Pewter

Detail on a pewter fork handle from Norway, showing three scenes: King Olaf II of Norway, his men, and a Viking ship Pewter is a malleable metal alloy, traditionally 85–99% tin, with the remainder consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth and sometimes, less commonly today, lead. Silver is also sometimes used. Copper and antimony act as hardeners while lead is common in the lower grades of pewter, which have a bluish tint. It has a low melting point, around 170–230 °C (338–446 °F), depending on the exact mixture of metals. The word pewter is probably a variation of the word spelter, a term for zinc alloys (originally a colloquial name for zinc). More details Android, Windows

Solder

This article is about the material. For the process, see Soldering. A soldered joint used to attach a wire to the pin of a component on the rear of a printed circuit board. Spool of solder. 1.6 mm. Solder (/ˈsoʊldər/, /ˈsɒldər/ or in North America /ˈsɒdər/) is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces. The word solder comes from the Middle English word soudur, via Old French solduree and soulder, from the Latin solidare, meaning "to make solid". In fact, solder must be melted in order to adhere to and connect the pieces together, so a suitable alloy for use as solder will have a lower melting point than the pieces it is intended to join. Whenever possible, the solder should also be resistant to oxidative and corrosive effects that would degrade the joint over time. Solders intended for use in making electrical connections between electronic components also usually have favorable electrical characteristics. Soft solder typically has a melting point range of 90 to 450 °C (190 to 840 °F; 360 to 720 K), and is commonly used in electronics, plumbing, and sheet metal work. Manual soldering uses a soldering iron or soldering gun. Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F; 450 and 460 K) are the most commonly used. Soldering performed using alloys with a melting point above 450 °C (840 °F; 720 K) is called 'hard soldering', 'silver soldering', or brazing. In specific proportions, some alloys can become eutectic — that is, their melting point is the same as their freezing point. Non-eutectic alloys have markedly different solidus and liquidus temperatures, and within that range they exist as a paste of solid particles in a melt of the lower-melting phase. In electrical work, if the joint is disturbed in the pasty state before it has solidified totally, a poor electrical connection may result; use of eutectic solder reduces this problem. The pasty state of a non-eutectic solder can be exploited in plumbing as it allows molding of the solder during cooling, e.g. for ensuring watertight joint of pipes, resulting in a so-called 'wiped joint'. For electrical and electronics work, solder wire is available in a range of thicknesses for hand-soldering, and with cores containing flux. It is also available as a paste or as a preformed foil shaped to match the workpiece, more suitable for mechanized mass-production. Alloys of lead and tin were commonly used in the past, and are still available; they are particularly convenient for hand-soldering. Lead-free solders are somewhat less convenient for hand-soldering due to their generally higher melting points and tendency to dissolve copper wire, but have been increasing in use due to regulatory requirements, plus the health and environmental benefits of avoiding lead-based electronic components. They are almost exclusively used today in consumer electronics. Plumbers often use bars of solder, much thicker than the wire used for electrical applications. Jewelers often use solder in thin sheets, which they cut into snippets. More details Android, Windows

Solder paste

Solder paste sometimes refers to soldering flux that does not contain solder. Solder paste is a material used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards to connect surface mount components to pads on the board. It is also possible to solder through hole pin in paste components by print solder paste in/over the holes. The paste initially adheres components in place by being sticky, it is then heated (along with the rest of the board) melting the paste and forming a mechanical connection as well as an electrical connection. The paste is applied to the board by stencil printing and then the components are put in place by a pick-and-place machine or by hand. More details Android, Windows

NaK

For other uses, see Nak (disambiguation). NaK, or sodium-potassium alloy (commonly pronounced /næk/), is an alloy of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) which is usually liquid at room temperature. Various commercial grades are available. NaK is highly reactive with water and may catch fire when exposed to air, so must be handled with special precautions. More details Android, Windows

Galinstan

Galinstan is a commercial liquid metal alloy whose composition is taken from a family of eutectic alloys mainly consisting of gallium, indium, and tin. Such eutectic alloys are liquids at room temperature, typically melting at −19 °C (−2 °F). Due to the low toxicity and low reactivity of its component metals, Galinstan finds use as a replacement for many applications that previously employed the toxic liquid mercury or the reactive NaK (sodium-potassium alloy). An example of a typical eutectic composition is 68 wt% Ga, 22 wt% In and 10 wt% Sn, though it varies between 62 wt% to 95 wt% Ga, 5 wt% to 22 wt% In, 0 wt% to 16 wt% Sn while keeping eutectic ability. The marketing name is a portmanteau of gallium, indium, and stannum (Latin for "tin"). Galinstan is a registered trademark of the German company Geratherm Medical AG. The exact composition of Galinstan is not publicly known. More details Android, Windows

Britannia metal

Not to be confused with Britannia silver. Teapot, Britannia metal Britannia metal (also called britannium or Britannia ware) is a pewter-type alloy favoured for its silvery appearance and smooth surface. The composition is approximately and typically 92% tin, 6% antimony, and 2% copper. It should be distinguished from Britannia silver, a high-grade alloy of silver. Britannia is a specific type of pewter branded for marketing purposes. It is typically spun rather than cast., and melts at 255 degrees Celsius. Britannia metal was first produced in 1769 or 1770; it was created by James Vickers after purchasing the formula from a dying friend. It was originally known as "Vickers White Metal" when made under contract by the Sheffield manufacturers Ebenezer Hancock and Richard Jessop. In 1776 James Vickers took over the manufacturing himself and remained as owner until his death in 1809, when the company passed to his son, John, and Son-in-Law, Elijah West. In 1836 the company was sold to John Vickers's nephew Ebenezer Stacey (the son of Hannah Vickers and John Stacey). After the development of electroplating with silver in 1846, Britannia metal was widely used as the base metal for silver-plated household goods and cutlery. The abbreviation EPBM on such items denotes "electroplated Britannia metal". Britannia metal was generally used as a cheaper alternative to electroplated nickel silver (EPNS) which is more durable. Some authorities and collectors think this "white metal" sometimes formed a base for early experimentations in mercury and tin or latten metal plating in the 18th and early 19th centuries.[citation needed]. One notable use of britannium is to make the Oscar statuettes handed out each year at the Academy Awards. The 8½-pound statuettes are Britannia metal plated with gold. In his essay, A Nice Cup of Tea, writer George Orwell asserts that "britanniaware" teapots "produce inferior tea" (when compared to Chinaware). More details Android, Windows

Cobalt-chrome

Cobalt-chrome disc with dental bridges and crowns manufactured using WorkNC Dental Cobalt-chrome or cobalt-chromium (CoCr) is a metal alloy of cobalt and chromium. Cobalt-chrome has a very high specific strength and is commonly used in gas turbines, dental implants, and orthopedic implants. More details Android, Windows

Pobedit

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Niobium-tin

Unity cell of the A15 phases of Nb3Sn Niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) or triniobium-tin is a metallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and tin (Sn), used industrially as a type II superconductor. This intermetallic compound is an A15 phase superconductor. It is more expensive than niobium-titanium (NbTi), but remains superconducting up to a magnetic flux density of 30 teslas [T] (300,000 G), compared to a limit of roughly 15 T for NbTi. Nb3Sn was discovered to be a superconductor in 1954. The material's ability to support high currents and magnetic fields was discovered in 1961 and started the era of large-scale applications of superconductivity. The critical temperature is 18.3 kelvins (−254.8 °C; −426.7 °F). Application temperatures are commonly around 4.2 K, the boiling point of liquid helium at atmospheric pressure. In April 2008 a record non-copper current density was claimed of 2,643 A/mm² at 12 T and 4.2 K (−268.95 °C; −452.11 °F). More details Android, Windows

Magnesium polonide

Magnesium polonide (MgPo) is a salt of magnesium and polonium. It is a polonide, a set of very chemically stable compounds of polonium. More details Android, Windows

Sodium polonide

Sodium polonide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2Po. It is a polonide, a set of very chemically stable compounds of polonium. Due to the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between sodium and polonium (≈ 1.1 under the Pauling system) and the slight non-metallic character of polonium, it is intermediate between intermetallic phases and ionic compounds. More details Android, Windows

Osmiridium

Osmiridium and iridosmine are natural alloys of the elements osmium and iridium, with traces of other platinum-group metals. Osmiridium has been defined as containing a higher proportion of iridium, with iridosmine containing more osmium. However, as the content of the natural Os-Ir alloys varies considerably, the constituent percentages of specimens often reflects the reverse situation of osmiridium describing specimens containing a higher proportion of osmium and iridosmine specimens containing more iridium. More details Android, Windows

Niobium-titanium

Niobium-titanium (NbTi) is an alloy of niobium and titanium, used industrially as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets, normally as Nb-Ti fibres in an aluminium or copper matrix. Its critical temperature is 9.2 kelvin In 1962, at Atomics International, T.G. Berlincourt and R.R.Hake. discovered the superior high-critical-magnetic-field, high-critical-supercurrent-density properties of Nb-Ti that, together with affordability and easy workability, distinguish Nb-Ti alloys from thousands of other superconductors and justify their status as the most widely utilized (workhorse) superconductors. With a maximum critical magnetic field of about 15 tesla, Nb-Ti alloys are suitable for fabricating supermagnets generating magnetic fields up to about 10 tesla. For higher magnetic fields, higher-performance, but more-expensive and less-easily fabricated superconductors, such as niobium-tin, are commonly employed. The part of global economic activity, for which superconductivity is indispensable, amounted to about five billion euros in 2014. MRI systems, most of which employ niobium-titanium, accounted for about 80% of that total. More details Android, Windows

Niobium-germanium

Niobium-germanium (Nb3Ge) is a metallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and germanium (Ge). It has A15 phase structure. It is a superconductor with a critical temperature of 23.2 kelvin (K). Sputtered films have been reported to have an upper critical field of 37 teslas at 4.2 K. More details Android, Windows

Vanadium-gallium

Vanadium-gallium (V3Ga) a superconducting alloy of vanadium and gallium often used for the high field insert coils of superconducting electromagnets. Vanadium-gallium tape is used in superconducting magnets (17.5 teslas or 175,000 gauss). The structure of the superconducting A15 phase of V3Ga is similar to that of the more common Nb3Sn and Nb3Ti. The high field characteristics can be improved by doping with high-Z elements such as Nb, Ta, Sn, Pt and Pb More details Android, Windows

Caesium auride

Caesium auride (CsAu) is an ionic compound containing the unusual Au− ion first discovered in 1978 in the laboratory of Joseph Lagowski. It is obtained by heating a stoichiometric mixture of caesium and gold; the two metallic-yellow liquids react to give a clear product. The solution in liquid ammonia is brown, and the solid is yellow (the colour of both metals making up the compound); the ammonium adduct is dark blue. Despite being a compound of two metals, CsAu lacks metallic properties since the free electrons in both metals are used up, as in all ionic compounds. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding caesium hydroxide, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce tetramethylammonium auride. More details Android, Windows

Nickel aluminide

Nickel aluminide (Ni3Al) is an intermetallic alloy of nickel and aluminum with properties similar to both a ceramic and a metal. There are three materials called nickel aluminide: NiAl, CAS number 12003-78-0 (see also Raney nickel) NiAl3, CAS number 12004-71-6 Ni3Al, tri-nickel aluminide An intermetallic compound can be defined as an ordered alloy phase formed between two metallic elements, where an alloy phase is ordered if two or more sublattices are required to describe its atomic structure. The ordered structure exhibits superior elevated-temperature properties because of the long-range ordered superlattice, which reduces dislocation mobility and diffusion processes at elevated temperatures. Nickel aluminide is used as a strengthening constituent in high-temperature nickel-base superalloys, however, unalloyed nickel aluminide has a tendency to exhibit brittle fracture and low ductility at ambient temperatures. Nickel aluminide is unique in that it has very high thermal conductivity combined with high strength at high temperature. These properties, combined with its high strength and low density, make it ideal for special applications like coating blades in gas turbines and jet engines. In 2005, the most abrasion-resistant material was reportedly created by embedding diamonds in a matrix of nickel aluminide. More details Android, Windows