Marcus Tullius Cicero, Aratea, a Latin version of the Phaenomena with extracts from Hyginus’ Astronomica in the constellation figures France, N. (diocese of Reims), 9th century

Illustration of an excerpt of Pliny’s Natural History on the positions and movements of seven planets, with earth in the centre, and around it the moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The “Signifer” or zodiac encircles the whole. ‘Tonus’ and 'Semit’ are musical terms used by Pythagoras in discussion the mathematical ratios of distances between the planets.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, Aratea, a Latin version of the Phaenomena with extracts from Hyginus’ Astronomica in the constellation figures France, N. (diocese of Reims), 9th century

Illustration of the ‘planesphere’ of Geruvigus, showing the positions of the constellations in the band of the zodiac.