyan to Pope Innocent III, 1203: “….and to uphold the leader for Patriach of the Holy and Great Church of Turnovo, the First City of the whole of Bulgaria.” Tzar Kolyan’s oath in his communique to the Pope, 1204: “To be given the blessing of the Patriach and granted by order, the city of my Kingdom, Turnovo.” Gregori Tsamblak: “Because he had heard a lot for Turnovo, for its great magnificence, for the strength of its walls, for its beauty and location, hard to attack not only for the walls but its natural defenses, and its great riches and population famous in faith and culture.” Unknown Traveler: “Turnovo in Europe is truly unique by its location, all travelers are amazed by the picturesque scene and the originality of the entire region.”

Turnovo’s monuments and cultural attractions serve as testaments to its rich history and enduring beauty. From museums honoring literary giants to monuments commemorating pivotal moments, Turnovo offers visitors a journey through time, steeped in legend and splendor.

Turnovo Monuments and Cultural Attractions

House Museum of Emilian Stanev

Located at 20 N. Zlatarski Street, this museum offers a glimpse into the life of the renowned Bulgarian writer Emilian Stanev. The exhibition, housed in his restored home, showcases both traditional and modern ways of life.

The Asenov Dynasty Monument

Situated near the Stambulovia Bridge and InterHotel Veliko Turnovo, this monument pays tribute to the leaders of the war of independence from Byzantium, including Petur & Asen, Kaloyan, and Ivan Asen the Second. Sculpted by Krum Damynov in 1985, it stands as a symbol of Bulgaria’s rich heritage.

Art Gallery with Continuous Exhibition

Adjacent to the Asenov Dynasty Monument, the Art Gallery hosts an ongoing exhibition titled “Veliko Turnovo – Through the Eye of an Artist.” Featuring works by Bulgarian artists, the collection offers diverse impressions of Turnovo and historical events.

Audio Visual Spectacular “Sound & Light”

Presented by the Czech company Art Centrum in the ruins of Tsarevets, this spectacular audiovisual performance combines sound and light to bring history to life. Directed by film director Vulo Radev, the show offers a mesmerizing experience for visitors. For inquiries and bookings, contact the Tourist Information Center at 5 Christo Botev Street Sightseeing Turkey.

Echoes of Turnovo’s Splendor

Nikita Homat: “This city (Turnovo) is the most fortified and beautiful of all the cities of the Balkans. Surrounded by strong walls, washed by the river, built on the top of the hills.” Tzar Kolyan to Pope Innocent III, 1203: “….and to uphold the leader for Patriach of the Holy and Great Church of Turnovo, the First City of the whole of Bulgaria.” Tzar Kolyan’s oath in his communique to the Pope, 1204: “To be given the blessing of the Patriach and granted by order, the city of my Kingdom, Turnovo.” Gregori Tsamblak: “Because he had heard a lot for Turnovo, for its great magnificence, for the strength of its walls, for its beauty and location, hard to attack not only for the walls but its natural defenses, and its great riches and population famous in faith and culture.” Unknown Traveler: “Turnovo in Europe is truly unique by its location, all travelers are amazed by the picturesque scene and the originality of the entire region.”

Turnovo’s monuments and cultural attractions serve as testaments to its rich history and enduring beauty. From museums honoring literary giants to monuments commemorating pivotal moments, Turnovo offers visitors a journey through time, steeped in legend and splendor.

Soviet Influence in the Balkans

The Turning Point

Teheran Conference Decisions (1943)

At the end of 1943, the Teheran Allied Conference made two crucial decisions. First, they approved the bombardment of Bulgaria. Second, Bulgaria and Romania were designated as Soviet zones of interest until the war’s end, effectively placing their fate in Soviet hands. Additionally, the conference chose to support the Communist leader Tito in Yugoslavia over the nationalist guerilla leader Mihailovich.

Bombardment and Soviet Demands (1944)

Following these decisions, Sofia experienced heavy bombardment in January and March 1944, leading to extensive destruction. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union demanded Bulgaria open all of its Soviet consulates, a request impossible to fulfill with German troops still present. Bulgarian guerillas engaged in fierce fighting against the pro-Nazi government Daily Tours Istanbul.

Leadership Changes and Confusion (June 1944)

The Bozhilov government was replaced by Ivan Bagrianov’s administration in June 1944. Bagrianov hesitated for two months on clearing out German forces from Varna and Burgas, trying to prove Bulgaria’s neutrality to the Soviets. The nation faced confusion and weak leadership during these tumultuous days. A Bulgarian delegation went to the Cairo Conference to negotiate an armistice, but the efforts did not progress. By late August, Russian forces, assisted by Romania, reached Bulgaria’s Danubian frontier, positioning the Red Army for an invasion.

Soviet Declaration of War and Occupation (September 1944)

On September 2, 1944, Konstantin Moraviev replaced Bagrianov. On September 5, the Soviet representative met with Moraviev, expressing concerns about vital Soviet interests in the Balkans, especially the Straits. The Soviet representative reported to his government that the new Bulgarian government seemed no different from the previous ones. Based on this, and likely prearranged, Russia declared war on Bulgaria, instructing Marshal Tolbukhin to “bend the neck of the treacherous enemy.” Four days later, the Russians accepted Bulgaria’s surrender, occupying the country with full conqueror’s rights.

Soviet Influence in the Balkans

The Turning Point

Teheran Conference Decisions (1943)

At the end of 1943, the Teheran Allied Conference made two crucial decisions. First, they approved the bombardment of Bulgaria. Second, Bulgaria and Romania were designated as Soviet zones of interest until the war’s end, effectively placing their fate in Soviet hands. Additionally, the conference chose to support the Communist leader Tito in Yugoslavia over the nationalist guerilla leader Mihailovich.

Bombardment and Soviet Demands (1944)

Following these decisions, Sofia experienced heavy bombardment in January and March 1944, leading to extensive destruction. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union demanded Bulgaria open all of its Soviet consulates, a request impossible to fulfill with German troops still present. Bulgarian guerillas engaged in fierce fighting against the pro-Nazi government Daily Tours Istanbul.

Leadership Changes and Confusion (June 1944)

The Bozhilov government was replaced by Ivan Bagrianov’s administration in June 1944. Bagrianov hesitated for two months on clearing out German forces from Varna and Burgas, trying to prove Bulgaria’s neutrality to the Soviets. The nation faced confusion and weak leadership during these tumultuous days. A Bulgarian delegation went to the Cairo Conference to negotiate an armistice, but the efforts did not progress. By late August, Russian forces, assisted by Romania, reached Bulgaria’s Danubian frontier, positioning the Red Army for an invasion.

Soviet Declaration of War and Occupation (September 1944)

On September 2, 1944, Konstantin Moraviev replaced Bagrianov. On September 5, the Soviet representative met with Moraviev, expressing concerns about vital Soviet interests in the Balkans, especially the Straits. The Soviet representative reported to his government that the new Bulgarian government seemed no different from the previous ones. Based on this, and likely prearranged, Russia declared war on Bulgaria, instructing Marshal Tolbukhin to “bend the neck of the treacherous enemy.” Four days later, the Russians accepted Bulgaria’s surrender, occupying the country with full conqueror’s rights.

Navigating World War II Alliances

Facing Questions at the Outset

As World War II commenced with Germany’s attack on Poland in September 1939, Bulgaria found itself once again confronting critical decisions. The unfolding events prompted King Boris III to appoint Bogdan Filov, a pro-German professor of archaeology, as Prime Minister in February 1940.

The Rise of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

In the summer of 1940, following Germany’s sweeping victory over France, the Tripartite Treaty was signed, giving rise to the “Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis.” German pressure on Sofia increased, accompanied by threats and promises of national unification. Despite warnings from the British King to steer clear of Hitler, the Filov government, rejecting a Soviet proposal for a non-aggression pact in September 1940, accepted the Vienna Pact imposed by Hitler on March 1 Turkey Sightseeing, 1941. King Boris III was then declared “The Integrator King.”

Pro-German Sentiments Grow

As Hitler’s victories mounted, pro-German sentiments flourished among Bulgaria’s ruling elite and a portion of the public. Berlin’s pressure intensified when Romania and Hungary joined the Axis. Shortly thereafter, the powerful German army swiftly overcame the resistance of Greece and Yugoslavia. Bulgaria established administrative and military rule over significant territories, including Macedonia and the Aegean Region. However, the fate of these newly acquired Bulgarian territories, now referred to as “the new lands,” remained uncertain until after the war, leaving the Bulgarian national question with a partial and unsatisfactory resolution.

Bulgaria faced the challenges of navigating alliances during World War II, with the king’s decisions and geopolitical pressures shaping the nation’s path in a turbulent time. The aftermath of the war would reveal the ultimate fate of the territories acquired and the effectiveness of Bulgaria’s wartime choices.

Sir Henry Elliot's Allegiance Amidst Atrocities

Sir Henry Elliot’s Controversial Role

In the midst of escalating atrocities, the actions of Sir Henry Elliot, the British Ambassador, are scrutinized for his steadfast allegiance to defending the Turks and turning a blind eye to the gruesome events unfolding. This article delves into the sources of information available to Sir Henry and the diplomatic choices that shaped his response.

Defending Turks at All Costs

Sir Henry Elliot’s primary duty, as perceived by many, was to unwaveringly support the Turks, regardless of the atrocities they committed. The analysis explores the impact of such a singular allegiance on the ambassador’s ability to comprehend and respond to the humanitarian crisis that was rapidly unfolding.

Ignoring Weekly Reports from Consuls

A critical examination of the available information reveals that Consuls from France, Germany, Austria, Greece, and Russia submitted weekly reports detailing the unfolding events. Despite the accessibility of these reports, Sir Henry seemingly chose to overlook or dismiss them. The article probes the consequences of such selective information consumption on diplomatic decision-making Bulgaria Private Tours.

Discrediting Consuls and German Railway Officials

Sir Henry Elliot’s skepticism extended beyond dismissing reports from the Consuls; he also discredited the German railway officials living in close proximity to the affected areas. The article explores the implications of Sir Henry’s belief that these individuals were all somehow aligned with Russian interests, rendering their reports “worthless” in his eyes.

Sir Henry’s Allegiance Dilemma

The clash between diplomatic obligations and humanitarian concerns forms a central theme. Sir Henry’s unwavering defense of the Turks, coupled with a distrust of information sources, prompts reflection on the role of diplomats in times of crisis. Can diplomatic allegiance coexist with an ethical responsibility to address human suffering?

Sir Henry’s Controversial Lens

The article delves into the concept of worldview and how Sir Henry Elliot’s staunch allegiance may have shaped his perception of unfolding events. The impact of such a colored lens on diplomatic decision-making and the ability to respond effectively to crises is explored.

Reassessing Diplomatic Values in the Face of Atrocities

Sir Henry Elliot’s controversial stance raises broader questions about the values that underpin diplomatic decisions, especially during times of humanitarian crises. As the world reflects on his actions, there is a pressing need to reassess the balance between diplomatic allegiance and the moral imperative to address atrocities promptly and effectively.

Unveiling the Dark Depths

Otluk-kui’s Complex Realities

As we delve deeper into the unsettling events that transpired in Otluk-kui, the layers of horror and complexity begin to unfold, revealing a town caught in the clutches of fear, violence, and disturbing indifference.

A Puppet of Fear The Jewish Peddler’s Tale of Manipulation

The Jewish peddler, a seemingly inconspicuous figure caught in the throes of the insurrection, emerges as a poignant symbol of manipulation and survival in the face of impending violence. His account, marked by a blend of fear and dark humor, sheds light on the intricate tactics employed by the insurgents to control information and extract maximum gains.

Forced into a theatrical conversion, the peddler became a pawn in the insurgents’ strategy, guided by the insidious logic of pointing out the wealthy and influential figures in the town to the arriving Turks. His impartiality in recounting the events Holidays Bulgaria, coupled with an unsettling willingness to change his religion based on convenience, reflects a profound lack of principle that adds another layer to the chilling narrative of Otluk-kui.

The peddler’s journey from fear-induced conversion to cynical pragmatism unveils the harsh realities faced by individuals caught between warring factions. His experiences, while tinged with a semblance of dark humor, underscore the depths to which fear and manipulation can plunge even the most ordinary lives in times of conflict.

The Echo of Repentance Unraveling an Old Woman’s Tale

Amidst the chilling narrative, an old woman’s plea for forgiveness stands as a haunting testament to the depths of guilt and suffering that permeated Otluk-kui. Prostrating herself on the ground and repeating the refrain of being “a very great sinner,” her approach to Mr. Schuyler unveils a profound sense of remorse and a desperate plea for absolution.

Compelled to rise and share her story, the old woman’s confession becomes a pivotal moment in unraveling the multifaceted layers of horror within the town. Her tale, yet to be fully disclosed, hints at the personal struggles, losses, and perhaps even participation in the events that unfolded. The relentless repetition of her guilt-ridden mantra adds a touch of macabre theatricality to the encounter, underscoring the psychological toll exacted on the inhabitants of Otluk-kui.

As we navigate through these individual narratives, Otluk-kui’s complexity becomes increasingly apparent. The town, once a backdrop to violence and manipulation, now stands as a canvas revealing the intricate interplay of fear, survival instincts, and the profound impact of conflict on the human psyche. The darkness within the town’s story beckons further exploration, challenging us to confront the depths of human experience during times of unparalleled horror.

Children and grandchildren

They were of all ages, from eighteen up to eighty ; young mothers with children in their arms and two or three hanging to their skirts ; middle-aged women who had grown-up sons and daughters that had fallen under the sharp edge of the sword ; old grandmothers with children and grandchildren all swept away at one fell swoop.

They all told their stories with sobs and tears, beating their heads and wringing their hands in despair. And they were starving and houseless. We could not relieve their misery. We could only listen to their stories with saddened faces, and tell them to hope for better times, and promise to do something for them, if possible, when we should return to Constantinople. Vain hopes, and, I fear, vainer promises.

TATAR BAZARDJIK, August 2.

Since my letter of yesterday I have sapped full of horrors. Nothing has yet been said of the Turks that I do not now believe; nothing could be said of them that I should not think probable and likely. There is, it would seem, a point in atrocity beyond which discrimination is impossible, when mere comparison, calculation, measurement, are out of the question, and this point the Turks have already passed. You can follow them no further Daily Tours Istanbul.

The way is blocked up by mountains of hideous facts, beyond which you cannot see and do not care to go. You feel that it is superfluous to continue measuring these mountains and deciding whether they be a few feet higher or lower, and you do not care to go seeking for molehills among them. You feel that it is time to turn back ; that you have seen enough.

But let me tell what we saw at Batak:—We had some difficulty in getting away from Pestera. The authorities were offended because Mr. Schuyler refused to take any Turkish official with him, and they ordered the inhabitants to tell us there were no horses, for we had here to leave our carriages and take to the saddle. But the people were so anxious we should go, that they furnished horses in spite of the prohibition, only bringing them first without saddles, by way of showing how reluctantly they did it.

Pomaks or Mohammedan Bulgarians

Shortly afterwards seven more Turks, who approached the village, were ordered to surrender, and did so at once. These were two zaptiehs, two tax-collectors, one clerk, and two pomaks or Mohammedan Bulgarians. They were all lodged in a Bulgarian house and well treated, except one of the zaptiehs or mounted police of the country, who had committed such acts of cruelty and barbarity that they decided he had merited death, and therefore sentenced and shot him.

A day or two later some people in a closed carriage, approaching along the road towards the fortifications, were hailed and likewise ordered to surrender, and upon their attempting to escape were fired upon. The carriage was captured, and it was found there were two men and three women in it. The two men and one of the women had been killed by the fire ; one of the remaining women seized a sabre and struck at one of the insurgents, whereupon she was killed. The other woman was captured and sent into the village Sightseeing Turkey, and well treated until the arrival of the Turks, when she was set at liberty.

As far as wre have been able to learn up to the present, those two women are the only ones that have been killed by the insurgents, and one of them, as I have just related, was shot accidentally. The Turkish authorities in Philippopolis state that there were twelve killed in all; but they have been unable to give Mr. Schuyler either the names of these women, or the names of the villages in which they were said to have been killed, and he therefore will not accept the statement until he finds further proof.

Kiani Pacha, who was sent here to inquire into the atrocities committed by the Baslii-Bazouks, told Mr. Schuyler, with the coolest assurance, that the wife and daughter of the Mudir of Avrat-alan had been killed. Mr. Schuyler found, upon investigation, that the wife of the Mudir had not been killed, and that he never had a daughter. It was said that the wife of the Mudir here in Otluk-kui had likewise been killed.

Bulgarians initiated several military actions

After the Bulgarians initiated several military actions against the Byzantine garrisons in Moesia and to the north of the Danube once again the Byzantine Emperor led a large army to the north of the Balkan Mountains. But the Bulgarian rulers used the knights of the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who participated in the Third Crusade, to regain new Bulgarian territories from the Empire. Meanwhile Petar ceded the throne to his brother Assen (1190-1196), realizing that he was a better statesman and military commander Visit Bulgaria. In the following years the new Bulgarian kingdom added many Balkan regions to its territory. Finally King Assen I was assassinated by his cousin Ivanko who headed a conspiracy of boyars faithful to Constantinople, so Petar ascended the throne to rule for one more year, but he also became a victim of the treacherous plot…

On the throne came the third brother, Kaloyan (1197-1207), and showed himself as a wise statesman, a remarkable commander and skilled diplomat. The borders of Bulgaria already stretched far to the west. In 1202 the Byzantine Emperor and Kaloyan concluded a peace treaty – which actually verified the territorial acquisitions of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom – and the Tsar was pronounced as “Emperor of Bulgaria and Wallachia”. In 1204 the Crusaders captured Constantinople. The Byzantines rebelled against Baldwin I of Flanders, imposed on them as the first Emperor of the East.

They called Kaloyan to help them. Baldwin 1 laid claim to the former Byzantine territories which had fallen into Kaloyan’s hands, his Latin troops raided Thrace and seized a number of Bulgarian fortresses. After a quick preparation the decisive battle took place on 14lh April 1205 near the town of Adrianople. The Latins were defeated, their Emperor was taken prisoner to the fortress of Tumovo and executed after some time in what later became known as the Baldwin’s Tower. Now Kaloyan became the real master of the Balkans and, like Basil II who called himself “Killer of Bulgarians”, Kaloyan called himself “Killer of Byzantines”. Two years later another Latin army led by Boniface of Montferrat was routed and its leader died in action. Simeon’s dream of conquering the entire Byzantine Empire and of a triumphant Bulgarian parade in Constantinople was revived once again…

Thousand and One Columns

Cisterns and Reservoirs.—These were formerly nineteen in number, but ruins of only a few including two of the most important cisterns, the Philoxenus and the Basilica, now remain.

The Philoxenus Cistern, or The Cistern of the Thousand and One Columns (in Turkish Bin Bir JDlreck) is situated in the street opposite the tomb of SultanMahmud II. Admission 1 piastre (2d.) per head.

This cistern, one of the finest in Constantinople, dates from the time of Constantine the Great, and derives its name, according to Codinus, from the Senator Philoxenus who came to Constantinople from Borne with the Emperor; or, more probably, from the fact that it was intended for the inhabitants and strangers who lived in the vicinity, unlike the Basilica cistern, which was only for the supply of the Palace. It is 190 feet long and 166 feet wide, and its roof is supported by 212 pillars, composed of three tiers of columns, making altogether 636, and not 1001 as implied by its name. These are placed one above the other, are joined by arches, and are arranged in 15 rows. Only the upper of the three tiers is to be seen in its entirety. It is 14 feet 4 inches high. Only part of the middle tier is visible; the remainder of this and the whole of the lower tier being buried in the mud which has for centuries accumulated in this cistern. Some of the capitals, which are devoid of any sculpture, bear the letter G and other Byzantine initials and monograms and crosses which have lately been obliterated with whitewash. The cistern is now quite dry, and has long been used by Armenians who follow the occupation of silk-spinners. ‘

Bcutan Sarai

The Basilica Cistern, called Yen Bcutan Sarai (Underground Palace) by the Turks, is to the left of St. Sophia, in the court of a Turkish private house (admission 5 piastres per head). It was discovered at the beginning of the eleventh 9 century by Gyllius, having till then remained unknown owing to the houses built over it. The finder narrates how he was let down through a hole he had accidentally found in the ground, and crossed the cistern in a boat which he found there and which was used by the owner of the house above. This cistern still contains water, used by the people living in the houses above it. It is supposed to extend under St. Sophia and to communicate with the sea, but in reality reaches no farther than 80 feet to the north of St. Sophia, and is above sea- level. It was built by Constantine the Great, and enlarged by Justinian. Over it were the Institutes, Library, and part of the University founded by Constantine. It is 336 feet by 182 feet, and its vaulted roof rests on 336 pillars, 40 feet high and 12 feet apart, arranged in 12 rows.

Travellers should examine all change

Travellers should examine all change tendered them, and refuse all worn and light coins.

Foreign Coins.—Gold coins of any European country pass current in Constantinople. Those most in use are the English sovereign, better known as Ingliz Lira, given and taken at 120 piastres silver value. And the foreigner tendering an English sovereign or half-sovereign will do well to call attention to the coin, otherwise it may be taken for a Turkish lira or half lira, which of course are of less value. Next come the gold twenty and ten franc pieces, given and taken at 95 and 47J piastres silver respectively. The Austrian ducat or kremitz is valued at 56 piastres silver.

The silver francs are worth 4 J piastres; the only ones to be taken or given by travellers should be the French, Italian, and Greek silver francs; those of any other European nation are with difficulty exchanged at the rate of 3 or 3 J piastres.

Bank of England notes for £5 and £10, and French Banque de France notes for 100 francs, are taken everywhere in payment, and are readily changed by the money-changers.

Legal Tender.—There is practically no such thing as legal tender in Turkey, and payment may be made in coins of any current denomination. In all the Government departments, however, as well as at the bridge toll-offices, and ferry-boat and railway booking-offices, only Turkish money must be tendered guided istanbul tour.

Imperial Ottoman Bank

Banks.—Imperial Ottoman Bank, an Anglo- French company founded by Imperial Charter, a large building in Rue Yoivoda, Galata. Branch office, Grande Rue de Pera. The Credit Lyonnais, branch office, in Karakeui. Messrs. Thomas Cook and Sons, 12 Rue Kabristan, Pera. At this latter firm’s office travellers always can get circular notes issued or cashed, and bank notes changed into any kind of money they may require at the time.

Sarrafs or Money-changers.—These are one of the special features of Constantinople and of all Turkish towns. Their name is legion; they are to be found in all the principal thoroughfares, and they generally combine their special calling with that of tobacconist. The charge for giving change varies

with the nature of the change demanded of them, and may range from Id. to 5d. in the pound. They are either Jews, Greeks, or Armenians, no Turk having yet been seen or heard of following the calling of a sarraf.

The Turkish Calendar.—Turkish chronology is computed from the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, on the 16th of July 622 A.D., which on the prophet’s death seventeen years later was established as an era by the Caliph Omar, and was styled the Hejreh (Flight), corrupted by Europeans into Hegira. The Turkish year is the lunar year, divided into twelve months of thirty and of twenty-nine days alternately, so that there are 354 days in a year, and each year commences 11 days earlier than the preceding one, a cycle occurring once every thirty- three. years. Turkish time is computed from sunset, the day being divided into twenty-four hours counted as twice twelve; Turkish time, therefore, as com-pared with European time, varies throughout the year. Natives generally set their watches by Yeni Valideh Mosque clock.

Houses feature rich baroque paintings

Apart from the symmetrical plan these houses feature rich baroque paintings on the walls and the traditional woodcarvings on the ceilings, doors and cupboards. There is no doubt this magnificent residential architecture is justifiably referred to as the ‘Bulgarian baroque’. Two remarkable specimens of the period are the houses of Kuyumjioghlu and Georgiadi, built in 1846 -1848 by the gifted master-builder from the Rhodope area, Haji Georgi. Some other symmetrical houses are the homes of Haji Dragan Kaloferetsa, Artin Gidikov, Georgi Mavridi (where Lamartine stayed in 1933), Hajikalchev and others.

HAJI PANAYOT LAMPSHA – BALABANOV HOUSE

57 Dr Stoilov Street

This magnificent house built at the beginning of the 19th c. dominates the junction of three streets: 4th January, Dr. Stoilov and Antranik. The big gate off the street and the opposite second gate into the courtyard take you into an oblong, high ceilinged vestibule around which were the storerooms and household premises. An inner stair-case leads up to the upper floor designed in a strictly symmetrical plan and into the the spacious drawing-room are furnished with restored old-world furniture bulgaria holidays, fabrics and other articles exemplifying the taste and affluence of the rich citizens of Plovdiv. Today the house is used as a multifunctional venue for exhibitions, theatrical performances, concerts, cultural and business meetings etc. A collection of contemporary paintings belonging to the Old Plovdiv Association is on display on the ground floor.

STEPAN HINDLIYAN HOUSE

4 Artin Gidikov Street

The house was commissioned by and built for the wealthy merchant and landowner Stepan Hindliyan in 1835 -1840. The design of the exterior is opulent, focusing on the expressive main facade with a centrally positioned portico. Of all the Revival houses preserved in Plovdiv this is the most lavishly ornamented one. Two master-decorators from Chirpan, Moko and Mavrudi, worked for over six months painting the walls from the inside and outside and creating wall piers, garlands of plant and geometrical ornaments, vignettes, still lifes and landscapes. The Balabanov House. Woodcarved ceiling with a trefoil pattern on the second floor.

Stepan Hindliyan House. Main fasade.

ceilings are extravagantly decorated and coloured tastefully in the Oriental style, patterns do not repeat themselves. Each room has its own atmosphere achieved through the alafranga niches and the naivete and beauty of the landscapes from Alexandria, Constantinople, Venice, Stockholm and other cities. There is an original Oriental-style bathroom on the ground floor featuring domes, vaults, recesses, a marble floor and a basin with attractive fittings. Behind the tall stone wall off the street, there is the maaza – the household depository for valuables. It is entirely built of stone with strong iron doors and solid bars over the windows. Hindliyan House is fitted out with authentic old-world furniture and together with Balabanov House make up a joint complex which displays ‘The urban style of life in the Revival Period’ exhibition.

Rhodope architecture

Tourist attractions: The District History Museum, the Art Gallery, monuments of Rhodope architecture from the National Revival period such as the Pangalov House, I860, which has an ethnographic collection, the AUbeev Police Station, the Shere- metev and Petko Takov Houses.

The only feudal building preserved in Bulgaria — Agoushev House in the village of Mogilitsa, 28 km southwest of Smolyan in the valley of the River Arda.

Hotels: Smolyan, 3 stars, 5 floors, 169 double rooms and 7 suites; restaurant, day bar, night club, national restaurant, hairdresser’s, coffee shop, free shop, parking lot, rent-a-car office, tel. 3-81-76, Sokolitsa, 2 stars 10 floors, accommodating 194, tel. 3-30-85; Orfei, 3 stars, tel 3-20-41, accommodating 170, restaurants and a national restaurant private turkey tours.

Smolyan lakes are north of the town amidst picturesque rocks and coniferous forests. There is a modern chalet accommodating 80.

The village of Shiroka Luka (pop. 2,000), is an architectural and ethnographic reserve. Particularly interesting here are the Sgourov House, Kalamdji House (with an ethnographic collection), the Kirov Houses, the old bridges, Church of the Assumption, 1834.

The village has a folk-music school, There is a restaurant, a national taverna and tourist chalet.

PLOVDIV – HASKOVO – HARMAN LI – SVILENGRAD- KAPITAN ANDREEVO

Among the valley of the Maritsa River, three km from Plovdiv stands the monument to Olga Nikolaevna Skobeleva, mother of the famous Russian General Skobelev who fought m the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War of Liberation, who came to Bulgaria to organize orphanages, hospitals and charity societies and who was murdered near Plovdiv by a band of Circassian brigands on 6 July 1880. The monument marks the spot.

Between Plovdiv and Sadovo is the Trakiya motel, 2 stars, and Chaiya camp site, 2 stars.

The village of Klokotnitsa lies ten km from the town of Haskovo and here in 1230 Bulgarian troops led by Tzar Ivan Assen II defeated the Epirate ruler Todor Komnin. The Bulgarian troops continued their advance and in a short time had captured Thrace of Adrianople, the Aegean region, the whole of Macedonia and Albania. In honour of this victory Tzar Ivan Assen II ordered a column to be erected in the Church of St Forty Martyrs in Turnovo. Shortly before Haskovo are the Iztok camp site and Klokotnitsa Inn.

Haskovo (pop. 84,117) existed in the 14th century as a trading settlement. A 9-12 century fortress has been discovered nearby. During Ottoman domination the town had only one Bulgarian quarter, near the Church of St Virgin Mary and the Church of St Archangel Michael After Bulgaria’s liberation from the Turks Haskovo developed as a major tobacco producing centre and today it is a large industrial centre.