bizhunter377 - Tumblr blog

bizhunter377 · 3 years

Text

Whistle Sound

The movement of air in and out of the lungs and airways causes a sound that we refer to as the breathing sounds or respiratory sounds. When inhaling, the air flowing from the environment into the lungs or mouth, down the airways and to the lungs is known as the inspiratory or inhalation respiratory sound. Air flowing out of the lungs, up the airways and out through the mouth or nostrils is known as the expiratory or exhalation respiratory sound.

Referee Whistle Sound Effect

Free Whistle Sound Effect Download

Whistle Sound When Breathing

Factory Whistle Sound

Why is breathing sounding like a whistle?

Some species' songs, however, sound as if they could have been whistled by a human. These simpler, pure-noted songs are some of the most familiar and easy to remember. These songs - including the 'pee-a-wee' of this Eastern Wood-Pewee - are a great place to start building your knowledge of birding by ear! Download 114 Royalty Free Whistle sounds & loops. These sounds are suitable for many different genres like Hip-Hop, Trap, RnB, Future Bass, House, EDM, Pop and more. All Whistle sounds & loops have been expertly mixed and are ready to be loaded into your favourite DAW such as FL Studio, Propellerhead Reason, Logic Pro X, Ableton, Pro Tools, Cubase Pro and many more! Free sound effects of whistling, which include finger whistles, mass whistles, DJ whistles and much more! Various lengths and intensities included. Highest quality HD recorded MP3 downloads. These free whistling sound effects can be downloaded and used for video editing, adobe premiere, foley, youtube videos, plays, video games and more! Free Whistle Sound Effects Whistle short 2 by free-sound-effects-other wav 0:02.

Most of the time we ignore our own respiratory sounds unless it becomes abnormal. There are many different types of abnormal breathing sounds and the most commonly known of these sounds is a wheeze. The other types include crackles, rhonchi, stridor, crackles and pleural friction rub. From the different abnormal breathing sounds, it is important to consider the causes of wheeze and stridor since these sounds are typically like a whistle.

Read more on abnormal breathing sounds.

Wheezing is the high-pitched whistling sound that is heard when breathing. It may be present when inhaling (inspiratory wheeze) or exhaling (expiratory wheeze) and is usually a sign of narrowing of the lower airways.

Stridor is another type of high-pitched whistling sound that is heard with breathing. It occurs when there is a narrowing in the upper airway in contrast to wheezing where the narrowing is in the lower airways.

Referee Whistle Sound Effect

Most people to have difficulty differentiating between a wheeze and stridor. Since wheezing is a more commonly known term, a stridor may also be sometimese described as a wheeze. Furthermore the causes of a stridor may overlap to affect the lower airways just as the causes of a wheeze may also involve the upper airway. Nevertheless both can be said to be an abnormal wheezing sound when breathing.

Reasons for Whistling When Breathing

A whistling sound in the respiratory system is caused by disturbances in air flow, mainly when the air is forced to move through narrower tracts. This causes an air vortex which in turn produces sound, and in this case a high pitched sound which is described as a whistle. Objects or other defects that can deflect air movement may also cause similar air vortices and result in a whistling sound.

Most of the time a wheeze or stridor is accompanied by varying degrees of breathing impairment. This may range from shortness of breath to difficulty breathing. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if the difficulty with breathing is severe or worsening. Other signs like pale skin or a bluish tinge of the skin, dizziness, confusion and/or fainting that accompany difficulty breathing should also be considered as red flags.

Causes of Whistling Breathing Sounds

As mentioned, any condition that causes narrowing of the airways can cause a whistling breathing sound. This narrowing may be due to swelling of the airway walls (often due inflammation), mucus buildup in the airways and less commonly due to physical obstructions such as a growth or a foreign object. Always consult with a medical professional to diagnose the exact cause of a whistling breathing sound.

Read more on causes of wheeze and stridor.

Allergies

The most common allergic condition that leads to whistling breathings sounds is allergic asthma. In this condition the bronchial tubes narrow due to immune mediated hypersensitivity. It is more common among children but can affect any age group. Another allergic condition that can lead to wheezing is hypersensitivity pneumonitis where the lung becomes inflamed due to an allergy. It is more likely to be linked to occupational exposure to allergens.

The upper airways may also be inflamed due to allergies, as is the case in allergic laryngitis. The more serious acute allergic response where a whistling sound may be heard is in an anaphylactic reaction. This is a serious condition where the airways narrow suddenly due to exposure to a certain allergen. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and needs immediate medical attention.

Open WPS File WPS file is similar to the DOC format. WPS files are text documents created with the Microsoft Works Word Processor (MWWP) word processor. Unlike Microsoft Word, this program does not offer advanced formatting options, such as macros. A free, open source, and market-leading office software package composed of a modern and fully equipped word processor, easy-to-learn spreadsheet application, outstanding presentation tool, powerful drawing and diagramming application, fully featured database management system, and interoperable equation editor. 100% Compatible WRITER supports DOC, DOCX, TXT, HTM, DOT, DOTX and is fully compatible with Microsoft Word ®.This means you can open and edit documents from others, and then save them right from WPS Office, knowing others will be able open them without any issues. Open office wps download. The Open File dialogue box will appear. Select the type of file from the “Files of Type” down arrow. There, you will see different types of files that you can open using that version of Writer. Look for the “WPS 2000/Office 1.0 (.wps)” or similar type of file. With PDF, Cloud, OCR, file repair, and other powerful tools, WPS Office is quickly becoming more and more people’s first choice in office software. Powerful PDF PDF editing, PDF to word, PDF comment, PDF sign, PDF compress, etc. WPS Docs 1G free space.

Infections

Respiratory tract infections are one of the most common acute causes of whistling sounds when breathing. Viruses and bacteria cause the maority of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. This includes the viruses and bacteria that causes epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and bronchiolitis. People with other respiratory diseases such as asthma, may also experience an exacerbation of these conditions during an acute infection.

A whistling breathing sound and barking cough is characteristic of croup. This is an upper airway infection of the larynx and trachea that may extend down to the bronchi. Periodic table with atomic mass and name. Violent, rapid coughing with a high pitched inhalation after coughing is characteristic of pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Croup is due to viruses whil pertussis is caused by the bacteria, Bordetella pertussis. Both are highly contagious.

Free Whistle Sound Effect Download

Other

Allergies and infections account for most cases of acute conditions that lead to a whistling breathing sound. However, there are other conditions that may also be responsible, with some being more common than others.

Foreign body: An object in the airway can cause a whistling breathing sound and is more likely to be seen among young children who swallow non-edible objects such as beads, small balls and coins.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis where there bronchi is inflamed and emphysema where the air sacs are destroyed. Both are linked to long term smoking.

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or acid reflux can also cause a whistling breathing sound when the acid enters the airways (aspiration) thereby causing airway inflammation.

Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea is where the tissue at the back of the throat relax and collapse thereby preventing air flow. A person stops breathing momentarily when asleep.

Heart failure: In heart failure the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised to varying degrees. One of the possible consequences is fluid collection in the lungs (pulmonary edema).

Lung cancer: A malignant (cancerous) growth causes destruction of the lung tissue and may also extend to the airways over time.

References:

Causes and Solutions for Whistling Sounds in the Toilet

July 11th, 2019 | seoteam

After enough repeated uses, whether we mean to or not, most of us develop a basic expectation for what the toilets in our home sound like when they’re flushed properly. And as it turns out, this can be valuable knowledge – when you hear noises that are not part of the usual routine, it can be a sign that something is wrong that requires further examination.

At Action Plumbing, Heating, Air & Electric, we’re here to help with any and all such noise-related concerns coming from the toilet as part of our overall plumbing services. Our plumbers have encountered every form of toilet noise and every related issue you could imagine, and we’ll help you diagnose the problem and repair it quickly. One common such noise you may hear coming from the toilet? A high-pitched whistling sound. Let’s go over what this sound might mean, plus what you can do about it.

Causes of a Whistling Toilet

Whistle Sound When Breathing

In some cases, your toilet will give off a light, soft whistle that you can barely hear. In others, the whistle will be much louder and impossible to miss, often a violently loud whistle. Both these will begin directly after flushing and usually persist through the entire flushing process.

In most cases, the cause of a whistling toilet is a metal ballcock valve. These valves come with a ball and armature, which can begin to vibrate as the toilet tank refills. This is the event that causes the whistling sound you hear – the vibration itself is usually due to a damaged fill valve gasket, or could also be because of simple wear-and-tear that have worn down the valve itself.

Factory Whistle Sound

Fixing a Whistling Toilet

Fixing this whistling noise, then, comes down to either replacing the gasket inside the fill valve or simply replacing the entire valve itself. Either of these are affordable processes, as modern toilet valves are made from inexpensive plastic materials that are easy to find at any hardware store.

For those without much experience replacing toilet parts, replacing the entire valve might be easier – it doesn’t require you to take the valve apart to find the gasket. All you usually have to do here is unscrew the old valve and screw the new one back into place.

When to Call Our Plumbers

When should you turn the reins over to one of our experienced plumbers here? Well, the answer really depends on your own comfort level. If you’re familiar with the insides of a toilet and know where the ballcock valve is, replacing it yourself is simple and easy. But if you’re unsure about your skills here in any way, or worried you might break important pieces or otherwise mess things up, you should call our team and allow our plumbers to perform this basic repair for you, at an affordable cost.

For more on the causes and solutions for whistling sounds coming from the toilet, or to learn about any of our plumbing or HVAC services, speak to the staff at Action Plumbing, Heating, Air & Electric today.

0 notes

bizhunter377 · 3 years

Text

Ookla Upload Speed Test

Track internet speed

Check Upload Speed Test

Ookla Upload Speed Test Internet

Spectrum Upload Speed Test

Test your Internet connection bandwidth to locations around the world with this interactive broadband speed test from Ookla. Understanding the Ookla Speed Test Results. Visit the links below for a full explanation of the Ookla Speed Test results and information on how you can improve the accuracy of the speed test. Difference between download & Upload speed. What is Jitter and what is the minimum Broadband speed I need? 5 Ways to speed up you internet. Millions of people each day use the Speedtest website and mobile apps to test their internet speed. Now, the most accurate and convenient way to test your speed lives on your Windows desktop. Get your ping, download, and upload speeds within seconds - Troubleshoot or verify the speed you were promised - Track prior tests with detailed. Millions of people each day use the Speedtest website and mobile apps to test their internet speed. Now, the most accurate and convenient way to test your speed lives on your Windows desktop. Get your ping, download, and upload speeds within seconds - Troubleshoot or verify the speed you were promised - Track prior tests with detailed.

There’s nothing more frustrating than sitting down to use the computer and suddenly, it's moving slowly. Internet pages aren't loading; downloads are taking forever. What could be the cause of this? Do you have a program running that is too large? Do you have too many programs running? Is your computer overheating? Or maybe there's an internet connectivity issue - but how do you know? Testing your internet speed could help you narrow down those reasons to find the culprit.

A lot of users don't know how to even go about testing their connection, but Speedtest is a great tool that's simple to use, and free. It will measure your internet's performance and let you know if it is up to par, also ensuring that if you're paying more for a super fast connection, your internet service provider is actually giving you what you’re paying for.

Used by everyday users and businesses

A tool to measure the speed of your internet connection, including how fast you can upload and download files.

So, how does Speedtest work? When you purchase an internet package, you have a few different choices based upon the amount of Mbps, or megabits per second, that are offered. The higher the mbps, the faster the internet connection will be. To get the full picture, any program that measures the speed of your internet will take into account the download and upload speeds, and it will measure those speeds between your modem and the nearest server. The download speed is what most users are concerned with, as that is the speed that affects your web browsing, streaming, and Netflix viewing. Fortunately for us, Speedtest measures download speed, upload speed, and a few other things as well.

Accessing the program is simple. For computers, depending on how often you're going to use Speedtest, you can install the app or use the program directly from the Speedtest website. For computers running Windows, go to the Microsoft store, download and install the app, and you're ready to use it. Once the app is open, you'll see only a few things: the big 'GO' button in the middle of the screen, and below that you'll see the name of your internet provider and the nearest server that you're accessing your internet connection from. Click 'GO', and the test will start. Once the test has finished, you'll see that it has measured the download speed, upload speed, and the ping. The ping measures latency, or the amount of time it takes your computer to send out information, have it reach a destination, and then receive a response.

Next up, clicking the slider icon in the top right corner will take you to your test history. At the top, you'll see how many tests you've ever taken with this program, the highest speed that was measured, and the average speed of all of the tests. Below that gets a little more into detail, with each test showing specifically the download and upload speed and the ping measured. You can delete the history if you would like, but if you want to clear it but still have the information for later reference, you can download the entire history to your computer in the form of a CSV file.

Last but certainly not least, you can view Speedtest's Privacy Policy through the app. It's lengthy, but there is a ton of important information there that you should know. For example, Speedtest is transparent about the type of information that is processed when running an internet connection test. Some of this information includes personal details like your name, demographic data, your address, information about your employer, and information about websites that you've given consent in order to access.

Where can you run this program?

Speedtest is available for a variety of devices. You can view it on the website, or you can download the app on Windows computers, macOS, iOS, Android, Google Chrome and Apple TV. When it comes to internet speed, most users only thing of how it would pertain to a desktop computer or a laptop, but it's definitely important to know the speed of your connection on mobile devices and tablets as well. It definitely is a pain trying to view and download a file or mobile game and you can't because your internet can't handle it.

Is there a better alternative?

There are quite a few alternatives out there, but we would caution you to read the fine print before starting a test. Some websites may be malicious and seek to save some of your sensitive data without your knowledge.

P element in periodic table. We also have tried SpeedOf.Me. This program does the same thing as Speedtest, and offers a web version as well as an app. Although it is an alternative, we can't really say that it's a better one. After five tests with SpeedOf.Me, our results were significantly lower than they were with Speedtest and the website was clogged with ads.

Another great option is Fast.com, which is a speed test made by Netflix. Immediately upon viewing the site, the test starts, and measures your download speed. It has a clean, simple interface and doesn't throw a lot of information at you. While Fast used to only show download speed, it now includes upload, latency, and loaded latency. Loaded latency is an absolutely wonderful bit of info to have; this measures the time it takes to send a receive data when there are other people besides you accessing your internet connection.

Our take

Speedtest gives you all of the basic information that you need and offers the service on a lot of different devices for your convenience. There's a reason that it's so popular, and it's nice to be able to access a program for free and not have to jump through hoops to do it.

Should you download it?

Yes, Speedtest is definitely a useful tool to have. You can use it anywhere depending on what device you're using and you don't have to pay for it. Where Speedtest falls short is the web version. There are just way too many ads that totally ruin the experience. It's distracting, could slow your computer and skew results, and some of the ads have false buttons that could trick you into downloading things that you don't want.

With the rising popularity of Fast, Speedtest would do well to take a step back and consider fine tuning what it offers and how, especially with the added function that Fast ads in the loaded latency option. If you were to use Speedtest, we recommend downloading the app version as it has a clean, easy, user-friendly interface that's impossible to use incorrectly.

Highs

Free

User-friendly

Available on a number of devices

Lows

Too many ads on the web version

Offer less options than newer applications

No latency option

Speedtest by Ooklafor Windows

At Ookla® we care deeply about providing data and analyses that are accurate and statistically sound so that consumers and businesses can trust the information they’re receiving. We’ve been doing this for over 14 years.

Speedtest®, our flagship product, is the most reliable tool for measuring internet performance and providing network diagnostics. Every day, millions of people use Speedtest to better understand the performance and quality of their internet connections. Read more about why consumer-initiated testing is more accurate than other methods.

Ookla’s Speedtest Server Network™ is comprised of high-performance servers in every country and major population center. Read more about the Speedtest Server Network and how Speedtest is uniquely able to measure high-speed connections.

We subject this vast amount of data to rigorous aggregation and analysis, making Ookla the preferred data provider for telecommunications operators, regulatory bodies, trade bodies, analysts, journalists and nonprofits worldwide. Read more about how our aggregation methodology sets Speedtest apart.

This article also shares the details of Ookla’s operational definitions and metrics. Read more about the language we use to describe our analyses.

Download the full-length version of this document here.

Speedtest is the most accurate measure of real-world network performance and coverage

Why consumer-initiated testing is the best measure of internet speed

Each time a user takes a Speedtest, a snapshot of the internet is captured for that specific time, place, device and network. Because these tests are initiated by consumers when and where they need performance data, Speedtest gives users accurate information about internet speeds at the times and locations that are important to them. When aggregated, these measurements describe the network’s real-world performance.

Speedtest measures the full capacity of an internet connection

Each Speedtest runs as a dedicated foreground service. This allows the device to use enough data to flood the internet connection and measure the full capability of both the network connection and the device. Only a dedicated foreground service can accurately assess network performance and quality metrics such as: download speed, upload speed, latency, packet loss, jitter and other indicators of network conditions.

Companies that attempt to measure speed using background tests hidden inside of other apps only send small amounts of data back and forth and cannot accurately measure performance, particularly at high speeds.

Because Speedtest operates in the foreground and measures the full throughput capacity of a connection, we can properly assess the performance capability of even the fastest connection. This is why speeds measured with Speedtest are often higher than those measured with other methods. This difference can be substantial, especially when testing the performance of newer technologies like 5G and multi-gigabit fiber.

Consumer-initiated = speed Background = coverage

Mobile Speedtest users on Android devices can also opt in to submit data from background coverage scans. Our users contribute billions of measurements each day on the quality and conditions of mobile networks in their area from over 300 million scans. These coverage scans provide real-time insights into signal conditions, spectrum usage and network equipment at a fine level of geographic detail.

The hidden downsides of background testing from other providers

Other internet testing solutions run in the background of third-party applications that users are often unaware of, such as messengers, call recorders, dating apps and media converters.

Due to protections Apple has in place for user privacy, iOS doesn’t surface information like connection type to apps that run in the background. It is vital that a testing solution run in the foreground on iOS to accurately test the network and collect information about the active SIM and access technology. Aggregate speeds you might see from other network testing providers do not adequately represent the results of iOS users, which make up a large and important segment of the market.

As Google continues to update their data privacy policies for Android, having a dedicated app like Speedtest with a transparent consumer experience and clear user permissions around location data collection is also increasingly important.

Ookla provides a reliable, consistent test experience across devices

Speedtest provides an accurate, consistent test experience that consumers trust across the many device types available on today’s market. Our rigorous methodology applies to all of our applications.

How the Speedtest Server Network ensures accuracy

Testing to the right server eliminates latency and bottlenecks that can skew performance metrics.

Each link and node through which data is transferred can affect the final measurements as the link with the most constraining characteristics (highest latency, lowest bandwidth or highest packet loss) will typically limit the final measurements. Therefore, the fewer links between a device and a server, the more relevant the measurement is to quantifying and understanding the networking capability of a particular device.

Each Speedtest connects to a nearby server in Ookla’s global network of over 10,000 servers in more than 190 countries. This local connection allows us to ensure an accurate view of network performance that isn’t tarnished by external factors. Ookla takes comprehensive steps to ensure our traffic is indistinguishable from other applications or browser traffic to the server.

Testing to a CDN alone does not provide an accurate picture of network performance

Although CDNs serve a large portion of internet content, platforms that test to a content delivery network (CDN) only test to a single provider, often in a distant location, which only measures the connection to that specific CDN.

Check Upload Speed Test

Speedtest measures the last-mile service provided to the end user by their ISPs and mobile operators. The last mile is the part of a user’s internet experience that a provider has the most control over — and responsibility for. Consumers can more accurately measure and troubleshoot the network connection they’re actually paying for, based on the location from which they are testing, because Speedtest connects to dedicated local servers. This allows us to provide the most accurate quality of service (QoS) measurement possible and uniquely positions us to evaluate the service provided by every ISP and mobile operator in the world — including removing the variability that comes with measuring CDN performance.

We also recognize the value in measuring a user’s performance beyond the last mile, so Speedtest allows testing to various providers in diverse locations. In this way, users can assess various connection scenarios to understand the full potential of a connection instead of being limited to a single provider. Only Ookla allows you to detect points of network congestion, and gain a better understanding of internet performance as a whole.

Speedtest is uniquely capable of measuring the full throughput capacity of 5G and super-fast fiber connections

Modern network speeds are increasing rapidly with technologies like 4G, 5G and fiber broadband being deployed across the globe. This makes the ability to measure a network’s full capacity more essential than ever. Speedtest uses a client and server testing engine that dynamically scales the number of connections to the server in order to saturate and accurately measure client-side connections up to 10 Gbps. This enables Ookla to overcome the effects of network bottlenecks and measure the full extent of a network’s performance.

Accurate 5G connection detection and identification

Not all 5G-capable devices natively identify the 5G connection type when reporting to applications. That’s why Ookla has directly partnered with device manufacturers worldwide to implement accurate in-app 5G detection in Speedtest. Consumers can reliably see when they’re testing a 5G connection in the Speedtest app, and providers can reliably measure their customers’ 5G network performance and quality.

Testing coverage, availability and quality of service

Fast speeds only matter on mobile when you actually have coverage. Consumer-initiated testing is the gold standard for speed and other performance metrics, but to measure signal and coverage Speedtest also collects over 300 million daily scans of coverage data in the background, submitted by Speedtest Android app users. These coverage scans capture where service is offered, what the quality of service is at each location, and information about a mobile user’s “radio environment,” including: the technology used (e.g., 5G, 4G LTE, etc.), the cellular infrastructure to which they are connected, and the accompanying strength and quality of signal.

Combined, consumer-initiated testing and coverage scans provide an unparalleled amount of data on performance and coverage that fully describes the quality of a user’s network connection. Here is an example of that complementary relationship in Brazil:

How Ookla aggregates and analyzes data

Ookla Upload Speed Test Internet

The largest volume of consumer-initiated tests

Numbers matter in data collection, and it’s important to look deeply at what the numbers represent. If a testing provider were to run 100 background tests per day on 100 phones for 100 days that record 100 values each, they’d have 1 million measurements. That overall number might sound impressive — until you realize that 100 phones do not give you a very wide (or interesting) distribution of phone types, locations or even experiences. The numbers are even less impressive when you realize that the 100 data points they’re collecting include less significant details like the device’s screen width and battery type that are only interesting to tiny cross sections of our industry.

Each and every day, over 10 million tests are actively initiated by pressing the “Go” button on Speedtest, and we receive additional data from over 300 million coverage scans. We see daily results on almost every mobile and fixed broadband network in the world which provides us with a real-time view of how the internet is performing at a global scale. This constant flow of immense amounts of data allows us to precisely track how networks respond to events like large crowds, the capabilities of new devices, the impact of network upgrades and the rollout of new technologies like 5G.

Spectrum Upload Speed Test

Unbiased data and a statistical sampling methodology

We use a rigorous statistical sampling methodology to combat sampling bias and ensure data accuracy. Through consumer-initiated testing, Speedtest gives every user a voice to describe what the internet connection is like on their device at the times and places that matter most to them. Whether a user takes a Speedtest once per month or once per hour, our sampling methodology makes sure that each user’s voice is heard and is not drowned out by high-volume testers.

When we aggregate data, each unique Speedtest user’s results are averaged to create a single sample that summarizes their internet experience for that time period and geographic area. We then evaluate each service provider based equally on the samples provided by each of its users. This removes the potential for results to be skewed by individual outliers or short-term fluctuations in service or user behaviors.

100% Compatible WRITER supports DOC, DOCX, TXT, HTM, DOT, DOTX and is fully compatible with Microsoft Word ®.This means you can open and edit documents from others, and then save them right from WPS Office, knowing others will be able open them without any issues. Open with wps office. The Open File dialogue box will appear. Select the type of file from the “Files of Type” down arrow. There, you will see different types of files that you can open using that version of Writer. Look for the “WPS 2000/Office 1.0 (.wps)” or similar type of file. A free, open source, and market-leading office software package composed of a modern and fully equipped word processor, easy-to-learn spreadsheet application, outstanding presentation tool, powerful drawing and diagramming application, fully featured database management system, and interoperable equation editor. With PDF, Cloud, OCR, file repair, and other powerful tools, WPS Office is quickly becoming more and more people’s first choice in office software. Powerful PDF PDF editing, PDF to word, PDF comment, PDF sign, PDF compress, etc. WPS Docs 1G free space.

To ensure that our results represent the true commercially-available user experience, measurements from some tests are excluded from aggregation and published results, including tests performed in controlled environments by network engineers, tests taken from our CLI tool and results from the following platforms: mobile web tests taken on Speedtest.net, tests on Windows phones and tests using the Chrome app and our embedded solutions. Our data scientists and analysts employ a host of tools that allow us to identify and remove any tests that could intentionally or unintentionally bias our results.

Internet performance metrics for mobile and fixed broadband

For definitions of basic internet measures like download, upload, latency and jitter, visit our glossary.

Ookla uses additional performance metrics to describe real-world internet performance and coverage. Our metrics help consumers to understand their network performance and service providers to understand their customer experience, gain competitive insights and identify how to improve their networks.

Top providers

An operator or ISP must account for 3% or more of total test samples in the market for the period to be designated as a top provider. We use this designation to ensure that most consumers in the area actually have access to the provider to qualify it as the fastest, most consistent or having the best coverage.

Modern chipsets

Ookla closely monitors the launch and widespread release of new device models built on chipsets capable of utilizing the latest network technologies. When calculating Speed Score™ and determining the winners of Speedtest Awards, we use results from devices built on modern chipsets so that an operator’s score is not negatively impacted if a portion of its subscriber base continues to use older technology.

Speed Score

We created Speed Score to fully account for the range of speeds a provider offers in a single metric. This makes it easier to compare mobile operators and ISPs on several measures of speed using one metric.

Speed Score incorporates a measure of each provider’s download and upload speed to rank network speed performance (90% of the final Speed Score is attributed to download speed and the remaining 10% to upload speed because online experiences are typically more affected by download speed). Speed Score uses a modified trimean to combine speeds from the 10th percentile, 50th percentile (also known as the median) and 90th percentile in a weighted average using a 1:8:1 ratio, respectively. We place the most emphasis on the median speeds as those represent what most network providers’ customers will experience on a day-to-day basis.

Competitive Geography (U.S. only)

Not all providers serve the same geographic area. Some focus their efforts more in urban areas, where economies of scale make fast speeds easier and cheaper to provide. Others also serve vast rural areas, where it’s more difficult and expensive to provide fast speeds. Ookla’s Competitive Geography filter ensures a balanced comparison of U.S. mobile operators by eliminating geographic outliers.

To meet the definition of “competitive,” a ZIP code must contain samples from at least three top national competitors (those who have at least 3% of market share at a national level), but no competitor can have more than 2/3 of the samples in that ZIP code. Operators are considered present in a ZIP code if they have at least 3% of the samples in the area and show samples on multiple devices. Limiting any operator from having more than 2/3 of samples ensures actual competition in a ZIP code rather than including areas where one competitor dominates the market.

Consistency Score™

While fast speeds are paramount, a consistent experience is also a worthy measure of a network’s quality. Consistency Score is the metric we use to identify fixed broadband or mobile networks that provide a consistent quality of service. It reflects the percentage of a provider’s data samples that meet minimum thresholds for download and upload speeds, depending on the type of network. Consistency Score for fixed broadband uses thresholds of 25 Mbps minimum download speed (the recommended speed for streaming in 4K) and 3 Mbps minimum upload speed. Consistency Score for mobile uses thresholds of 5 Mbps minimum download speed (the recommended speed for streaming in HD) and 1 Mbps minimum upload speed. The higher a provider’s Consistency Score, the more likely a consumer will enjoy acceptable internet performance and quality.

Mean (or average)

We use “mean” and “average” interchangeably unless specifically stated otherwise.

Coverage metrics for mobile broadband

An operator’s geographic coverage is determined using a sample of scans received from devices on that operator’s network in each 100 m2 area. Because coverage is a spatially-focused metric, only scans with precise and legitimate location information are included as we build samples that normalize data by user, operator, location and timeframe. Coverage and availability metrics are based on data from Android devices and require that scans have been received from multiple devices in each area represented.

Coverage Score™

We created Coverage Score to account for both the quality and coverage of service for mobile operators. Coverage Score multiplies the proportion of locations in which an operator was seen with service (its footprint) against the average tile quality score (based on availability metrics) among all locations in which that operator is present. Coverage Score has a range of 0 to 1000 to avoid any potential for confusion that the Coverage Score represents a percentage of an area or population with coverage.

Coverage Score is not comparable across different countries because it is strongly tailored to the unique geography of each market.

Footprint

To calculate Coverage Score, we use Footprint, which is the fraction of locations within a given market, across all operators in that market, where a device has access to service. Operators with a relatively small footprint will have a lower Coverage Score than competitors with equal availability and a larger footprint. we require a footprint of at least 30% in an operator’s market before we will calculate a Coverage Score to ensure that an operator is generally available to the public.

Availability

We divide our data on availability into three separate views: General Availability, 4G Availability, and On-Network Availability. These metrics indicate how likely a user, on average, is to have service available in the places they go. They are individually defined as:

General Availability The percentage of an operator’s known locations where a device has access to any kind of service (including roaming).

4G Availability The percentage of an operator’s known locations where a device has access to 4G LTE service (including roaming).

On-Network Availability The percentage of an operator’s known locations where a device has access to service from that operator.

Time Spent

We use Time Spent to give mobile operators insight into the percent of time that an average user spends on a given cellular technology — both on and off of their subscriber (SIM) network. Time Spent uses coverage scans to construct daily timelines for each device. Then, daily per-device durations on subscriber network, active network and cellular technology are calculated for a given area of interest. Next, the percent time spent on cellular technology per-device, based on the area and time period of interest, are determined. Finally, we aggregate the average percent time over devices for a subscriber network to give the final metrics seen in Speedtest Intelligence™.

We hope this reference guide will give you deeper insight into the metrics we present on Insights. You can also download an extended version here. We also have further information on 5G and a glossary that contains some general terms used when discussing internet performance across the industry. For specific information about what our data has to say about your market, learn more about Speedtest Intelligence.

0 notes

bizhunter377 · 3 years

Text

P Element Periodic Table

This is the SUPER easy guide on Helium element.

P Element Periodic Table

What Is P On The Periodic Table

In fact, the table mentioned below is the perfect information box (Which gives you every single detail about the Helium element in Periodic table.)

So if you want to know anything about Helium element, then this guide is for you.

A horizontal row in the periodic table. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Block Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1 which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure.The chemical symbol for Hydrogen is H. With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.

Let’s finish this very quickly.

Helium Element (He) Information

See how this Interactive Periodic Table helps you

You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table.

You will get the detailed information about the periodic table which will convert a newbie into pro.

You will also get the HD images of the Periodic table (for FREE).

P Element Periodic Table

Helium in Periodic table

Helium element is in period 1 and group 18 of the Periodic table. Helium is the p-block element and it belongs to the Noble gases group.

HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa*HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc**RfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg*CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu**ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

Why is Helium not in Group 2?

Do you know how many valence electrons helium has?

It has 2 valence electrons.

So it should be placed in group 2 of the Periodic table, but in reality it is not so.

It is placed in group 18 instead of placing it in group 2.

Why?

Let me explain to you the reasons why helium is not in Group 2 and why it is in group 18.

Helium is the element which has 2 electrons only, and these two electrons are nothing but they are the valence electrons.

Helium element is very happy and stable with these two electrons.

(Note: Generally for all the elements, octet is the stable configuration. But helium is the only exception in which duplet configuration is stable.)

Helium shows the very similar physical and chemical properties as that of the group 18 elements. Helium element do not react with other elements and hence it is chemically inert. As helium has the same properties (like that of neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon), it is placed along with these elements (in group 18) and not in group 2.

I hope you have clearly understood the reason why helium is not in Group 2.

Why is Helium in Period 1?

First of all let me ask you a simple question.

How many shells or orbits does the helium element have?

It’s only one, right?

You have already seen the Bohr model of Helium atom in the above table. It has only one shell.

And the number of shells indicates the position of elements in the period.

Hence, as Helium has 1 shell, it lies in period 1.

Why is Helium in p-block?

Before knowing this reason, first of all a simple question to you.

How can you determine the blocks wise position of elements?

The simple answer: The elements will lie in the s, p, d or f block will completely depend upon the subshell in which the last electron will enter.

For example; the electron configuration of Helium is 1s2.

So the last electron of helium enters the s-subshell or s-orbital.

Hence, helium should be placed in the s-block of Periodic table.

But it is not so. On the modern periodic table, helium is placed in the p-block instead of s-block.

This is because Helium shows similar properties as that of Noble gases.

As its properties are similar to the Noble gases, it is placed along with them in group 18 in p-block.

Is Helium explosive?

No.

Helium does not explode when it is subjected to fire.

There are many misconceptions regarding the explosion of helium gas.

What Is P On The Periodic Table

You might have heard about the explosion of helium gas balloons.

But the fact is that it is not helium gas which is filled in the balloons.

The balloons which catch fire are the hydrogen gas balloons (not the helium gas balloons.)

Helium is a non explosive gas.

Helium is chemically inert gas and so it does not react with any other elements.

But sometimes the explosion of helium tanks may occur.

Why?

The reason is mechanical failure of the tank due to high pressure.

The helium tank is filled in the tank with a high pressure.

The pressure is so high that the helium gas becomes liquid inside the cylinder.

For storing the gas at such high pressure, the tanks must resist the high pressure of the gas.

If the tank is corroded or if it is non resistive to the high pressure, then there are chances of explosion of the cylinder.

Finally, I want to tell you that Helium gas is non reactive and non explosive. That means if you put an ignited matchstick near the pure helium gas, then it will not explode.

But sometimes explosion of helium tank occur due to mechanical failure, and not because of the chemical properties of the helium.

I hope this is now clear to you.

Why is Helium the Smallest atom?

Helium is the smallest atom with the atomic radius 140 picometer (van der Waals radius).

But the question is, why is helium the smallest atom?

You can understand the reason behind the smaller size of helium atom from the following two concepts.

Periodic trends

Effective nuclear charge

I’ll explain these two concepts in just few seconds. But first of all you should have some basic knowledge about Trends in Periodic table.

Trends are the changes in properties of elements across the period (from left to right) and down the group (from top to bottom) in the Periodic table.

Let’s come to the main point.

Here we want to know about the size of helium atom.

So the important question is;

What is the atomic size trend in the Periodic table?

The simple answer: Atomic size increases down the group (from top to bottom) and it decreases across the period (from left to right).

Now the helium atom is located at the far top-right side of the Periodic table.

So according to the Periodic trends, the size of helium atom is the smallest in entire Periodic table.

Now, let me explain the concept in another way.

As we move from left to right in the Periodic table, the effective nuclear charge increases.

Means the number of positively charged protons increases, which attracts the surrounding electrons with a greater force of attraction.

In simple words, the power of nucleus to pull the electrons towards itself will increase.

Now, helium has only one shell and it is also located at the right most column. So it’s electrons will be more attracted towards the nucleus.

Hence due to the attractive force towards the nucleus, the size of helium atoms shrinks.

Hence it is the smallest atom in the Periodic table.

Why is Helium a Noble Gas?

Helium is a noble gas because it has completely filled outermost orbit.

The outermost orbit of helium atom has 2 electrons and it shows a stable duplet configuration.

In other words, the electron configuration of helium element is 1s2.

It has completely filled s-orbitals and it is stable.

Because of this stable configuration, it does not react with any other elements.

Hence, as the helium gas is chemically inert, it is called noble gas.

Also see:List and electronic configuration of Noble gases.

Is Helium Monatomic or Diatomic?

Helium is Monatomic.

Let me explain to you the reason behind this.

Helium has a stable duplet configuration.

In other words, it has two electrons in the outer shell and they are completely stable.

Helium atom do not require any other electrons for its stability.

Due to this stable configuration, the single atoms of helium are highly stable, and so helium exists as monatomic He and not as diatomic He2.

6 Interesting Facts about Helium element

The facts about helium element are mentioned below;

Helium was first discovered in the Sun’s atmosphere (And not in Earth’s atmosphere.)

Helium is very very lighter than air. So it always escapes the earth atmosphere and it goes into space.

At absolute zero temperature, the helium gas becomes liquid and it shows the properties of superfluid.

Helium is the second most abundant element found in the Universe and it makes roughly up to 24% of it. (Note: Hydrogen is first and it is roughly 74% of all the elements in the universe)

On the earth, helium is obtained from the decay of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium.

Helium atom is the smallest atom out of all the known elements.

Bonus Gift for you: Interactive Periodic Table

Let me tell you how this Interactive Periodic Table will help you in your studies.

1). You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table.

(For Interactive Periodic table, view on laptop/desktop for better experience. If you are on mobile device, then use a “Desktop site mode” to see interactive periodic table)

2). You will get the detailed information about the periodic table which will convert a newbie into pro.

3). You will also get the HD images of the Periodic table (for FREE).

Checkout Interactive Periodic table and download it’s high resolution image now (It’s FREE)

References Element data: Wikipedia, Chemspider. Pierre Jules César Janssen: Image from Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer: Image by Stereoscopic Co., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Helium dewer: Image by Zureks, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

0 notes