Five new species of the Pelodryadid genus Litoria from the southern versant of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera, with observations on the diversification of reproductive strategies in Melanesian treefrogs
Stephen J Richards, Stephen C. Donnellan, Paul M. Oliver
ABSTRACT
New Guinea has the most diverse insular frog fauna in the world, and rates of species discovery and description have increased rapidly in the last two decades. Pelodryadid treefrogs are the second most diverse family of anurans on the island but their taxonomy, relationships, and especially ecology remain poorly documented.
Based on differences in morphology, advertisement calls (where available) and phylogenetic analyses of a 787 base pair alignment from the mitochondrial ND4 gene and flanking tRNA, we describe five new species of small treefrogs from hill and lower montane forests in the high rainfall belt that straddles the southern versant of Papua New Guinea’s Central Cordillera.
Three of these species are known only from forest growing on karst substrates, adding to the growing number of herpetofauna species currently known only from the extensive karst habitats of Papua New Guinea’s South-fold Mountains.
We also describe the arboreal breeding strategies of two of the new species, and report obligate treehole (phytotelm) breeding in New Guinean frogs for the first time. The new phytotelm–breeding species has juveniles with colour and patterning that closely resemble bird droppings, suggesting defensive mimicry or masquerade.
A preliminary phylogeny suggests that arboreal-breeding frogs do not form a monophyletic group and that arboreal breeding has evolved multiple times within the New Guinean pelodryadid radiation. A further striking feature of the phylogeny is poor support for most basal nodes in the most diverse radiation of Melanesian Pelodryadidae, suggesting rapid ecological diversification and speciation, potentially following colonisation from Australia and/or mountain uplift.
These new taxa and observations highlight previously unrecognised ecological and reproductive diversity in the Melanesian Pelodryadidae.
These Australian green tree frogs [also known as White’s tree frogs or dumpy frogs; Ranoidea caerulea] were spotted having a soak in a rain gutter in Coominya, Australia. These frogs are incredibly common throughout northern and eastern Australia, as well as in parts of New Guinea. Images by Rob Max.
In a brief “walking safari” during my stay at Klaserie Nature Reserve I was recently able to find and photograph a resting painted reed frog (Hylerolius marmoratus) on a…reed, obviously! Shot in situ with Nikon Z9 and Nikon Z50 macro and illuminated with natural light and Godox mf12 macro flashes. @nikonitalia @godox_global #frog #hyperolius #treefrog #southafrica #klaserieprivatenaturereserve @ilcp_photographers @ivorywilderness (at Klaserie Private Game Reserve) https://www.instagram.com/p/CoFeC-nKn5W/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
Put something wonderful into the world....by being yourself. #beyourself #masterg #dexter #glenn #jazz #p #nookie #lilblackmf #treefrog #g #dgs #retxed70
I found this lil friend on the side of a building up by a bright headlight surrounded by bugs. Mans was living his best life surrounded by a feast. We don't find these super often where I live, this is only my second time seeing a tree frog in my area! I see him nightly on this building now, I think he has a home behind a nearby shed.
This bug-eyed beauty is the gray-eyed frog [Opisthothylax immaculatus], a small tree frog native to Cameroon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These frogs are foam-nest builders. Pairs produce clutches of 6-10 eggs overhanging water sources, which the female then kicks with her hind legs until they form a foamy mass. After 2 to 3 weeks the eggs hatch, and the tadpoles fall into the water below. This captive specimen was photographed by Greg F.M. Jongsma.