Intro ENST Midterm Exam

Ashley Morales

Sustainable Resource Use: Problems and Potential Solutions 

Blog post: 9/1/20

This week’s readings showed that humans are overusing the earth's resources, and that our way of life is not sustainable in the long run. Currently, we deplete resources with no concern for the future, and engage in practices such as deforestation and overfishing. And that use is not distributed equally across the population. As mentioned in the textbook, the highest percentage of resources are used by the small fraction of people who live in developed countries, due to extravagant lifestyles and increased consumption (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). Additional causes of environmental problems are population, poverty, the omission of environmental costs in the prices of goods and services, and increasing isolation from nature. If we continue on this way, we are essentially digging our own graves. Protecting the environment and limiting our consumption of resources is integral to the preservation of humanity, because Earth does not need us as much as we need it. 

According to the World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity we were experiencing ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, and an overuse of water resources in 1992 (Union of Concerned Scientists, 1992). These issues are backed up by tireless scientific research, and unfortunately, many of these issues have been intensified in the years since the warning was issued. In terms of population growth, we were straining the limits of what the earth can sustain at 5 billion. We are approaching 8 billion people, which puts a massive strain on natural resources. This is important because it shows that the problems that we now face were outlined years ago, and little was resolved. However, the scientific community proposed solutions to the aforementioned issues, and the most important solution is to limit ourselves. We must put a limit on our consumption and our waste in order to allow nature to sustain us. 

Social issues also contribute to the environmental crisis we face. Poverty is a source of environmental stress, because when a group or society lives in poverty, they cannot afford to make sweeping lifestyle changes to care for the environment because they are worried about immediate survival. The warning to humanity also cited the insurance of sexual equality and reproductive rights as a potential solution to environmental issues. Access to family planning resources and birth control can vastly slow population growth, as can education. 

The warning mentions the necessity for society to adopt a “new ethic” (Union of Concerned Scientists, 1992). In order to address environmental issues, we need to create change on a large scale, and address and change common perceptions. According to the textbook, there are six principles that will allow us to live more sustainably: Switching our main energy resource to solar power, encouraging and maintaining biodiversity, allowing chemical cycling to occur, implementing full cost pricing, implementing policies that allow us to help the most people while still keeping the environment in mind (“win-win”), and staying responsible for future generations. Keeping these in mind, especially during the formation of policy, will improve our relationship with the environment. Especially recognizing our responsibility to future generations. We have gotten to this point by making short-sighted decisions and not thinking critically about the future ramifications of processes such as deforestation, but thinking towards the future will help change the view that instant gain is not as important as long-term success. Having a lot of wood products now is not as important as having a supply of wood that lasts forever if we allow it time to regenerate between uses.  

These environmental issues are often caused by competing worldviews, especially among figures in government and influential heads of business. Not only have policy makers not planned for the future, but some also hold a human-centric worldview, and believe that the purpose of nature is to support humans, creating a hierarchy of importance at which humans are the peak. This view also claims that we are the managers of nature, and if there is an issue, our advanced technology can save the day. However, a different worldview is the earth-centered worldview. The idea behind this is that we as humans are part of the ecosystem, rather than above it, and that we are dependent on nature. This view also claims that natural capital exists for all species, and that we do not automatically have more of a right to it than any other plant or animal. Adoption of the earth-centric worldview would help us redirect our ways of thinking as a society to be more mindful of the ways in which we interact with the world around us.

We all have work to do to reduce our resource consumption, on a country-wide scale as well as on an individual scale. I recently took the ecological footprint quiz, and my results stated that if everyone lived like me, we would need 3.2 Earths to sustain us all. My personal Earth Overshoot Day was April 21st, meaning I used my equal share of yearly resources almost four months ago. My ecological footprint is 5.5 global hectares. I was a little disappointed to receive these results, because I previously thought I lived sensibly and used my resources wisely. However, it is important to consider that there are factors out of the control of some individuals, such as the type of house one’s family lives in, or the type of food they  have access to. Even so, I was proud that my ecological footprint was less than my country’s average, although I was also scared that my country’s average was so high. The average ecological footprint per person in the United States is 8.1 global hectares. Meanwhile, the biocapacity per person is 3.6 global hectares. This means that the majority of people are 4.5 global hectares over their biocapacity. I myself am 1.9 global hectares over my biocapacity. 

The warning mentioned that sustainable resource use is “enlightened self interest”, because it allows us to think about what is best now, and what will also help us improve in the future. Similarly the book mentioned that the Earth is not the one that needs saving. Environmental movements usually market themselves as “saving the Earth”, but in reality, we are just helping it. We need to be more sustainable and implement changes to our behavior in order to save ourselves. This point reminded me of a documentary that my fifth grade teacher showed my class, which was called Aftermath: Population Zero. It asked the question: what if all humans just disappeared right now? The film showed that the immediate aftermath would be apocalyptic, but eventually, the planet would stabilize. Trees would grow on the land where homes once stood, and environmental biodiversity would increase, because we are not there to destroy habitats. It was honestly a jarring movie to watch as a 10 year old, because in watching it, I had to acknowledge that Earth does not need us. Earth’s purpose is not to provide for humanity. The earth has been around for billions of years, and will continue on after humans as a species have died. The changes are so we can acknowledge our dependence on the environment and do the least harm to it while we’re here, hopefully prolonging our existence in doing so.

Word count: 1203

Question: How can we incentivize a large scale reduction of resource consumption?

Bibliography:

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

Union of Concerned Scientists. 1992. 1992 World Scientists' Warning to Humanity.

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Science: Our Knowledge of the World

Ashley Morales

9/9/20

   This week’s textbook chapters broke down science as a whole, from the practice of it to the basic aspects that we understand about our world. Science is the basis for our understanding of the physical world around us. Science as a field of study assumes that measurable patterns exist in nature, and they can be understood through observation, measurement, and experimentation (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). This understanding is gained through the scientific method, which is the testing of a hypothesis and the gathering of data. All scientific experimentation must undergo review by peer scientists before it can become reliable. This is relevant because it solidifies our knowledge about natural processes of the world, and when it is deemed reliable, we can build on the knowledge from there. It is important for people to have an understanding of basic chemistry and biology so that they can understand the delicate balance in which the world works. However, even with this knowledge that we have amassed about the world, we continue to act in ways that directly contradict that knowledge in terms of environmental damage. 

Flow chart depicting the scientific method. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 

Starting at the beginning, we have deduced that the world is made up of matter, which is anything that has mass and takes up space, and is controlled by energy, which is the ability to do work. These interactions occur within systems, or sets of components that regularly function and interact. Matter, energy, and information flow through the systems from the environment and then back into the environment. Systems can be affected by feedback loops, or changes that cause other effects on the environment. A positive feedback loop causes further change in the same direction, while a negative feedback loop cancels itself out. An example of a positive feedback loop is northern ice ice: as the white ice melts, more dark land or water is exposed underneath. The ice has a high albedo, which would normally reflect the radiation energy and keep the temperature relatively stable. However, since the ice has started to melt, the land or water underneath absorbs the radiation energy rather than reflecting it, making it even warmer and melting even more ice. This is a positive feedback loop because the system keeps intensifying the initial effect.

The natural world lives in a delicate balance and relies on a few key factors to keep life going. The three factors that sustain life on earth are sunlight, nutrient cycling, and gravity. All of life is reliant on energy from the sun because the sun supports plant growth, which is integral to food chains, as well as the production of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide. Sunlight also keeps us warm by working with the particles in the air through the greenhouse effect. Life relies on nutrient cycling because there are limited materials on this planet, so elements like phosphorus and nitrogen move through ecosystems so that it does not run out. All processes are also reliant on gravity because the basic principle allows the processes of nutrient cycling and the atmosphere itself to exist. 

Ecosystems on the earth rely on the above factors, and ecosystems themselves are systems of living and nonliving components. They are home to different plant and animal species depending on where they are in the world. An ecosystem relies on biodiversity, which is essentially the variety of life on earth, and can be present in a few different ways. Species diversity can mean species richness, which is the number of different species, or species evenness, which is the abundance or ratios of species. Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species that can affect the outcome or even induce evolution. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of the Earth’s ecosystems themselves such as deserts, grasslands, forests, and more. Finally, functional diversity is the variety of natural processes such as the flow of energy and the cycling of matter that occur within ecosystems. The diversity in an ecosystem works together to create complex webs of interspecies relationships and dependencies on each other and the surrounding environment.

 Some of the species within these ecosystems are native, and some are nonnative and invasive. A native species is one that normally lives and thrives in the area, whereas a nonnative species was introduced to an area either purposefully or by accident. Most of the time nonnative species don’t do much harm, but sometimes they can overthrow an ecosystem and fill the niches, or purposes, of native species. An example of an invasive nonnative species is the cane toad in Australia. The cane toad was introduced as a natural way to keep the cane beetle in check and prevent them from destroying crops. However, the cane toad did not do its intended job, and fed on the crops as well as other species in the ecosystem, and due to their ability to quickly breed they became a menace to the ecosystem. By the 1980s, Australia had a cane toad problem (Lewis, 1988). 

Some species are indicator species, which will show early on if there is an issue within the ecosystem. Birds tend to be indicator species, so when there is a large scale environmental issue there will sometimes be a mass bird die-off. Even now there are much fewer birds than there were 100 years ago. Some species are keystone species, which have large scale effects on the ecosystems, sometimes even helping their existence and survival. An example of a keystone species is the wolf, because when it disappears, the ecosystem falls into chaos. 

In the Yellowstone National Park, wolves were removed from the ecosystem. During that time, deer overpopulated because their predators were gone. Unchecked, the deer began to deplete the vegetation, which contributed to erosion, fewer small consumers, and a more meandering river due to the instability of the land. However, when the wolves were reintroduced, the ecosystem re-stabilized. The wolves ate excess deer, but even without being eaten, the deer began to avoid certain areas where the wolves would hunt, allowing vegetation to return. When the plants returned, the land stabilized and the river wandered less and remained more consistent. The increased plant life allowed smaller animals to return, which then allowed their predators to return as well. The return of the wolf as a keystone species brought genetic diversity to the ecosystem, and changed the physical landscape of the area for the better as well (Sustainable Human, 2014). This case study demonstrates the interconnectedness of ecosystems, and how changing one factor can throw everything out of balance, even abiotic factors such as river formation and erosion. 

We have amassed all this knowledge about our natural world through scientific discovery, and yet humans have only been on this earth for a miniscule portion of Earth’s existence. If the history of the world was condensed into a 24 hour day, humans only exist for two minutes, and all of recorded history only spans a few seconds (AsapSCIENCE, 2012). And yet we have had such a profound impact on the world in such a short time. With all of this knowledge, we continue to contradict it in our actions. We continue to stress ecosystems and destroy habitats and diminish biodiversity, even though we know that all of these factors are integral. Science can help us understand but we need other incentives to change. 

Word count: 1228

Blog Question: Knowing all that we know about earth’s natural balance, ecosystems, and important processes, why do we as humans continue to interrupt ecosystems, destroy habitats and overstep our niche, affecting most aspects of earth’s function?

Bibliography:

AsapSCIENCE. “The Evolution of Live on Earth.” Youtube Video, 2:19. November 28, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2_6cqa2cP4

 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. “Flow chart depicting the scientific method.” Photo. 2012.

Lewis, Mark, dir. Cane Toads: An Unnatural History. 1988; Australia: 2015. Youtube.

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

Sustainable Human. “How Wolves Change Rivers.” Youtube Video, 4:33. February 13, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ysa5OBhXz-Q

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Environmental History

Ashley Morales

9/16/20

This week’s readings examined environmental preservation from a global scale, and examined history from a geologic time scale from the big bang. Big history is a way to observe time from the big bang, and functions as an overview. It is not as human-centric as traditional history, and instead of separating humanity by civilizations, it observes society’s overall scope. Big history studies large trends over time, such as periods of extinction or periods of prosperity for life. It is an interdisciplinary approach to history, including some life science (“Big History”). However, it does still spend quite a bit of time studying humanity due to our profound effect on the earth in such little time. Part of the cause of our environmental impact is modernization, and from the industrial revolution to the present, environmental preservation has been an uphill battle. And if our modern lifestyles don’t keep the planet in mind, is it really a “progress”?

The anthropocene is a proposed epoch of geologic time that would mark the impact of humanity on the earth and would include anthropogenic climate change. Geologic epochs are a way to divide such large spans of time, such as the Paleocene epoch, whose beginning was marked by the asteroid impact that killed off seventy-five percent of Earth’s species. We are currently undergoing a large extinction event, which typically marks geologic periods of time. Scientists and historians debate over when to start this anthropocene, because some believe it should start at the beginning of human manipulation of the earth when we began farming as opposed to hunting and gathering. Others feel that it should start when we detonated the first nuclear bombs, because that shows a profound shift in our impact and a shift in the environment, with ecosystems still reeling from the event. It will take nature years to recover from the levels of radiation released from the detonations (“Anthropocene”).

I believe the anthropocene should begin around the industrial revolution, because that shows a marked shift in our use of resources, advances in technology, and societal changes in environmental views. The industrial revolution was when we started to severely alter the environment by mining for coal on a large scale, building railroads across huge stretches of land, and manufacturing products in factories. It is the beginning of the modern lifestyle of overconsumption and destruction, which has defined our epoch. 

Additionally, this time period in America was also when people started to worry about our resource use and our effect on our surrounding environment. Early conservationists from the mid-1800s such as Henry David Thoreau and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau noticed native species around him dwindling, so he moved to a cabin in the woods and wrote about his experience through an environmental lens. Marsh raised the question if natural resources truly were inexhaustible, so with studies he showed that the rise and fall of civilizations of the past had been determined by their resource use, and that many past societies fell due to reckless consumption of natural resources or inefficient resource use. However, conservation of the environment became more popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s, with the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, the foundation of the Sierra Club, and the environmental protection policies of Theodore Roosevelt. 

The aforementioned policies just outline the early stages of American environmentalism. Modern environmentalism took off with Rachel Carson’s A Silent Spring. The book outlined the effect that the pesticide DDT had on the soil, air, and water, and was a milestone in the protection of the quality of our natural resources.This also influenced a number of environmental laws and policies in the 1960s-1970s. Congress banned the use of DDT in 1972, and environmentalists hoped that the government would continue to fight for environmental rights. During the Nixon presidency, America saw an unprecedented rise in the number of environmental protection laws. The Clean Air Act of 1970, The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency were all championed by President Nixon during a high point in American environmental advocacy. (Miller and Spoolman, 2007)

“Trends in total DDT concentrations in whole fish sampled by the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program from 1969 to 1986. Data are from U.S. Geological Survey, 1992. For the 90th (or 50th) percentile concentration, 90 (or 50) percent of samples were below the concentration shown.” 

In recent years, fossil fuel corporations and organizations have taken a stance against environmental protection that has been heavily supported financially, and has created a problem for the environmentalism movement by blocking and rolling back environmental protection policies. The corporate stance has been supported by many politicians. In fact, we have not had a president since Richard Nixon who prioritized environmentalism in their campaign or time in office. Our rapid growth and consumption is going mostly unchecked in the US, and seeing as the US is a major contributor to worldwide pollution and a major consumer of world resources, the consequences of this could be disastrous. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed is a book by Jared Diamond detailing the collapses of past civilizations, as well as the factors that we face that could lead to ours. Some modem problems discussed include deforestation, overpopulation, and anthropogenic climate change, with the root of our issues being overpopulation relative to carrying capacity. It is reasonable to worry that without change, these issues will doom modern society. We tend to value progress or growth as arbitrary measures of societal success, but these are the ugly side effects to our lack of restraint in our quest for so-called progress (“Collapse: How Societies…”).

Humanity has not always lived beyond its environmental means. During the “tribal” era of environmental history, humans lived sustainably on the land with minimal environmental impact. However, European settlement changed that, clearing forests for settlement and displacing those who had lived there and cared for the land for so long. European settlement was the beginning of an incredibly damaging time for the North American environment. Settlers/colonies had little idea of the impact of their actions, and just saw land as something to own and conquer rather than an environment that we as humans exist within and rely on. (Miller and Spoolman, 2007)

In the view of geologic historical timelines, humans have not been around for long at all. Yet in courses on big history, the study of humanity still takes up around a third of the material. This is due to our profound impact and innovation. However, was it “better” during the tribal era? Modernity has solved a lot of problems in terms of humanity’s quality of life, but the complications that come with modern societies also seem to impede efforts to protect the planet we call home. Capitalist interest has seeped into every part of life, to the point where the Environmental Protection Agency is barely even protecting the environment anymore, and instead allowing drilling in nature preserves for example. It is clear that the sentiment of the seventies was wrong, and the government will not put policies in place to help environmental problems without extreme public pressure. 

Word count: 1129

Blog Question: Is the increasing separation from nature in modern life affecting our view of the environment? Is “modernity” really working in our favor? Is it possible to care for the environment and live sustainably without completely uprooting society, or is the uprooting of society necessary?

Bibliography:

Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2007). Living in the environment. Cengage Learning.

Pesticides in Stream Sediment and Aquatic Biota. USGS. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/pubs/fs09200/. 

Wikipedia contributors, "Anthropocene," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropocene&oldid=983363396 (accessed September 16, 2020).

Wikipedia contributors, "Big History," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_History&oldid=982722857 (accessed September 16, 2020).

Wikipedia contributors, "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed&oldid=981990777 (accessed September 16, 2020).

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Environmental Ethics

Ashley Morales

9/23/20

This week’s readings focused on environmental ethics, justice, and our relationships with nature. The textbook chapter discusses environmental worldviews, education, and sustainability. Environmental worldviews diverge into two major branches: human centered and earth centered. Human centered focuses on humans as either dominant creatures that can exact our will, or as dominant protectors of the environment. Either way, according to this view, our needs come first, and the environment serves us. The earth centered worldviews (or life centered worldviews as they are sometimes called) claim that all forms of life have value, even if that value is not particularly useful to humans, and that they deserve to exist just as much as we do. How we view ourselves in relation to the environment is important in determining our actions to either benefit or harm it. The overlap between environmental worldviews, environmental justice and our relationship with nature begs the question: how can we improve? Education and exposure to nature could help reduce environmental impact and injustice. 

Another major tenet of our readings was the idea of environmental justice. Environmental justice is the intersection between social justice and environmentalism. It realizes that there is inequality in environmental quality and environmental benefits/burdens between communities, and that those inequalities are influenced by race and socioeconomic status. For example, toxic waste sites and landfills tend to be placed in lower income and/or minority neighborhoods and can have harmful effects on residents. Once the issue is identified, if local government even listens to community concerns at all, response time is embarrassingly poor: there are “dramatic differences between white communities and people of color communities in the time it took to mitigate hazardous sites; there were also marked disparities in compensation measures, the penal-ties against polluters and violators of pollution-law, and the stringency of cleanup solutions” (Figueroa, 2009). There is little sense of urgency for the wellbeing of these communities based on response time to hazard, as if these people are seen as disposable. Additionally, these neighborhoods have less representation in decision making processes and less total political power than richer whiter neighborhoods, and thus have to receive the consequences of decisions they had no say in. Education and awareness of these issues are integral to resolving them, as many people outside the problem, as well as even those experiencing it are not educated on what is happening to them, and how they are victims of environmental injustice. Education could potentially lead to activism and reform. 

As a society, we can barely acknowledge and protect the rights of our fellow citizens now. But an interesting philosophical/ethical dilemma is our responsibility to future generations. This idea interrogates one main question: does the present generation have an obligation to forfeit some convenience now for the security of generations in the future? This brings up a few issues. First, if these theoretical people do not exist yet, how can we negotiate what is best for them and us. They also cannot reward or punish us for our actions because when they are around and feel the effects of our actions, we will be gone. But it would have been very helpful for our current environmental situation if our parents’ and grandparents’ generations had taken us into account when making decisions about energy, pollution, and resource use. Additionally, sustainable consumption would be better for our immediate wellbeing as well as establishing better-functioning systems for the future. In terms of systematic change, it is good to frame these issues in person-person terms, even if it slightly devalues nature. This is because it sells reform and change better, especially in politics.

It seems to be easy to devalue and reject nature, especially since we are moving more towards urban living and distancing ourselves from the natural environment. We could take an “out of sight, out of mind” approach. However, we do rely on nature, not only for resources, but for our own happiness due to our evolutionary relationship with nature. Biophilia is an “innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms” and has two main components. The innate aspect means that this is part of human genes and evolution, while the emotional aspect means that it can be pleasing and/or motivate action driven by an emotional response. We also physically benefit from time outside: “In addition to the emotional and physiological benefits from nature contact, there is some evidence of a linkage to cognitive functioning” (Heerwagen, 2009). It really makes very little sense that we continue to pollute and devalue nature, even though it has been proven to be a lifeline for us, not only in its usefulness for our lifestyles, but in its benefits for us internally. A lack of contact with nature is referred to as “nature-deficit disorder” and can point to a variety of issues such as anxiety or attention-deficit disorders (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). This is why urban areas are desperately in need of greenspace such as parks and trees and gardens. Not only would it benefit us physically, but it would help us feel more empathy for the environment because we’d be surrounded by it, and maybe would help some disparities in environmental quality between communities. 

Being around nature and being educated both about it and by it can help solve a lot of our current environmental issues. We actively threaten our own species existence with our action, and part of it stems from the fact that not enough people are educated about the environment, or how it works. Those who make policy allowing oil drilling for example would benefit from formal environmental education in order to see the issues with that decision.  Additionally, many people could benefit from the aforementioned contact with the environment. A lack of intimate connection with the environment can reduce our perceived responsibility to the environment and to others (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). The best way to approach and solve issues is with education. This can be seen within the current Black Lives Matter movement, where many non-black allies are educating themselves in order to better address and combat racism within themselves and their own communities. Being open to learning, especially in the issues of racism and the environment, where the facts seem to be clear, is the first step towards change. Issues of racism and ignorance can stem from bigotry, and it is possible to change. Environmental injustices towards people of color does not need to be part of our reality. It exists because of systemic injustices based on prejudices that can be unlearned. What is harder to change is self interest. After learning about racial discrimination in environmental hazards, will people who are unaffected by these issues be willing to take on some of the burden to soften the blow for the oppressed? After learning about the benefits of nature, or even experiencing them, will fossil fuel companies change their tactics and values for the common good of society?

Word count: 1154

Blog Question: 

Why is it so hard for humans to give up convenience for the wellbeing of others? We see this now during coronavirus with mask-wearing, and with the arguments against intergenerational responsibility and even just in the presence of environmental injustice. It’s a very “why should I care about them mentality”. How  can we evolve from that, especially on a large scale?

Bibliography:

Courtney Cameron, “5 Health Benefits of Spending Time in Nature,” Natural Wellness Academy, October 7, 2019,

https://www.naturalwellnessacademy.org/2019/10/07/5-health-benefits-of-spending-time-in-nature/

Figueroa, Robert Melchior. 2009. “Environmental Justice.” In Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, edited by J. Baird Callicott, 341-348.

Heerwagen, Judith. 2009. “Biophilia.” In Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, edited by J. Baird Callicott, 109-113.

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

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Environmental Economics and Capitalism

Ashley Morales

9/30/20

This week’s readings interrogated the value of ecosystem services, sustainable business, our place as consumers and citizens, and the role of environmental law and policy. Ecosystem services are the benefits that we reap from the environmental functions, such as nutrient cycling or pollination. We greatly undervalue them economically, not including the price of harming them in the total price of the good or service we use them for. We also undervalue our natural capital itself, such as our forests or lakes and rivers. If we actually used the full-cost pricing of goods and services, which would include the externalities of the ecosystem services and natural capital often left out, we could actually use our resources more sustainably because we as producers and consumers would understand the true cost (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). “If ecosystem services were actually paid for, in terms of their value contribution to the global economy, the global price system would be very different from what it is today. The price of commodities using ecosystem services directly or indirectly would be much greater” (Costanza, et al., 1997), and knowing that producers try to make everything as low cost to produce and consumers try to buy the lowest cost option, we would produce and buy less as a direct result. 

Diagram of ecosystem services. 

The textbook chapter twenty three also explained subsidies, and this shows that the government has more control over the economy than a lot of people think. The government can intervene to prevent market failure, and the only reason fossil fuels are the price that they are is because the government subsidizes coal and oil companies. These are “perverse subsidies, [which] lead to environmental damage and harmful health effects. Examples include depletion subsidies and tax breaks for extracting minerals and fossil fuels, cutting timber on public lands, and irrigating with low-cost water. These subsidies and tax breaks distort the economic playing field and create a huge economic incentive for unsustainable resource waste, depletion, and environmental degradation” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). They could very easily subsidize renewable energy companies instead, but they choose not to. Glorification of coal and oil by the government has leached into society and has become an example of how salesmanship has permeated culture and forced us into the role of willing consumer. Coal and oil were sold as agents of progress and economic growth, and so we buy cars and complain when gasoline prices rise, even though gas is not nearly as expensive as it would be if it was not subsidized by the government. 

Capitalism does not only compel us to use up resources, but it preaches productivity and consumerism as a way to add meaning to your life. Within our capitalist society, people themselves are seen as numbers and only valued by our productivity. We are even sold political candidates through capitalist methods. This is the main argument of the article “Consumer or Citizen” on The Online Gadfly. According to the article, “the distinction between the consumer and the citizen is crucial to an understanding of the causes of the degradation of our political institutions. That distinction might also point the way toward a restoration of our democracy” (Partridge, 2002). This is an important issue, because if a small group of salespeople can advertise their candidate to us well enough, that can affect our culture and our future. The article claims that we are sold candidates through a series of images and buzzwords, and that because of this we have begun to care more about a candidate's image, air, and “likeability” as opposed to actual arguments and stances on important issues. An example is the Al Gore vs Bush election, because during the debates Gore clearly showed masterful command of language, argument, and fact, but Bush won the election because his team pushed him as more “likeable”. Politics now uses the same advertisement tools as corporations, and we are just cogs in the machine. Politics is sold to us through entertainment as a distraction from real issues, similarly to the “bread and circuses” of ancient Rome, when the Roman government made sure to feed and entertain the population to keep them calm and ignorant of real issues. 

We are evolving into consumers in our everyday lives because we are being treated as consumers at every turn with ads and media telling us we need things. Even our emotional responses are commodified as tools for political campaigns, that then try and sell our feelings back to us in exchange for a vote. We are used as focus groups, with our emotions recorded and manipulated. This can be applied to environmental issues because people still seem to ignore obvious facts, both in electoral debate and environmental discourse. This is because climate change deniers sell their side well, playing to people's innate emotional desire for comfort and stability, so they say that nothing is wrong and people believe it.

Reading this article honestly felt like the plot description of a Black Mirror episode, especially when the author discussed the oligarchical structure of the government, and that the ideal citizen is an efficient worker who consumes and wastes without a second thought, and is well trained but not too educated in order to avoid uprising, and instead is obedient while the oligarchs control their life. “Success” is really just a social construct based on how much you can afford to consume and waste, and without knowing, we are just pawns of these larger systems of power. This reminds me of the song “The Fine Print'' by The Stupendium, which satirizes American capitalism by setting it on a space colony. 

However, there is still opportunity and room for change. We can break the cycle of thoughtless consumption and waste, and we can evolve into more than what the aforementioned “oligarchs” want us to be. New visions of law, policy, and business are popping up and developing to be more environmentally friendly. Sustainable businesses, sometimes also referred to as green businesses, abide by certain practices that reduce waste and environmental impact, and actually try to have a positive effect on the surrounding environment or community (“Sustainable business”). They also attempt to incorporate “progressive environmental and human rights policies” (“Sustainable business”). If more businesses abided by these ideals, we would consume and waste less. Additionally beneficial to our society would be a lean towards environmental law and policy that protects nature and incorporates principles of environmental justice, protecting those who are unjust victims of environmental hazards. It is evident that change needs to happen soon, and we need to restructure business to reduce waste, restructure laws to increase sustainability and address issues such as environmental racism, and restructure our economy to take into account the external environmental costs of goods and services. It is an intimidating task, but the government holds a lot of power in this matter, and if they subsidized and sold sustainability to us like they do fossil fuel companies and political candidates, we might stand a chance. 

Blog Question: Is there ethical consumption under capitalism? Does capitalism even make sense as a modern economic system? Is “green capitalism” a viable option for the future?

Word Count: 1192

Bibliography:

Costanza, Robert, Ralph d’Arge, Rudolf de Groot, Stephen Farberk, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert V. O’Neill, Jose Paruelo, Robert G. Raskin, Paul Suttonkk & Marjan van den Belt. “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital.” May, 1977.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzKbjVLpnX0RRERLVGVvV2dZSWM/view

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

Partridge, Earnest. “Consumer or Citizen.” The Online Gadfly. April, 2002. http://gadfly.igc.org/politics/left/consumer.htm

“What are Ecosystem Services?”. CEEWeb for Biodiversity. 

http://www.ceeweb.org/work-areas/priority-areas/ecosystem-services/what-are-ecosystem-services/ (accessed September 29, 2020).

Wikipedia contributors, "Sustainable business," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_business&oldid=970836002 (accessed September 29, 2020).

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Population Growth and Employment

Ashley Morales

10/7/20

This week’s materials have to do with population growth and its relationship to ecological damage and quality of life. To start, there are almost 8 billion people on this planet according to the world population clock, and the number is growing steadily (“Current World Population”). According to the US population clock, there is a birth about every 8 seconds and a death about every 12 seconds. That coupled with a new international migrant every 47 seconds leads to a net gain of one person every 18 seconds. Even though the US population numbers are not growing quite as fast as the world population clock, whose numbers are flying, the US population is still growing quite steadily, and a gain of one person every 18 seconds is important for the third most populated country in the world (“US and World Population Clock”). 

Is Earth able to support all of these people? The world’s carrying capacity, or the number of people it can support is a hotly debated topic among scientists and scholars, with some questioning if it even exists, and arguing that the technological progress we have made so far and further innovation will nullify the idea that there is a limit to the amount of people that the earth’s resources can sustain. We bypassed this limit through the genetic engineering of food, so technically we could further bypass it as technology evolves.

Population growth in more and less developed countries

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, medium variant (2011). 

Is population growth a problem? Currently yes, because of the way that we are growing. Most of the population growth occurs in the world’s less developed countries, with only 4% of the new population being added to more developed countries in 2018. So the real question to consider is the quality of life of those being born. This refers to cultural carrying capacity, or “the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations” (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). The current issues are that most babies are born into extreme poverty, and, as those countries develop, their resource use will increase intensely. While the Earth may not have a distinct limit in terms of the resources that can sustain us, it does have a limit as to how many people can live here comfortably and happily in the long term. 

How can it be fixed? Many of the issues that stem from overpopulation have relatively simple solutions. The issue is implementation. For example, fertility rate could be lowered through an increase in educational and employment opportunities for women. Additionally, access to family planning resources and birth control would further reduce population growth, and lessen strain on families and the environment. But for those solutions to be implemented, one would have to contend with the religious societal values of the countries that need it most. Many of the countries with the most rapidly growing populations have cultural values to prevent the education of women or the use of birth control (Miller and Spoolman, 2021). Therefore, this relatively simple solution becomes more complex, because a solution that would be accepted by the country would be one that does not conflict with societal values, even though those values are sexist. 

To reduce consumption, especially in more developed countries, we could employ more people per position and have every individual employee work fewer hours. People having more free time would encourage creativity and do-it-yourself projects, and actually reduce the mindless consumption of products that we are taught is beneficial for the economy, but is actually incredibly harmful to the environment (New Dream, 2011). However, in order to implement these changes we would have to subvert the American expectation of working at 100% all the time, and the ideas that having more money or stuff is a measure of success and happiness. And as is evident by the fact that we still deal with these issues even though we know how to solve them, changing the culture of a society, even for the benefit of its own residents, is very difficult. 

However, aspects of these solutions are already being implemented. The New York sustainability plan, also known as PlaNYC, was a plan proposed by mayor Bloomberg in 2007 to help reduce resource consumption and prepare for new residents sustainably (“PlaNYC”). Transition towns have also been attempted and community funded to combat the effects of climate change and economic instability through increased self-sufficiency (“Transition town”).

What are some other benefits of this reformed society? Other benefits of this reformed society would be an overall higher quality of life. Working less would not only reduce consumption, it would reduce unemployment and therefore lessen poverty rates. Additionally, it would reduce stress on the individual employees. People would be able to pick up hobbies or cook healthier food or just relax. The parable of the businessman and the fisherman really sticks with me when I consider this potential future. Basically, a businessman goes on vacation and sees a fisherman, and asks about his life. The fisherman goes out in the morning to catch fish, plays with his children, then in the afternoon he teaches children how to fish and in the evening he goes into town with his wife and friends. The businessman then gives him (unsolicited) advice as to how he can increase his productivity, wealth, and potentially grow an empire. When the fisherman asks what he would do with the wealth, the businessman replies that he would pack up and settle down somewhere, fish in the morning, play with his children… and essentially live the life he already has (Koehler, 2008). Why do we as a society over complicate life so much? Why do so many people work jobs they don’t like day in and day out just to hopefully someday retire, relax, and get to enjoy their time? If jobs just employed more people for fewer hours each, there would be less unemployment, and more people would have both greater financial stability and greater free time. People would get to enjoy life while they are living it instead of spending all their time slaving away for corporate America just to get maybe two days off at the end of the week. 

What's stopping us from creating this utopia? Mainly that it does not benefit the heads of large corporations who essentially own the government. If companies hire more workers, that means they have to pay more salaries, slightly decreasing their profit. If people have more time off, consume less, and create more, then they are not the mindless consuming employees that corporations want. Corporations benefit off of the culture of working yourself to the bone until that magical age when you can retire. A more stable economy and less resource consumption are sold as stagnation because it does not represent constant growth. But is constant growth really beneficial? If the majority of the people contributing to the economy can’t enjoy their lives due to stress or unemployment, who is said “economic growth” truly benefitting?

Blog Question: Why don’t more people realize that we can in fact change society? Society can be restructured, the current system is not the only way of doing things. So why are people so complicit in the lackluster quality of their lives instead of actively looking for ways to restructure?

Word Count:  1236

Bibliography:

Berrett Koehler, “More Than Money - What Is "The Good Life" Parable,” YouTube video, 3:05, August 8, 208, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7JlI959slY

“Current World Population.” Worldometer. Accessed October 6, 2020. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/. 

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. 2021. Living in the Environment.

New Dream, “Visualizing a Plenitude Economy,” YouTube video, 4:51, September 15, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HR-YrD_KB0M

United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, medium variant (2011). 

“U.S. and World Population Clock.” Population Clock. United States Census Bureau. Accessed October 6, 2020. https://www.census.gov/popclock/. 

Wikipedia contributors, "PlaNYC," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlaNYC&oldid=952681772 (accessed October 6, 2020).

Wikipedia contributors, "Transition town," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transition_town&oldid=980641800 (accessed October 6, 2020).

______________________________________________________________

Pixamattic Review – A.I. Structure and Social Media Automation…

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Best Roti Creators to Purchase in India in 2020 – Complete Guide and Studies

Best Roti Creators to Purchase in India in 2020 – Complete Guide and Studies

Best Roti maker in India

Those were the occasions when individuals were attempting to set up the rotis. Today you have the specific choice to get the best-made rotis in India. The best roti creator will set up the roti for you and it will make your supper the best. The roti producer expect a shocking work in making the roti astonishing. You don't need to contribute a goliath level of criticalness to locate the best roti creator in India. You can on an incredibly significant level look through our site and locate the best roti sketcher. We are here to address the all out of your issues flawlessly. We give you a purposeless effort and persuading thing that will give you complete fulfillment and satisfaction. You will invite the food with no risky work. You will have it with no issue.

You won't miss the hand put forth parathas in watch you remain outside of your home. You will get the completely made rotis for your lunch breakfast and supper. You on a focal level need to structure it from our site. Our chapatti and roti creators will assist you with getting the 100% careful rotis. Roti creator is the best electric contraption for your kitchen especially expected for heads and understudies who are thinking never-endingly from their homes. You can structure rotis in mass and extra by a wide edge the vast majority of your time puffing rotis motivation behind reality.

Ideal conditions of Roti creator

This roti creator is the best and reasonable thing for you offered with titanic highlights. It will channel through your style, joins correspondingly as budgetary technique all around that truly matters. You will be glad to know and discover our things. From our objectives, you will have the choice to manage the tips for purchasing and different subtleties. We give fluctuating roti producers to you which is key for you.

There are the degrees of roti creators open for you –

1-Bajaj 'Go – Ezzee' Non-stick chapati creator

This roti creator is joined cautious outside material that offers you the woolen rotis.

Stars

It is lightweight and it works all around best for family works and different events separated through at home.

Cons

It correspondingly experiences the difficulties of uncooked rotis self-sifting through of kept shapes and sizes.

Highlights

Adjusted rotis will be made as offered in the bistros. An epic piece of the individuals separate for the sensible rotis and this is the best progression made in less time.

2-Xodi Winged creature/National Roti creator Flying creature of prey Made Life

Highlights

Xodi Winged animal of prey roti producer is gotten back through particularly for single men and it urges you to make broken rotis. You can cook it at whatever point and it won't require some hypothesis and you will invite the obvious made rotis.

Boss

There are clear cerebrum blowing conditions related with the roti producer that has a 8-inch non-stick covering plate and it has a solid base of power.

The handle is reasonably lifted and the cooking doesn't require a titanic degree of time.

It is major for making rotis, paranthas, and dosas. As necessities be, this roti creator doesn't charge a ton.

Cons

There are issues with overheating and no standard course is open on Diminished plate.

3-Clear quality Roti Producer with Demo Obliged plate with Free Kitchen Plastic Manual Mix (Atta) Creator

Highlight

This roti producer is central and essential to set up the wavering, precarious, and round-joined rotis in any case. It is ensured about with the indented shape and it is reasonably adjusted the temperature.

Staggering occasions

This roti producer has high measure and an ideal perspective of steel.

Its key framework is to structure roti, hotcakes, dosas, and theplas.

The outside of this roti creator is particularly limits through now it should be controlled cautiously.

Cons

It requires some test to set up the rotis.

You can pick any of these models and we guarantee you of our best affiliations. You will value the rotis made utilizing this roti producer.

4-Hilton roti creator

Highlights

Hilton roti creator is the most confided in brand that is obliged by one of our overall respected and solid gourmet virtuoso Sanjeev Kapoor. There is no need concerning the quality and Hilton will give you the best and flexible roti creator. It will assist you with setting up the ideal rotis and will permit you to set up the best ones. You can without a truly striking stretch warmth the pizzas and fire gobbled up sandwiches. You will be surprising and reeled to invite such food.

Stars

This is joined non-stick stowing perseveringly and licenses setting the dishes rapidly.

The oval shape makes the particular structure of rotis and pizzas. It has astoundingly enchanting and current highlights and it works with high bore unassumingly as heading model wrapping up.

These parts have been made up with a bleeding edge look and the diminishing guaranteed about utensils are related with it.

This other than has the best statement for you and this thing happens with the accreditation for one year and it is guaranteed going to come up short.

It has certain focal standard bits, for example, balanced control of temperature and it shields from heat correspondingly as referencing.

Cons

There is a short length string and there is no solid handle.

Warming requires chief endeavor as necessities be.

5-Rot Jaipan Enormous Roti Maker

Jaipan is another home machine brand joined a trusted and solid base. It turns the Indian market and it is the best creator for the roti producers in India.

Highlights

The outside of the non-stick covering licenses from various bits of the market. This uses 100W of intensity and the voltage of around 230-240 V.

Heads

It all around that truly matters additional things and ensures the power and the machine is ensures about.

Anybody can make the rotis enough and the solid part about this roti creator is it is astoundingly new and striking.

Cons

There are just abhorrent after-structures and affiliations.

6-Sunflame roti producer

Sunflame is the best executive in the business place for the home mechanical get-togethers and it builds up the everything contemplated utilized thing.

Highlights

It passes on the roti with the assistance of warmth and continually made material. It isn't uncooked with this roti producer and outfits the best bound and different brands.

Heads

It in like way has a non-stick base of covering for food which is a key part for roti producers.

It keeps the rotis hold talented to your top and it not simply update your work yet what's unflinchingly degenerate the food quality.

It has one year of referencing and it is focal with the machine.

Cons

It is less clients satisfying and there is over the top warming which is the gigantic fiendishness.

7-Eveready Roti creator

Eveready isn't that key for buying the roti creator and it may be old yet you have to welcome the thing has perceivable work environments and affinities for the quality.

Highlights

The brand has its aptitudes to manage the home machines and to address the issues of the home necessities.

Stars

It has trust and consistency on its things and it makes no concerns and disrupts subject to the quality. From this time forward, there are opportunities to manage the affirmation of the thing.

Eveready things help to spare the centrality and introduction the 900 W which has the non-stick plates in it.

The light in the pointer is the focal piece of breathing space of this thing.

Cons

The roti producer has goliath costs.

8-Winged creature of prey best roti producer

Winged creature of prey has its best roti producer considering the way that the brand itself is seen for high bore and you can appear at India's kept up picture and manage the opportunity of the brand.

Highlights

It has the roti producer that makes get waves near the completing of the steel things and the plans made are colossal.

Other neighborhood makers position for near plans from Fowl of prey.

Stars

It is totally balanced and manages its own.

It sets the temperature with the right weight and its amazing occasion is reliably based which makes the rotis battering.

Cons

The body is made with metal and it is kept reimbursed steel.

9-Favy Roti Maker

Favy is the wearisome roti creator brand in India and it has its things. This roti creator has the repaid steel event with the multifaceted nature look by the decreasing handle in its inside.

Highlights

The thing assists with posting the valiant and shockproof materials. It is demolition affected upon your getting back through and keeping through aptitudes on how you get your things far from your teenagers and your nonattendance of confined through way.

Stars

There is a trace of slack that it goes with the demo Structure and a condition book to make your life less amazing and shocking.

Cons

There is no major for a handle to deal with the temperature.

10-Molo Non-stick roti creator

Molo is a non-stick roti creator brand that takes mammoth undertakings in the improvement of the approachs. Such sudden unforeseen new development and supporters on Amazon help to overview for their innovative work individuals.

Highlights

For the terms, it assists with changing into the bit of the pie and the epic objective is to manage the drawn out clients and likely results. The plot leaves to offer the best quality.

Shocking occasions

The roti creator by Molo has solid highlights and accusing style made of the lessening charcoal that spares it ideal for your homes.

Omelets and dosas can

[{YOUTUBE SUBSCRIBERS GENERATOR}]- Free Youtube Subscribers Generator No Survey ((No Human Verification))

How to get Free YouTube subscribers & Views

In the first place, in case you're simply beginning, investigate our manual for making a YouTube channel without any preparation. It's a ton of work but at the same time it's a fresh start. Also, to assist you with sparing time, we've accumulated a rundown of novice tips for YouTube.

Furthermore, presently, all together from least demanding to generally muddled, our accepted procedures for changing over watchers into endorsers. Try not to handle them at the same time. Evaluate one of these tips for each new video you post, or actualize one per week. Here we go.

Get Free Youtube Subscribers

FREE YOUTUBE SUBSCRIBERS & VIEWS

1. Request that your watchers buy in

I revealed to you we're beginning with the most straightforward ones first.

Now and again your crowd simply should be reminded. The enormous red buy in button is ubiquitous, yet you may likewise need to call attention to the chime adjacent to it that turns on warnings for your new recordings. Basic.

Does this tip appear to be too salesy to you? This is your update that you have important substance, and you're simply making it simpler for them to stay aware of the work you do.

In case you're as of now doing this, make sure to exhibit why your channel merits buying in to. What's more, ensure you do it right when they love you the most (e.g., directly after you've given new and helpful data, or you've made them chuckle). Try not to do it to an extreme, or you'll chance turning individuals off.

2. End your recordings by referencing the one you're chipping away at straightaway

Buying in to a YouTube channel is a demonstration of expectation. Watchers who've recently observed what your image is about are prepared to need more, in the event that you've carried out your responsibility right.

Building up your next video, and clarifying why it's not to be missed, is the most natural approach to urge individuals to tap buy in.

Obviously, this requires having a decent handle on your substance calendar, and realizing what's coming straightaway. (More on that soon.)

 3. Cooperate with your crowd and make companions

On the off chance that you structure associations with your watchers, they're bound to need to continue watching your work. React to remarks. Follow their channels back.

Truly, it's energizing if a popular YouTuber remarks on your video, yet who knows who'll be renowned one year from now. Structure a network of companions and advance one another. (Truly, I'm discussing sparkle hypothesis.)

 Likewise, when you're connected, your crowd will give you a lot of free substance thoughts for your next video. Try not to stress, you don't need to take every one of them.

Deal with your YouTube nearness utilizing Hootsuite and not exclusively would you be able to transfer and calendar recordings, you can likewise add remark streams to your dashboard. That makes it simple to audit, answer, and additionally moderate remarks on the entirety of your recordings from one spot.

Get Free Youtube Views

4. Update your channel workmanship

Your YouTube standard invites each and every individual who clicks over to look at your channel. Possibly they just viewed a video and are searching for additional. Perhaps they're an expected endorser. Put in your absolute best effort.

Your standard should be perfect, on-brand, convincing, and—this is the fastidious part—streamlined for all gadgets. You don't need significant subtleties concealed by your online networking catches, for example.

We have a helpful guide for making your own YouTube channel craftsmanship, alongside let loose formats with the most to-date measurements.

Vogue YouTube channel craftsmanship

 5. Brand your thumbnails

 A thumbnail is a 1280 x 720px despite everything picture that goes about as a spread for your video. Furthermore, they are additionally your first, most obvious opportunity to convince individuals to tap on your video. (Beside your video titles, that is, yet more on that later.)

While some may advocate utilizing the most "attractive" structure (which appears to mean shouting red capslock over a man's stunned face and an image of a… tomato?), one size doesn't fit all on YouTube.

Be that as it may, we aren't here to procure cold perspectives.

To change over a watcher into a supporter, investigate your recordings page. What does another watcher see? Smooth, proficient and reliable recordings that suggest a progressing promise to quality? Or on the other hand an irregular mess going after consideration?

You need to focus on reliable marking in the entirety of your thumbnails. Utilize a similar text style, a similar shading palette, or even a similar casing structure so individuals know (in any event subliminally) that they're taking a gander at a video from your channel.

For example, John Plant has manufactured his survivalist Primitive Technology channel up to 9.9 million supporters with downplayed, moderate thumbnails. They're not uproarious, yet they are reliable. Furthermore, in particular, they're interactive.

15 video thumbnails on Primitive Technology YouTube page Source: Primitive Technology

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 6. Install your recordings on your site or blog

 This one is win-win, in light of the fact that installing video on your site may well assistance your site's hunt rankings with the Google calculation. What's more, to the extent YouTube endorsers go, you're introducing your video right where the individuals well on the way to think about it are as of now looking.

 7. Utilize YouTube's interactive devices in your recordings

 YouTube executed explanations a couple of years back, and no love lost. Pop-ups are one 90s legacy we're altogether improved off without.

All things considered, YouTube has some other, less irritating, instruments for you to utilize:

End screens: these are still pictures toward the finish of your video where you can remind individuals to buy in, or embed another source of inspiration, before YouTube's calculation moves them on to the following video.

Marking watermarks: this is an extra buy in button that will drift over your video all through, even in full screen. Like so:

little YouTube buy in button that shows up in base right corner of video

 8. Think as far as playlists

 Playlists are an incredible method to build your channel's watch time. They likewise spur individuals to click buy in by arranging your best substance in one spot. (Or then again your related substance, in a few spots.)

Epicurious, for example, treats their YouTube playlists like TV arrangement. It's entirely bingeable and if, toward the end, individuals need to be told when there are new recordings, they will buy in.

Epicurious YouTube playlist

Source: Epicurious

Then, LEGO utilizes playlists all the more freely, adding recordings to applicable playlists by subject (i.e., all the Minecraft-roused recordings go in one; all the Star Wars recordings in another.)

LEGO YouTube playlist

Source: LEGO

Week 10

1. Ethics and AI -B. Nalini (2019): The Hitchhiker's Guide to AI Ethics & Harini Suresh and John Guttag (2020): A Framework for Understanding Unintended Consequences of Machine Learning

The first reading by Nalini starts by introducing what ethics mean in the realm of AI and asks important questions like: are machines able to generate outputs that are fair and just, and in line with the moral obligations or humans? And because decision-making necessarily involves a variety of factors depending on the context, is AI able to adapt to unforeseen circumstances to deliver results that are fair and just?

Nalini narrows the focus of AI to one that entails data, models and predictions in order to discuss issues such as bias, accountability and transparency. Knowing that AI can amplify human biases, leading to all kinds of harm such as those mentioned by Kate Crawford in the previous week, Nalini urges that we understand AI bias by identifying the various sources in which bias may stem from. This is supplemented by Suresh & Guttag’s paper on the different types of biases —historical, representation, measurement, aggregation, evaluation and deployment. Each of these correspond to a different stage in the development of machine learning systems. For example, historical bias manifests in existing data, even with perfect sampling methods or feature selection; representation and measurement bias occur in the process of defining data collection methods as well as choosing appropriate labels to use (eg. the use of proxies); evaluation and aggregation bias arise from decisions or choices made while building the model (eg. selecting a model of ‘best-fit’ that necessarily excludes some other subgroup); lastly, deployment bias happens when the system is used inappropriately or in a way that differs from its intended use after being deployed in the real world. I find this interesting as I have always thought of AI bias as mostly related to data, but this week’s readings prove that the ways in which bias is embedded into machine learning models are far more complex and not as straightforward as it seems. Viewing machine learning models as generating mere predictions and correlations, this also reminds of the ways of social scientific research, where researchers too collect data based on predefined parameters and work to find correlations to support a hypothesis. More often than not, the research papers that result address potential limitations in the form of sampling biases researcher biases. Indeed, it seems that any kind of research methods ranging from developing surveys and interview questions are necessarily conceived subjectively, as by selecting what to / not to ask, as well as defining variables, one necessarily includes and excludes some other aspect that ultimately determine how the results of a study come about (this now seems to bear some similarities with how machine learning models are also developed?). As a social sciences student, we seem to have been trained to perceive social scientific research as subjective due to the obvious human element in it and come to expect that it is potentially wrought with various kinds of bias. However, the same can’t be said for AI, despite the obvious human interference in the data generation and machine learning pipeline, which ultimately subject the model and its outputs to potential fallacy. We tend to regard computation as a neutral entity and place more trust on machine learning models instead of questioning its validity and reliability (perhaps tech companies should also systematically publish papers on how their machine learning models were developed and the limitations involved?). Also had a random thought that with companies consistently using our data to refine their models so as to produce favourable predictions / outputs which could then be used to psychologically manipulate us, what is the difference between consumers and lab rats who are subjected to the various ‘experiments’ done by corporations, with our data sometimes collected without our consent? 

Nahili raises the issue of companies consistently dismissing responsibilities that allude to transparency and accountability due to the inherently “black box” nature of AI. However, Nahili urges that there is a need to consider questions such as:  Do we need to understand how a certain decision is made and by whom? Who determines what level of transparency and knowledge is sufficient? These are particularly important when AI is involved in causing harm, and there needs to be measures put in place to safeguard the individual’s dignity and sense of control.

2. Tim O’Reilly (2013): Open data and Algorithmic Regulation & Karen Yeung (2017) Algorithmic regulation: A critical interrogation 

The last two readings focus on algorithmic regulation, where algorithmic regulation refer to “decision-making systems that regulate a domain of activity in order to manage risk or alter behaviour through continual computational generation of knowledge by systematically collecting data (in real time on a continuous basis) emitted directly from numerous dynamic components pertaining to the regulated environment in order to identify and, if necessary, automatically refine (or prompt refinement of) the system’s operations to attain a pre-specified goal” according to Yeung. Both authors recognise the opportunities that new technologies and Big Data present in identifying patterns and relationships that are beyond the capacities of human cognition, creating new modes of knowledge. 

Yeung outlines the types of configurations in algorithmic regulation systems at 3 different stages: from the level of standard setting (adaptive vs simple, fixed behavioural standards); information-gathering and monitoring (historic data vs predictions based on inferred  data), and at the level of sanction and behavioural change (automatic execution vs recommender systems). However, it is more important to consider the effects of such systems on social and behavioural ordering. While O’Reilly discusses the opportunities for governments to adopt algorithmic regulation methods that focus on reputation systems adopted by many commercial companies such as Uber, Yeung raises the concern of ‘surveillance capitalism’, where we willingly subject ourselves to algorithmic surveillance in order to enjoy the convenience or efficiency of digital tools in exchange of our private data. Prof. Hong too pointed this out during his session as a guest speaker. Indeed, this seems to be a modified version of Foucault’s notion of the panopticon (refer to image below), as instead of being jailed up in individual cells, we are allowed to roam the corridors and walkways, interacting with other entities, which gives us the illusion of freedom. Most of the time, we are unaware of the jailer who constantly watches us from the tower, and as pointed out by Yeung, we may not even know who our jailer is or even the type of behaviour that condemn us. It’s true that today, while many of us are aware that our data somewhat contributed to that ad recommendation to nudge us towards certain behaviours, we often do not know which companies were involved and how our data was used in the process. Furthermore, even if our data is anonymised and reduced to an aggregation of coordinates and numbers, this ironically undermines our individual rights in being able to profile our digital identities. Yeung notes that one way to improve the situation is for companies to value transparence and accountability over efficiency, while giving individuals the opportunities to participate in decisions that affect them (eg. marginalised groups). O’Reilly suggests the use of open data that is auditable and open to public inspection, and to put stringent safeguards in the ways data is used so as to limit its use beyond the original intention. 

Complex data workflows contribute to reproducibility crisis

Scientific research has changed dramatically in the centuries since Galileo, Newton and Darwin. Whereas scientists once often toiled in isolation with homemade experiments and treatises, today collaboration is the norm. Teams of scientists now routinely pool and process reams of data gleaned from high-tech instruments.

Yet as modern science has grown in sophistication and delivered amazing breakthroughs, a worrying trend has emerged. Confounded scientists have demonstrated that a large number of studies cannot be successfully replicated, even when using the same methods as the original research. This “reproducibility crisis” has particularly impacted the fields of psychology and medicine, throwing into question the validity of many original findings.

Now, a new study, published May 20 in the journal Nature and co-led by Stanford researchers, is underscoring one particular factor in the reproducibility crisis: the increasingly complex and flexible ways that experimental data can be analyzed. Simply put, no two groups of researchers are necessarily crunching data the same way. And with so much data to get through and so many ways to process it, researchers can arrive at totally different conclusions.

In the first-of-its-kind study, 70 independent research teams from around the world were given a common analysis challenge to tackle. All were presented with the same data – brain scans of volunteers performing a monetary decision-making task – and told to test out nine different hypotheses. Each team analyzed the data differently.

Ultimately, the teams’ results varied dramatically for five out of those nine hypotheses, with some reporting a positive result and others a negative result. “The main concerning takeaway from our study is that, given exactly the same data and the same hypotheses, different teams of researchers came to very different conclusions,” said paper co-senior author Russell Poldrack, the Albert Ray Lang Professor of Psychology in the School of Humanities and Sciences. He also co-leads an international project called the Neuroimaging Analysis, Replication and Prediction Study (NARPS), which conducted the experiment comparing data analysis techniques.

While worrisome, Poldrack said the findings can help researchers assess and improve the quality of their data analyses moving forward. Potential solutions include ensuring that data is analyzed in multiple ways, as well as making data analysis workflows transparent and openly shared among researchers.

“We really want to know when we have done something wrong so we can fix it,” said Poldrack. “We’re not hiding from or covering up the bad news.”

The winding road of analysis

The new study centered on a type of neuroimaging called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. The technique measures blood flow in the brain as study participants perform a task. Higher levels of blood flow indicate neural activity in a brain region. In this way, fMRI lets researchers probe which areas of the brain are involved in certain behaviors, as well as the experiencing of emotions, the intricacies of memory storage and much more.

The initial NARPS data consisted of fMRI scans of 108 individuals, obtained by the research group of Tom Schonberg at Tel Aviv University. Study participants engaged in a sort of simulated gambling experiment, developed by Poldrack and colleagues in previous research. The fMRI scans showed brain regions, particularly those involved in reward processing, changing their activity in relation to the amount of money that could be won or lost on each gamble. But extrapolating from the collected brain scans to clear-cut results proved to be anything but straightforward.

“The processing you have to go through from raw data to a result with fMRI is really complicated,” said Poldrack. “There are a lot of choices you have to make at each place in the analysis workflow.”

The new study dramatically demonstrated this analytical flexibility. After receiving the large neuroimaging dataset, shared across the world using the resources of the Stanford Research Computing Center, each research team went down its own winding road of analysis. Right out of the gate, teams modeled the hypothesis tests in differing ways. The teams also used different kinds of software packages for data analysis. Preprocessing steps and techniques likewise varied from team to team. Furthermore, the research groups set different thresholds for when parts of the brain showed significantly increased activation or not. The teams could not even always agree on how to define anatomical regions of interest in the brain when applying statistical analysis.

In the end, the 70 research teams mostly agreed on four hypotheses about whether there was a significant activation effect or not in a certain brain region amongst study participants. Yet for the remaining five, the teams mostly disagreed.

Ever better

Poldrack hopes the NARPS study can serve as a valuable bit of reckoning, not just for the neuroimaging community, but other scientific fields with similarly complex workflows and broad possibilities for how different analysis steps are implemented.

“We think that any field with similarly complex data and methods would show similar variability in analyses done side-by-side of the same dataset,” said Poldrack.

The problem highlighted by the new study could become even more pervasive in the future, as the datasets that fuel many scientific discoveries grow ever larger in size. “Our NARPS work highlights the fact that as data has gotten so big, analysis has become a real issue,” said Poldrack.

One encouraging and important takeaway from NARPS, though, is the dedication shown by its research teams in getting to the roots of the reproducibility crisis. For the study, almost 200 individual researchers willingly put in tens or even hundreds of hours into a critical self-assessment.

“We want to test ourselves as severely as possible, and this is an example of many researchers spending altogether thousands of person-hours to do that,” said Poldrack. “It shows scientists fundamentally care about making sure what we are doing is right, that our results will be reproducible and reliable, and that we are getting the right answers.”

Poldrack is also a member of Stanford Bio-X and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. Other Stanford co-authors include Susan Holmes, a professor of statistics; former research associate Krzysztof Gorgolewski; postdoctoral researchers Leonardo Tozzi and Rui Yuan; and PhD student Claire Donnat. About 200 researchers from 100 institutions worldwide contributed to the study. Tom Schonberg, an assistant professor at Tel Aviv University, led the project with Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, his former PhD student at Tel Aviv University and now a postdoctoral researcher at Dartmouth College.

Multiple researchers who worked on the study received funding from various international organizations. Hosting of the data on OpenNeuro, an open science neuroinformatics database started by Poldrack, was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

To read all stories about Stanford science, subscribe to the biweekly Stanford Science Digest.

source https://scienceblog.com/516512/complex-data-workflows-contribute-to-reproducibility-crisis/

Complete Beginner’s Guide to Analytics

What Are Analytics?

The internet has changed drastically since it’s inception, and so has user behavior. Users have shifted from typing remembered URLs into the address bar to relying on search engines to find a site for them. A user will open and skim multiple tabs, rather than devoting full attention to one page. All of this complicates the metrics of a site or application: to measure success, an analyst cannot simply measure hits on the web server. They must measure human behavior.

 When gathering information, researchers employ both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data is gathered through user research: observing people to understand why they do certain things. Quantitative data is garnered through analytics: identifying what actions users take when they come to a page, and how many users take those actions.

 This quantitative data allows us to measure baselines, use those baselines to inform design decisions, and then measure the success or failure of the design. While there are myriad things that we could measure, we use data in only a few ways: to describe, to diagnose, to prescribe, and to predict.

 Descriptive analytics are similar to the counters of old. Descriptive analytics show baselines, such as how many people visit a page, click on a button, or watch a video.

Diagnostic analytics might use the same metrics as descriptive analytics, but with a different purpose. Diagnostic analytics help us understand what happened, and why. For example, if an online retailer is losing money, they might measure the clickthru rates of the links and exit rates of pages along the customer journey, to see where they are losing people.

Prescriptive analytics refers to data that informs someone of what they should do next. For example, when Google Maps collects data about traffic at rush hour, they are able to prescribe a better route for drivers. For those of us who are measuring the effectiveness of design rather than traffic, prescriptive data still identifies patterns, and can thus inform our future design decisions.

Predictive analytics are the final category. Predictive analytics tell us what is likely to happen in a scenario. For example, if we A/B test a new site header against our current site, that test will tell us which header is more likely to convince people to stay on the site. If the new header is more popular, we can predict that our traffic will grow if we implement the new header.

All four types of analytics use metrics, often based around Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A KPI is a measurable action or signal that is correlated to business success. For example, retweets on Twitter don’t directly increase how much users like or know an organization. However, a marketing team may correlate their retweets to brand recognition, in which case they may use the retweets as one KPI. Ideally, an organization should have multiple KPIs for one business objective, which increase the reliability of the data.

 Common Methodologies

Although analytics may seem convoluted to many designers, the basic methodologies behind the field are simple and straightforward. Essentially, the field of analytics is based on research, measurement, and analysis.

 Research

While web-based analytics is a fairly new area, research has been around for hundreds of years. Researchers exist across every field from science to marketing to anthropology, and the techniques they use directly influence the way analysts do work, and the things analysts decide to track. The work of researchers, particularly when combined with analytics, is closely analogous to the scientific method:

 Researchers begin by prioritizing their goals or questions, in order to focus their attention. Once they know the goal of their project, they create a hypothesis, and test that hypothesis. Data analysts can then measure the results of the research and tests. Based on these tests, researchers and analysts may both begin to recognize outliers, or results that aren’t indicative of the greater whole, as well as patterns in the results. They then come to conclusions, and even predict future outcomes based on the patterns they identify.

 Measurement

When it comes down to it, most metrics help us understand how an organization or brand is growing. Marketers, entrepreneurs, and business consultants all create their own methods of measuring success. They measure numbers of users, speed of sites, amount of time spent on a page, and offline details such as the amount of money made, the number of sign ups for a new product or mailing list, or the number of purchases.

 The danger for organizations who aren’t familiar with analytics is that they only measure, without prior research or future analysis. For example, a team might measure the number of people who visit the site. However, without research into how many people visited in previous days, weeks, or months, and analysis into how the two measurements compare, the measurement is a meaningless number. This is why we often refer to data tracking rather than measurement. Data tracking is ongoing measurement supported with research, with an intent of analysis.

 Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking down information into smaller pieces, and examining what that information means. It’s used in mathematics, philosophy, chemistry, psychiatry, and even computer science. Without analysis, all of the information gathered in research might be measured, but it has no meaning. Analysis of information allows us to make connections. For example, you might research how people access a website, and measure the number of people who come from search engines. Analysis is then used to provide context and answer essential questions: how many people visited similar sites? How many visited your site today, compared to yesterday or last week or last year? How many came to your site from Google, vs. from Twitter?

 An interesting note: “analysis” comes from the ancient Greek work ἀναλύω, which means “I unravel.” One of the earliest known uses of the word “analytics” is in the title of Aristotle’s writing, Prior Analytics, a work about deductive reasoning and the scientific method. Since we, as human beings, are naturally interested in breaking down information and understanding it logically, there is an obvious reason we find analytics so immensely valuable.

 Daily Tasks and Deliverables

Data analysis is a part of many professions, from marketers to UX practitioners to data analysts. In this section, we will review some of the analytics-related tasks a UX practitioner may undertake, and the associated deliverables.

 Setting Key Performance Indicators

Any time that a new initiative is launched, the analytics expert will need to identify and set up the relevant key performance indicators. These are closely related to the experience goals of a project, which is why it’s so valuable for UX practitioners to collaborate with the data analyst and understand analytics and metrics. The KPIs, as we explained above, are the measurable actions that correlate to organization or project objectives. For example, is the organization’s goal is to become a global company, one KPI might be more website views from around the world, or a certain number of sales coming from foreign countries. Ideally, each project objective should have a KPI associated with it, which will allow the team to measure the success of the project.

 Optimizing Content

While we’ve been focusing mostly on the measurement side of analytics, we haven’t touched on how this impacts user experience. Analytics tell us what content or site areas need improvements—and that means that often our analytics experts are the ones who can best optimize our work. This can include understanding how Google’s search algorithms work, how to handle and improve metadata, what keywords are most likely to reach our target audience, and many more handy tricks of the trade. Before a page goes live or a campaign launches, the analytics team (or person) will want to review everything, and optimize the content so that it is most likely to succeed.

 Setting up Analytics Tools

Once the KPIs have been determined, we need to add code to the relevant pages in order to track site engagement, conversions, and other metrics. Google Analytics is one of the most popular analytics tools, in large part because Google has made it very easy to add tracking code to almost any site. Sometime, development teams take on the task of analytics tracking, but more often the analytics expert will provide the dev team with the relevant code snippets required.

 Monitor and Measure

Maintenance is a huge part of working with analytics. Depending on the project, an analytics expert may create reports on a daily, weekly, monthly, or bi-annual basis. For example, a social media campaign may require daily updates. However, a new product launch could take 6 months to bear fruit. Regardless of the time period, it’s in the monitoring, measuring, and reporting that an analytics expert digs into the analysis. It’s not enough to report on the KPIs; working with analytics means interpreting what the KPIs show, and creating recommendations for the UX team that reflect those interpretations.[Source]-https://www.uxbooth.com/articles/complete-beginners-guide-to-web-analytics-and-measurement/

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 PSY 530 (Social and Cultural Psychology) 

 PSY 530 Module 1 DQ 1

 Explain how social psychology is different from sociology, psychology, and other subfields of psychology. Why is there a need for social psychology as a unique scientific field different from the subfields of psychology?

 PSY 530 Module 1 DQ 2

 We encounter various types of statistics on a daily basis; some are correlational (nonexperimental) and others are causational (experimental). Describe how these two methods differ. Using an example of a statistic from a commercial, political group, or other day to day forum, explain how the statistic was used to support a specific claim. Develop a hypothesis that could be studied to make the statistic more reliable and valid. Explain why.

 PSY 530 Week 1 Assignment The Social Psychology Network

 For this assignment, explore the Social Psychology Network website. Get comfortable searching for information. Scan the professional profiles of social psychologists and learn about their social psychological research.

This assignment has three parts that must be addressed in an integrative essay.

When you are finished exploring the website, discuss in a paper (1,250-1,500 words) what you have discovered and include the following:

From the Social Psychology Network website, for each theoretical perspective discussed in your lecture notes, select social psychologists whose research corresponds with these theoretical perspectives. Be sure to include their names, academic affiliations, and a brief discussion of their primary research area. Your essay should include a discussion of a total of five different social psychologists and their primary research area.

Conclude your paper by discussing the role of culture as it relates to the research of the social psychologists you have chosen. Why is understanding culture important when choosing a research method for conducting human research?

Your paper should reflect a minimum of five references.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Module 2 DQ 1

 In what ways do the typical attributions of people from collectivistic cultures differ from those of people from individualistic cultures? Why do these differences exist? Provide empirical evidence supporting your explanations.

 PSY 530 Module 2 DQ 2

 Describe the ways in which knowledge about the “self” organizes cognitive information and motivates behavior. Discuss how the “self” influences our judgment of others. How do Eastern and Western cultures define the “self” differently?

  PSY 530 Week 2 Assignment Self-Esteem and Impression Management

 Details:

Provide a minimum of four personal examples to illustrate impression management, social tuning, social comparisons, mindsets, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, or causal theories.

One example provided must address face to face versus written communication styles. Are there measures that can be taken when communicating non-verbally to improve self-presentation, impression management, attributional inferences, and cognitive biases?

Each example provided should be based upon how your personal views were shaped by parents, teachers, friends, community, culture, etc. Each example should be supported by relevant research.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

 PSY 530 Module 3 DQ 1

 Prejudice has traditionally been assumed to be the product of some form of malice, brought about by social or emotional forces. In recent years, there has been increasing research on how prejudice can result from cognitive processes, without malicious intent. Discuss how and why cognitive processes can produce prejudice. What is the impact of culture on prejudice? Once stereotypes and prejudices are formed, how do they come to be self-perpetuating?

 PSY 530 Module 3 DQ 2

 Discuss and provide research evidence for five reasons why attitudes sometimes fail to predict behavior.

  PSY 530 Week 3 Assignment Institutionalized Bias

 Details:

In a 750-1,000-word essay, discuss the impacts of institutional bias.

What are some examples of institutional biases?

What roles do attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices play in institutional biases?

What impact does cultural influence have on institutional biases?

You may consider how institutional biases are apparent in health care, education, and the workplace or based upon a person’s age.

Support your paper with three scholarly sources from the GCU library.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

 PSY 530 Module 4 DQ 1

 Provide a real-life example of informational social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior.  Provide a real-life example of normative social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior.  Can the influence of conformity, compliance, or obedience be decreased?   How would this impact the situations you identified?

 PSY 530 Module 4 DQ 2

 Max Points: 5.0

 In what ways can social influence have a positive impact on behavior?  Provide examples to support your response.

 PSY 530 Week 4 Assignment Friendships and Intimate Relationships

 Details:

In a 750-1,000-word essay, describe how the five factors of personal attraction affect friendships and intimate relationships. Address the following:

1.     How do different perspectives impact relationship development and maintenance particularly in terms of exchange versus communal factors?

2.     How do attachment styles impact the level of intimacy shared in friendships and relationships?

3.     Using the social exchange theory, equity theory and penetration theory, describe how relationships are maintained or ended.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

 PSY 530 Module 5 DQ 1

 Max Points: 5.0

 Consider how being part of a crowd or group changes your behavior. How can deindividuation change people’s behavior? Could deindividuation lead to positive outcomes? What is a way to encourage members of a crowd to behave in line with their “normal” values?

 PSY 530 Module 5 DQ 2

 Select one scholarly article on aggression. Explain situational forces, sociocultural pressures, and individual differences that promote aggressive behavior. In addition, discuss theories of aggression as they apply to the article selected.

 PSY 530 Week 5 Assignment 1 Prosocial Behavior

 Details:

Review the Bystander Effect at:

https://explorable.com/bystander-apathy-experiment

or

https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/bystander-effect

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, define and discuss the ways in which diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, and victim effects can influence helping behavior.

In what ways might social and cultural pressure, and beliefs about “self” affect helping behavior?

Locate three scholarly sources to assist in writing this paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

 PSY 530 Week 5 Assignment 2 Research Paper: Rough Draft

 Refer to “PSY-530 Research Paper Protocols” and follow the instructions for completing the rough draft.

 PSY 530 Module 6 DQ 1

 Groupthink and group polarization are influences that often cause groups to reach different solutions to a problem than individuals. Explain each concept and discuss the conditions that are thought to lead to each. How might the presence of others and institutional groupthink impact helping those who are less fortunate?

 PSY 530 Module 6 DQ 2

 Max Points: 5.0

 Are you better off being an optimist (perhaps a Pollyanna) or is it better to be a realist (grounded in reality) as far as your health and well-being are concerned? Why?

 PSY 530 Week 6 Assignment Groupthink

 Details:

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, discuss the reliability of eyewitness testimony.

Include a relevant court case in which eyewitness testimony was used to convict or acquit an individual.

Discuss how the reasonable person standard applies to eyewitness testimony.

Locate three relevant scholarly articles to support the information in your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

 PSY 530 Module 7 DQ 1

 Explain how religion influences social relationships, moral attitudes, and moral behaviors, including cheating, substance abuse, sexuality, criminality, and domestic violence.

 PSY 530 Module 7 DQ 2

 Max Points: 5.0

 Select a scholarly article that discusses religion and happiness. Discuss the effect that religious belief has on people’s happiness or unhappiness as it relates to their behaviors and attitudes. What effect does religion have on helping behavior, the prevalence of prejudice, and health of religious people? Share your findings.

 PSY 530 Week 7 Research Paper: Final Draft

 Details:

Refer to “PSY-530 Research Paper Protocols” and follow the instructions for completing the final draft.

 PSY 530 Module 8 DQ 1

 Using Hofstede’s theory, compare and contrast two countries on these four types of cultural values.

 PSY 530 Module 8 DQ 2

 Max Points: 5.0

 The Module 8 lecture discussed both pessimistic and optimistic perspectives on global unity. Where do you weigh in on this issue and why?

 PSY 530 Week 8 Final Exam

 Details:

Complete the final exam. Your instructor will post the final exam at the beginning of Module 8 in the Course Add-Ons section.

You have until the end of Module 8 to complete the exam. Late exams are not accepted.

The final exam consists of the following:

Choose four of the sixteen essay question choices. Write a complete, integrative essay response, supporting your answers with examples from the lectures and textbook.

Website sources are not acceptable as supporting references for the exam. Be sure to number your answers to correspond with your question selections, and provide applicable references at the end of each question.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Huawei P20 Pro review

The Good The Huawei P20 Pro’s three cameras snap astounding shots in low light. Its coolest shading will knock some people’s socks off.

The Bad It needs remote charging, and there’s no earphone jack or expandable stockpiling. The auto camera settings don’t generally deliver the best outcomes.

The Bottom Line The Huawei P20 Pro’s weighty low-light mode and staggering sundown shading plan make it a genuine contender to Galaxy, iPhone and Pixel telephones. Tragically, you can’t get it in the US.

The Huawei Honor 10 is a quick Android telephone with an indent. Look at our audit.

I like things that emerge. It’s the reason I’ve generally been a fanatic of giraffes on an open plain and dependably in a general sense doubted those creepy crawlies that mask themselves as dead clears out.

It’s additionally why I like Huawei’s new best end telephone, the P20 Pro. It emerges for two reasons: its eminently odd glowing pink and blue “sundown” shading (you can likewise get it in pink gold, strong blue or dark), and the way that it has a sum of three cameras on the back.

Those focal points consolidate to take eminent open air shots in the daytime, however during the evening they take the best low-light pictures I’ve ever observed from a telephone, particularly when you’re utilizing Night Mode. (That is after I expel Huawei’s auto-enhancement programming, which can oversaturate shots.)

Huawei P20 and P20 Pro expect to one-up Samsung

Low-light photographs are far better than the shiny new Galaxy S9 ($719 at Sam’s Club) and S9 Plus from Samsung. Their 12-megapixel double gap focal points can take brilliant shots in low-light, yet frequently deliver hazy shots if there’s even the littlest measure of development from your subject or your shaking hands. The P20 Pro wins here on the grounds that it makes reliably itemized pictures that don’t obscure if your hands marginally shake as you hold the telephone. Photographs will even now obscure if an auto passes or a photobomber jumps into the casing, yet that is only the idea of the monster.

Inside the Huawei P20 Pro’s hallucinogenic nightfall shell is a metric ton of best tech. The processor can’t get the Galaxy S9 for speed, however it will unhesitatingly control through any of your every day obligations. The OLED screen – finish with “discretionary” score at the best – makes all that you do on your telephone pop, and the 4,000-mAh battery sets up a serious battle to keep it running all through. The telephone is water safe, as well, and breezed through CNET’s two water-dunk tests.

huawei-p20-master legend promotion 5

To put it plainly, the Huawei P20 Pro ticks all the cases of a leader telephone and does as such with a look that separates it from the majority. At £799 in the UK and AU$1,099 in Australia, it’s a long way from shabby, yet it’s the primary premium Huawei telephone that is justified regardless of your cash. (UK value believers to about $1,140, however observe beneath for a note on accessibility.)

It’s an extreme battle between the P20 Pro and the Galaxy S9 Plus ($839 at Sam’s Club). The S9 Plus’ prevalent execution, higher screen determination and earphone jack improve it the inside and out telephone to go for (the P20 Pro gives you a dongle to put in its USB-C charger port on the off chance that you need to tune in on wired earphones). In any case, the P20 Pro’s attractive shading plan and wonderful night photography abilities are luring. So if that plan and three-camera setup address you, you won’t miss all that much by picking the P20 Pro – in the event that it offers where you live.

  The P20 Pro isn’t accessible in the US and that is not prone to change at any point in the near future. The US government restricted the offer of Huawei organizing gear in 2012 over worries that Huawei would keep an eye on the US through its items, particularly its systems administration equipment. In February, the leaders of the FBI, CIA and NSA every single communicated worry over the organization’s telephones too.

And keeping in mind that transporters and retailers have separated themselves from the Huawei mark lately, a few gadgets stay accessible at Amazon and somewhere else. No other nation has prohibited the producer, despite the fact that Australia blocked Huawei from dealing with its national broadband system (however the telephone is accessible Down Under).

Huawei has battled back by pointing out it has associations with significant transporters, enterprises and buyers in excess of 170 nations. “We have earned the trust of our accomplices over the worldwide esteem chain,” said a representative. Both the Huawei P20 Pro and P20 are as of now at a bargain in Europe and Asia, and will be accessible in Australia soon.

So shouldn’t something be said about the general Huawei P20? It’s a totally extraordinary telephone.

It’s littler and has two back cameras rather than three – at the end of the day, there’s no zooming focal point. The P20’s highlights are ventured down no matter how you look at it. It utilizes an alternate camera sensor and screen innovation, has a littler battery with less RAM and it’s more helpless to water harm.

All things considered, the P20 is additionally somewhat less expensive at £599, which believers to about $850 or AU$1,100. It will be less demanding for some, individuals to utilize one-gave. Despite everything it comes in that wonderful blue-pink shading, and includes another angle shade, called champagne gold. Look to the finish of the audit for the full specs correlation.

P20 Pro plan takes the enjoyment back to telephones

I adore the P20 Pro’s team tone sundown shading plan. To the extent I’m concerned, it’s the main shading worth getting. The manner in which the blue mixes into the pink is incredible, relatively like the shades of oil on water. It requires me back to an investment when telephones didn’t consider themselves so important and set out to appear to be unique – 2004’s hot pink Motorola Razr, for instance. It resembles that one person in the workplace who turned up wearing a splash-color shirt and flip lemon, while every other person touched base in dark matching suits.

OnePlus prodded a comparable shading plan on Twitter with the dispatch of the OnePlus 5 ($729 at Amazon.com). It was called “unicorn” and it was the fans’ best vote when OnePlus requested that which shading make straightaway. Yet, OnePlus never proceeded with it. The OnePlus 5 in the long run wound up accessible in dark, white, red and gold, regardless of my various messages asking – no, requesting – that wonderful unicorn telephone be put into generation. Indeed, OnePlus’ misfortune is likely Huawei’s pick up.

huawei-p20-star saint promotion 7

It’s not only the hues I like, it’s the reflected back, the bending glass that feels stunning to hold. Its reassuringly strong feel helps me to remember the iPhone X ($1,000 at Cricket Wireless). It’s water safe as well (IP67), so you needn’t stress over taking photographs in the rain.

The drawback is that the P20 Pro’s support is a unique mark magnet, regardless of which show you pick. Those cool hues will rapidly be secured by a messy layer of oil.

There’s additionally no remote charging. That is baffling since the glass back would take into consideration it, dissimilar to the past model’s metal packaging. You additionally won’t discover an earphone jack, so be set up to utilize either the included connector dongle or do the change to remote earphones.

The P20 Pro’s three cameras aren’t a trick

Other than the bonkers hues, it’s the three cameras on the back that make the Huawei P20 Pro really energizing. They’re organized vertically down the left half of the telephone’s back. You have a surprising 40-megapixel sensor (this is your principle shading camera) and a 20-megapixel sensor that shoots just in high contrast, however adds detail to shots. There’s likewise a 8-megapixel zooming focal point that causes you zoom in close.

  That 40-megapixel camera is an over the top number of pixels for a telephone, however the thought isn’t to utilize them at the same time. The default determination is just 10 megapixels, however the Huawei P20 Pro uses the information caught by the two focal points to make pictures that are sharp, very much uncovered and have adjusted hues. In the event that you recollect the Nokia 808 PureView’s 41-megapixel camera from 2012, you sort of get the thought.

  The hypothesis is that you’ll get more point by point, adjusted picture quality from a higher-res camera. What’s more, in my own testing I’ve been inspired with the P20 Pro’s shots. Open air pictures are brilliant and stick sharp, with a decent adjust of introduction amongst features and shadows.

The programmed mode utilizes AI to rapidly and precisely perceive a scene keeping in mind the end goal to upgrade settings. It can distinguish a remain of trees as “greenery”, for instance. However, I regularly discovered I didn’t care for the “advancements” the telephone makes as a matter of course.

p20-genius auto-case

On the left, a shot utilizing the standard auto mode. On the right, the oversaturated result from the AI scene identification.

The P20 Pro’s programmed mode for the most part just helped the picture’s immersion to the point where hues looked unnatural and pompous. A scene that the telephone perceived as greenery would help the greens, while a “blue sky” scene would intensely oversaturate the blues. I routinely found that dropping the auto scene location brought about more normal looking shots that I could change all the more inconspicuously in Snapseed, should I wish.

How about we return to the 8-megapixel zooming focal point. Utilizing it gives you three times (3x) optical zoom (the greatest optical zoom accessible on a telephone), or a five times (5x) zoom, which consolidates both optical and computerized trimming. At 3x zoom, pictures stay sharp and at 5x, you just lose a tad bit of that detail. On the off chance that you need to snap a photo of an exquisite swan in the recreation center yet need to remain securely out of pecking range, the 5x zoom will do the trap.

New York City report pins millions in rent hikes on Airbnb

New York City report pins millions in rent hikes on Airbnb

A report from the New York City Comptroller’s office asserts that New York residents are paying hundreds of millions in extra rent linked to the effects of Airbnb. Naturally, the company bitterly rejects these findings.

The report, which you can read here, is fairly straightforward. It looks at hundreds of neighborhoods and their various demographics and characteristics, along with how much their rents rose over the last ten years or so. It finds that when controlling for other variables, Airbnb contributes to a part of the rise on its own:

We find that as the share of units listed on Airbnb goes up by one percentage point, rental rates in the neighborhood go up by 1.58 percent, after controlling for neighborhood level demographic and economic changes. The result is statistically significant at the 1-percent level.

By the researchers’ calculations, the total cost of these increases across the city amounted to about $616 million. That came from running their numbers with Airbnb rentals set to zero instead of the actual tens of thousands of listings and seeing what rents would be in that alternative universe.

The amounts of rent increases and the number of Airbnb listings are tightly and reliably correlated, the Comptroller’s office explained. They were careful to control for other factors, for instance a neighborhood becoming trendy or new housing changing the supply. The hypothesis is that Airbnb listings, contrary to the company’s assertions, do in face reduce housing supply, which has a knock-on effect on rent in remaining rentals.

The increases, the report and its accompanying press release say, are concentrated in midtown and lower Manhattan, where 20 percent of the rent increases were attributed to Airbnb effects. The effect was much weaker in the outer boroughs, as you might expect, where density is lower and fewer listings are available.

Airbnb, of course, calls it a pack of lies and takes the opportunity to pontificate a bit (which, to be fair,  Comptroller Stringer did too):

Unfortunately, this report is wrong on the facts, falsely asserting that middle class New Yorkers who share their space are responsible for the rising cost of housing in New York… Pandering to the powerful by attacking middle class families won’t do a thing to make New York more affordable. It’s time to stop the scapegoating and work with us on a solution.

Its criticisms are a mix of reasonable objections and straw men. It rightly points out, for instance, that Airbnb hosts are most frequently just renting out a room a few nights a month for some extra income, which logically should improve affordability, not harm it. Then there’s the idea that Airbnb units tend to pop up in fashionable areas, which are inherently more likely to see rents increase.

Some of Airbnb’s gripes are less reasonable, however.

“The notion that less than 1 percent of housing stock — much of which is only occasionally shared with short-term renters — is the sole source of New York’s housing affordability challenge is simply not credible,” the company writes. That’s true — which is probably why the report say anything like that.

“We never blamed the whole increase in housing costs on one factor – we quite clearly said that Airbnb was just one factor and explained that it’s 9.2% of the increase,” wrote Tyrone Stevens, the Comptroller’s press secretary, in an email to TechCrunch.

Airbnb also criticizes using 2009 as the starting year for its data, saying the financial crisis changed the whole housing market. Then it cites a report showing that a one bedroom in Williamsburg cost the same in 2018 as it did in 2011.

“We picked 2009 as our base year because that was the year prior to Airbnb’s presence in NYC, and it made sense to measure the full impact of the rise of Airbnb. But the choice of base year is utterly irrelevant to measuring the contribution of Airbnb to rent increases,” Stevens wrote. “And randomly picking an industry report on 1-bedroom apartments in one neighborhood over a different time period doesn’t refute a citywide analysis.”

The fact that rents are leveling out lately doesn’t hold much water, either — arguably that might have occurred sooner but for Airbnb’s alleged contribution to their increases in the first place.

Ultimately the difference comes down to whether or not Airbnb effectively removes housing from the market. The company swears up and down that isn’t the case, and cites user numbers to support that position. The city says there’s little other possible explanation for the close correlation between listings in certain neighborhoods and the specific rent increases it sees in them.

Both, however, seem to agree that the lack of regulation puts everyone at risk. Hopefully that common ground will lead to a fruitful collaboration on new rules in the future.

Study Finds Link Between Physical Fitness And Brain Health!

Shutterstock

A new study adds evidence to the argument that exercise can help preserve brain health, particularly in the ageing brain.

What makes this study different than most is a wrinkle in its methodology. Unlike many studies that look for a connection between exercise and brain health, this one used a specific way of measuring physical fitness, by testing the participants’ maximum oxygen consumption during aerobic exercise (known as the V02 max test, it’s a method recognized by the American Heart Association as an objective way of analyzing cardiovascular fitness--more reliable than people just self-reporting on how fit they think they are).

The study included 81 participants, 53 of whom had been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)—a condition characterized by memory and reasoning problems that aren’t yet severe enough to interfere with self-care. As many as 20% of those 65 and older in the general population may have some level of MCI, according to the Alzheimer's Association. The remaining 26 healthy participants served as the control group.

All of the participants took a V02 max aerobic test on a treadmill (similar to a cardio stress test that lasts about 10 minutes). They also completed tests of memory and reasoning, and their brains were examined with a type of brain scan called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)that reveals the health of the brain’s white matter.  Increasingly research is showing that the integrity of white matter—where billions of neurons are bundled together—is an indication of how well brain areas communicate. As white matter breaks down with age, the highways connecting parts of the brain erode.

Two results from the study point to the potential importance of exercise for the aging brain. The first was that lower levels of aerobic fitness (as measured by VO2 max) were linked with the weaker white matter in certain parts of the MCI participants’ brains. This wasn’t an exhaustive, brain-wide finding. In many ways, the brains of the MCI participants and the healthy control group were not very different, but the researchers report that differences in white matter integrity were significant in particular brain areas involved in "executive and memory function."

The second result was that the MCI participants with lower aerobic fitness and weaker white matter also performed worse on the memory and reasoning tests. Taken together, the results suggest that greater physical fitness correlates with healthier white matter, which in turn correlates with better memory and reasoning abilities even for those already suffering from a level of cognitive impairment.

"This research supports the hypothesis that improving people's fitness may improve their brain health and slow down the aging process," said lead study author Dr. Kan Ding, a neurologist from the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.

What these results tell us about the role exercise might play in slowing the development of Alzheimer’s is difficult to nail down. While studies like this suggest that exercising more strengthens the brain against the debilitation leading to severe dementia, definitive answers are still elusive. We don’t know, for example, the amount of exercise that makes a difference, if specific types of exercise are better than others, or whether starting exercise later in life can forestall the progression of dementia.

What we do have are solid indications that we should think of exercise and brain health in a similar way to exercise and heart health. Some of the same benefits exercises provide the heart—like improved blood flow and lower inflammation—also benefit the brain. More evidence along those lines keeps coming, further supporting the case that staying active is a better policy for brain health than the alternative.

The study was published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.

You can find David DiSalvo on Twitter, Facebook, Google Plus, and at his website,daviddisalvo.org.

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Best Roti Makers to Buy in India in 2020 – Complete Guide and Studies

Best Roti Makers to Buy in India in 2020 – Complete Guide and Studies

Best Roti Maker in India

Those were the events when people were endeavoring to set up the rotis. Today you have the certain decision to get the best-made rotis in India. The best roti maker will set up the roti for you and it will make your dinner the best. The roti maker expect a stunning work in making the roti incredible. You don't have to contribute an enormous measure of criticalness to find the best roti maker in India. You can on an extremely essential level glance through our site and find the best roti sketcher. We are here to address the all out of your issues immaculately. We give you a superfluous exertion and convincing thing that will give you complete satisfaction and fulfillment. You will welcome the food with no perilous work. You will have it with no issue.

You won't miss the hand set forward parathas in watch you stay outside of your home. You will get the totally made rotis for your lunch breakfast and dinner. You on a central level need to structure it from our site. Our chapatti and roti makers will help you with getting the 100% watchful rotis. Roti maker is the best electric contraption for your kitchen particularly expected for masters and understudies who are thinking interminably from their homes. You can structure rotis in mass and extra by a wide edge most of your time puffing rotis plainly.

Perfect states of Roti maker

This roti maker is the best and sensible thing for you offered with titanic features. It will channel through your style, joins correspondingly as budgetary strategy all around that really matters. You will be happy to know and find our things. From our goals, you will have the decision to deal with the tips for buying and various nuances. We give fluctuating roti makers to you which is key for you.

There are the degrees of roti makers open for you –

1-Bajaj 'Go – Ezzee' Non-stick chapati maker

This roti maker is joined careful outside material that offers you the woolen rotis.

Stars

It is lightweight and it works all around best for family works and various occasions secluded through at home.

Cons

It correspondingly encounters the troubles of uncooked rotis self-filtering through of kept shapes and sizes.

Features

Balanced rotis will be made as offered in the bistros. A massive bit of the people separate for the reasonable rotis and this is the best advancement made in less time.

2-Xodi Winged animal/National Roti maker Flying animal of prey Made Life

Features

Xodi Winged creature of prey roti maker is withdrawn through especially for single men and it urges you to make touchy rotis. You can cook it at whatever point and it won't require some hypothesis and you will welcome the irrefutable made rotis.

Chief

There are clear brain blowing conditions related with the roti maker that has a 8-inch non-stick covering plate and it has a strong base of power.

The handle is sensibly lifted and the cooking doesn't require a tremendous level of time.

It is major for making rotis, paranthas, and dosas. As necessities be, this roti maker doesn't charge a ton.

Cons

There are issues with overheating and no normal course is open on Decreased plate.

3-Clear quality Roti Maker with Demo Obliged plate with Free Kitchen Plastic Manual Blend (Atta) Maker

Feature

This roti maker is focal and fundamental to set up the impressive, fragile, and round-joined rotis notwithstanding. It is guaranteed about with the indented shape and it is sensibly balanced the temperature.

Shocking events

This roti maker has high measure and a perfect way of thinking of steel.

Its key system is to structure roti, hotcakes, dosas, and theplas.

The outside of this roti maker is especially confines through now it ought to be dealt with cautiously.

Cons

It requires some test to set up the rotis.

You can pick any of these models and we promise you of our best affiliations. You will love the rotis made using this roti maker.

4-Hilton roti maker

Features

Hilton roti maker is the most trusted in brand that is obliged by one of our all around regarded and strong gourmet virtuoso Sanjeev Kapoor. There is no need concerning the quality and Hilton will give you the best and versatile roti maker. It will help you with setting up the perfect rotis and will allow you to set up the best ones. You can without a really striking stretch warmth the pizzas and fire ate up sandwiches. You will be glorious and reeled to welcome such food.

Stars

This is joined non-stick stowing ceaselessly and licenses setting the dishes quickly.

The oval shape makes the specific structure of rotis and pizzas. It has astoundingly enchanting and current features and it works with high bore unassumingly as heading model wrapping up.

These parts have been made up with a cutting edge look and the decreasing ensured about utensils are connected with it.

This other than has the best affirmation for you and this thing occurs with the accreditation for one year and it is ensured going to miss the mark.

It has certain central standard portions, for instance, adjusted control of temperature and it shields from heat correspondingly as referencing.

Cons

There is a short length string and there is no strong handle.

Warming requires boss undertaking as necessities be.

5-Decay Jaipan Monstrous Roti maker

Jaipan is another home machine brand joined a trusted and strong base. It turns the Indian market and it is the best maker for the roti makers in India.

Features

The outside of the non-stick covering licenses from different bits of the market. This uses 100W of intensity and the voltage of around 230-240 V.

Heads

It all around that genuinely matters extra things and guarantees the force and the machine is guarantees about.

Anyone can make the rotis enough and the strong part about this roti maker is it is astoundingly new and striking.

Cons

There are only dreadful after-structures and affiliations.

6-Sunflame roti maker

Sunflame is the best chief in the business place for the home mechanical get-togethers and it develops the everything pondered used thing.

Features

It passes on the roti with the help of warmth and reliably made material. It isn't uncooked with this roti maker and outfits the best bound and various brands.

Heads

It in like manner has a non-stick base of covering for food which is a key part for roti makers.

It keeps the rotis hold adroit to your top and it not just update your work yet what's unflinchingly degenerate the food quality.

It has one year of referencing and it is central with the machine.

Cons

It is less customers fulfilling and there is over the top warming which is the enormous fiendishness.

7-Eveready Roti maker

Eveready isn't that fundamental for purchasing the roti maker and it might be old yet you need to understand the thing has prominent workplaces and affinities for the quality.

Features

The brand has its aptitudes to deal with the home machines and to address the issues of the home necessities.

Stars

It has trust and consistency on its things and it makes no worries and upsets subject to the quality. From this time forward, there are chances to deal with the attestation of the thing.

Eveready things help to save the centrality and presentation the 900 W which has the non-stick plates in it.

The light in the pointer is the central bit of breathing space of this thing.

Cons

The roti maker has goliath costs.

8-Winged animal of prey best roti maker

Winged animal of prey has its best roti maker considering the way that the brand itself is seen for high bore and you can show up at India's kept up picture and deal with the chance of the brand.

Features

It has the roti maker that makes get waves alongside the finishing of the steel things and the plans made are significant.

Other neighborhood creators overview for close to plans from Fowl of prey.

Stars

It is completely adjusted and deals with its own.

It sets the temperature with the correct weight and its marvel is unendingly based which makes the rotis abusing.

Cons

The body is made with metal and it is kept repaid steel.

9-Favy Roti maker

Favy is the wearisome roti maker brand in India and it has its things. This roti maker has the reimbursed steel occasion with the multifaceted nature look by the lessening handle in its inside.

Features

The thing helps with posting the valiant and shockproof materials. It is neediness affected upon your disengaging through and keeping through aptitudes on how you get your things a long way from your teenagers and your nonattendance of isolated through way.

Stars

There is a hint of slack that it goes with the demo Structure and a condition book to make your life less stunning and superb.

Cons

There is no major for a handle to manage the temperature.

10-Molo Non-stick roti maker

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CALL-TO-ACTION

The invitation to take action is a center segment of showcasing, deals, and any influence based exertion today. There's been a considerable measure of expounded on the most proficient method to change CTA duplicate, shading, estimate, and different components, however some of the time, it's least demanding to learn through cases. Along these lines, we can perceive how hypothetical standards play out in this present reality, and how they can make viable encounters. In this manner, this post won't cover a huge amount of hypothesis, but instead will concentrate on the connected employments of that hypothesis on CTAs. A decent CTA isn't the main component you have to succeed on the web, however a decent CTA will positively enhance your adequacy. How about we return rapidly to the nuts and bolts before we plunge into any suggestion to take action illustrations… What is a Call to Action? In the event that you've been in promoting for a moment, you're unquestionably acquainted with what an invitation to take action is. Be that as it may, how about we rapidly survey the definition rapidly for reference. In advertising, a suggestion to take action (otherwise called a "CTA") alludes to any message intended to provoke a prompt reaction or energize a quick deal. It truly is as straightforward as it sounds: a call for somebody to make a move. In the most widely recognized online cycle, a CTA is a blend of words or expressions that try to motivate activity. In transformation enhancement, a run of the mill suggestion to take action case might want something like this: Suggestion to take action Examples in Conversion Optimization A while prior, VWO put out a few information that said CTAs were by a wide margin the most well known A/B trial on their stage. 30% of tests included a call to action.This bodes well, particularly when you consider how a great many people find out about transformation rate advancement (to be specific through contextual investigations where little CTA changes prompt tremendous lifts).While a CTA test frequently isn't the biggest conceivable territory of effect for experimentation, huge amounts of CTAs are bad to the point that you can get some simple wins here. Also, no web component lives in detachment. A decent CTA draws intensely upon the setting of the page. When you advance different components, your CTA may require tweaking too. Beyond any doubt enough, here's an invitation to take action illustration where the CTA itself isn't generally wrong, yet the other page components like the foundation picture make it super difficult to peruse or see:However, CTAs aren't selective to change improvement or outline. In any road of influence, including deals, raising support, and so forth., a suggestion to take action is utilized to provoke activity (however in deals, it's ordinarily called "the close").When you characterize an invitation to take action, it appears to be genuinely clear, yet many individuals still foul up this straightforward component. Relatively few invitation to take action cases are really terrible, yet many could utilize some tweaking, similar to this one:The orange shading is a decent complexity to the page, yet the catch is very little and still hard to take note. "Take in more" is to some degree ambiguous regarding driving you to comprehend what the subsequent stage is. Or, on the other hand this one, where the CTA catches for the items could be made more unmistakable and noticeable:Sometimes, there is no certain suggestion to take action, and rather, there is just a programmed turning slider Unfortunately, that is normal. At any rate, on the off chance that you don't have a reasonable invitation to take action, include one. Another case of a site without a reasonable CTA:There are an assortment of suggestion to take action best practices (read more about them here). I'll leave the hypothesis, generally, to different s, and in this piece, I'll utilize cases to control, teach, and move CTA thoughts. 20+ Call to Action Examples (with Reviews and Critiques) 1. Unbounce In the wake of doing huge amounts of catch tests in the course of recent years, Michael Aagaard acknowledged there are by and large two inquiries that assistance you compose the CTA catch duplicate. Those two inquiries are: What is my prospect's inspiration for clicking this catch? What is my prospect going to get when (s)he clicks this catch? In the event that you can answer those inquiries freshly, succinctly, and obviously, you'll have a quality CTA button.Unbounce's landing page CTA does that well. "Investigate the Unbounce Platform" is extraordinary and compact, and you realize that you'll be conveyed to a page to take in more about the item's components. 2. KlientBoost with wpdigipro review It's difficult to shake things up with CTAs. A large portion of them tend to offer similar things: "Download now," "Get Access," or "Get in touch with Us." KlientBoost makes a decent showing with regards to shaking things up, and as opposed to utilizing something like "Get in touch with Us" they say "Get My Free Proposal" – apparently, an all the more convincing offer. It's additionally more particular. You know precisely what the endgame here is. "Get in touch with us" is unclear, however a free proposition is concrete. 3. Usabilla Only one out of every odd CTA must be a super sharp or clever. Actually, for anyone outside of the inbound or computerized advertising reverberation chamber, a CTA saying "YES!! I need to spare cash and get moment access!" with squinting yellow bolts is most likely somewhat irritating and extra."Request a Demo" is exhausting, however in the event that a demo is the thing that the coveted activity is, it's superbly appropriate. Clearness trumps influence. Simply be reliable. Usabilla does that well, requiring a demo wherever on their landing page. 4. HotJar "Free" is inebriating for  advertisers. We sprinkle it wherever to buildup up offers, and it as a rule works ponders. People like free stuff. Along these lines, in the event that you have a freemium offer or a free trial, why not underline that? One of the greatest obstacles to change is vulnerability with respect to installment or hazard. On the off chance that you can moderate that with some calming duplicate underscoring that, "no, it won't cost you anything," do that. 5. TaxJar At times, you don't need to have "Free" in the CTA. Some of the time it's conspicuous from the setup and page setting (star tip: it's constantly about the page setting). That is the situation with TaxJar, where a strong measure of duplicate is committed to clarifying this is a free trial (no charge card required). "Begin" is a strong purpose of activity here. 6. Impenetrable Impenetrable has an all around improved site. The client encounter, as I would see it, is great. They're obviously trying things consistently. The landing page highlights a to a great extent prototypical CTA cases of internet business: "Shop Now." It's not cunning, interesting, or abnormally clever, but rather it clarifies pretty obviously what you're (in all likelihood) hoping to do on the . On a similar line, we've regularly observed "See Selection" beat "Shop Now." Even better, you can customize for return guests or past purchasers with a "See What's New" (as long as you have new things to show):To supplement this, they utilize a prototypical item page CTA also: "Add to Cart." Most of the time, change advancement best practice is to do what your client anticipate. That is the place prototypical outline becomes possibly the most important factor. 7. Travel Wisconsin Travel Wisconsin parts their landing page CTAs two ways, "Our Family Vacation," and "Trek Ideas for You." Now, I don't have the foggiest idea about their crowd well, however I can envision trip thoughts is an additionally convincing offer, significantly more in accordance with the aim of the site guest. However, regardless, the mix of the two CTAs is somewhat confounding, and "Our Family Vacation" is totally unclear. Everything over the overlap is truly dubious, truth be told. 8. CXL InstituteCXL Establishment has a couple of various offers, extending from one-off live courses and accreditation projects to the more thorough and high touch All Access design. Subsequently, we pass on them in various courses on the landing page. Without a doubt, many individuals arrive specifically on the given deals/presentation page they're keen on. Regardless, we switch up the CTA in light of the offer from that point. Many individuals need demos notwithstanding a significant measure of individuals who'd get a kick out of the chance to simply buy immediately, so we offer the two alternatives for the All Access plan.These things changes, and we're repeating, so it might be diverse later on, however our current CTAs mirror the distinctive goals of our gathering of people and the distinctive natures of our offers. 9. BounceX A CTA doesn't need to be words in a rectangular box with a differentiating shading. In its pith, a CTA just calls for activity (the terminology here is very exacting). Along these lines, you can get imaginative with the execution. 10. Ricochet X (section 2) BounceX has a fortune trove of behavioral advertising in their "research organization." Each bit of has its own all around composed point of arrival. Each suggestion to take action case could be a contextual analysis in how to do things right. The size, shading and complexity, affordance – everything about the plan is extraordinary. Furthermore, they do copywriting well.They answer the inquiry, "I need to __" and utilize that as their CTA duplicate. 11. BounceX (section 3) Same story in this illustration. This suggestion to take action case is for an online class, so the duplicate changes to "Watch it Now," keeping pace with the setting of the offer. 12. Radio Radio keeps up consistency with both CTAs over the crease on their landing page Since they offer a free trial, it's a basic "Begin," with an email pick in too. 13. Zoom Zoom's landing page takes after a comparative structure, with a differentiating and discernible CTA offering guests the opportunity to join. Since it's additionally a trial (and free), they simply put it all on the line immediately. 14. CXL This is the general format we use for our lead era points of arrival. This one specifically is for an online course and goes for lucidity: "Go to Webinar." Again, we attempt to take after the equation of replying, "I Want To __," and that works in this situation. 15. Tim Ferriss Tim Ferriss' invitation to take action is special both in situation and as far as the offer. His huge offer and concentrate now is the podcast, so he noticeably requests that clients "Snap to Listen." 16. Paleo Leap I'm an enormous devotee of Paleo Leap, however I'm not a major enthusiast of their CTAs. There are many them on the landing page (where does one begin?), so it's hard to comprehend the most imperative wanted activity.

This is the end of my post, let’s visit my Smartestudy to learn more.

Thanks for reading.

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PSY 530 Full Class

PSY 530 (Social and Cultural Psychology) 

  PSY 530 Module 1 DQ 1

  Explain how social psychology is different from sociology, psychology, and other subfields of psychology. Why is there a need for social psychology as a unique scientific field different from the subfields of psychology?

  PSY 530 Module 1 DQ 2

  We encounter various types of statistics on a daily basis; some are correlational (nonexperimental) and others are causational (experimental). Describe how these two methods differ. Using an example of a statistic from a commercial, political group, or other day to day forum, explain how the statistic was used to support a specific claim. Develop a hypothesis that could be studied to make the statistic more reliable and valid. Explain why.

  PSY 530 Week 1 Assignment The Social Psychology Network

  For this assignment, explore the Social Psychology Network website. Get comfortable searching for information. Scan the professional profiles of social psychologists and learn about their social psychological research.

This assignment has three parts that must be addressed in an integrative essay.

When you are finished exploring the website, discuss in a paper (1,250-1,500 words) what you have discovered and include the following:

From the Social Psychology Network website, for each theoretical perspective discussed in your lecture notes, select social psychologists whose research corresponds with these theoretical perspectives. Be sure to include their names, academic affiliations, and a brief discussion of their primary research area. Your essay should include a discussion of a total of five different social psychologists and their primary research area.

Conclude your paper by discussing the role of culture as it relates to the research of the social psychologists you have chosen. Why is understanding culture important when choosing a research method for conducting human research?

Your paper should reflect a minimum of five references.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

    PSY 530 Module 2 DQ 1

  In what ways do the typical attributions of people from collectivistic cultures differ from those of people from individualistic cultures? Why do these differences exist? Provide empirical evidence supporting your explanations.

  PSY 530 Module 2 DQ 2

  Describe the ways in which knowledge about the “self” organizes cognitive information and motivates behavior. Discuss how the “self” influences our judgment of others. How do Eastern and Western cultures define the “self” differently?

    PSY 530 Week 2 Assignment Self-Esteem and Impression Management

  Details:

Provide a minimum of four personal examples to illustrate impression management, social tuning, social comparisons, mindsets, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, or causal theories.

One example provided must address face to face versus written communication styles. Are there measures that can be taken when communicating non-verbally to improve self-presentation, impression management, attributional inferences, and cognitive biases?

Each example provided should be based upon how your personal views were shaped by parents, teachers, friends, community, culture, etc. Each example should be supported by relevant research.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Module 3 DQ 1

  Prejudice has traditionally been assumed to be the product of some form of malice, brought about by social or emotional forces. In recent years, there has been increasing research on how prejudice can result from cognitive processes, without malicious intent. Discuss how and why cognitive processes can produce prejudice. What is the impact of culture on prejudice? Once stereotypes and prejudices are formed, how do they come to be self-perpetuating?

  PSY 530 Module 3 DQ 2

  Discuss and provide research evidence for five reasons why attitudes sometimes fail to predict behavior.

    PSY 530 Week 3 Assignment Institutionalized Bias

  Details:

In a 750-1,000-word essay, discuss the impacts of institutional bias.

What are some examples of institutional biases?

What roles do attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices play in institutional biases?

What impact does cultural influence have on institutional biases?

You may consider how institutional biases are apparent in health care, education, and the workplace or based upon a person’s age.

Support your paper with three scholarly sources from the GCU library.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Module 4 DQ 1

  Provide a real-life example of informational social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior.  Provide a real-life example of normative social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior.  Can the influence of conformity, compliance, or obedience be decreased?   How would this impact the situations you identified?

  PSY 530 Module 4 DQ 2

  Max Points: 5.0

  In what ways can social influence have a positive impact on behavior?  Provide examples to support your response.

  PSY 530 Week 4 Assignment Friendships and Intimate Relationships

  Details:

In a 750-1,000-word essay, describe how the five factors of personal attraction affect friendships and intimate relationships. Address the following:

How do different perspectives impact relationship development and maintenance particularly in terms of exchange versus communal factors?

How do attachment styles impact the level of intimacy shared in friendships and relationships?

Using the social exchange theory, equity theory and penetration theory, describe how relationships are maintained or ended.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Module 5 DQ 1

  Max Points: 5.0

  Consider how being part of a crowd or group changes your behavior. How can deindividuation change people’s behavior? Could deindividuation lead to positive outcomes? What is a way to encourage members of a crowd to behave in line with their “normal” values?

  PSY 530 Module 5 DQ 2

  Select one scholarly article on aggression. Explain situational forces, sociocultural pressures, and individual differences that promote aggressive behavior. In addition, discuss theories of aggression as they apply to the article selected.

  PSY 530 Week 5 Assignment 1 Prosocial Behavior

  Details:

Review the Bystander Effect at:

https://explorable.com/bystander-apathy-experiment

or

https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/bystander-effect

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, define and discuss the ways in which diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, and victim effects can influence helping behavior.

In what ways might social and cultural pressure, and beliefs about “self” affect helping behavior?

Locate three scholarly sources to assist in writing this paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Week 5 Assignment 2 Research Paper: Rough Draft

  Refer to “PSY-530 Research Paper Protocols” and follow the instructions for completing the rough draft.

  PSY 530 Module 6 DQ 1

  Groupthink and group polarization are influences that often cause groups to reach different solutions to a problem than individuals. Explain each concept and discuss the conditions that are thought to lead to each. How might the presence of others and institutional groupthink impact helping those who are less fortunate?

  PSY 530 Module 6 DQ 2

  Max Points: 5.0

  Are you better off being an optimist (perhaps a Pollyanna) or is it better to be a realist (grounded in reality) as far as your health and well-being are concerned? Why?

  PSY 530 Week 6 Assignment Groupthink

  Details:

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, discuss the reliability of eyewitness testimony.

Include a relevant court case in which eyewitness testimony was used to convict or acquit an individual.

Discuss how the reasonable person standard applies to eyewitness testimony.

Locate three relevant scholarly articles to support the information in your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

  PSY 530 Module 7 DQ 1

  Explain how religion influences social relationships, moral attitudes, and moral behaviors, including cheating, substance abuse, sexuality, criminality, and domestic violence.

  PSY 530 Module 7 DQ 2

  Max Points: 5.0

  Select a scholarly article that discusses religion and happiness. Discuss the effect that religious belief has on people’s happiness or unhappiness as it relates to their behaviors and attitudes. What effect does religion have on helping behavior, the prevalence of prejudice, and health of religious people? Share your findings.

  PSY 530 Week 7 Research Paper: Final Draft

  Details:

Refer to “PSY-530 Research Paper Protocols” and follow the instructions for completing the final draft.

  PSY 530 Module 8 DQ 1

  Using Hofstede’s theory, compare and contrast two countries on these four types of cultural values.

  PSY 530 Module 8 DQ 2

  Max Points: 5.0

  The Module 8 lecture discussed both pessimistic and optimistic perspectives on global unity. Where do you weigh in on this issue and why?

  PSY 530 Week 8 Final Exam

  Details:

Complete the final exam. Your instructor will post the final exam at the beginning of Module 8 in the Course Add-Ons section.

You have until the end of Module 8 to complete the exam. Late exams are not accepted.

The final exam consists of the following:

Choose four of the sixteen essay question choices. Write a complete, integrative essay response, supporting your answers with examples from the lectures and textbook.

Website sources are not acceptable as supporting references for the exam. Be sure to number your answers to correspond with your question selections, and provide applicable references at the end of each question.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

The Blockchain Defined To Web Developers, Half 1

In the fallout of the latest catastrophe often called The DAO , the Ethereum community is making an attempt to determine tips on how to properly rectify the situation. Risk Disclaimer: DailyForex won't be held answerable for any loss or harm ensuing from reliance on the data contained within this website including market information, evaluation, buying and selling signals and Forex broker critiques. Gavin Andresen, chief scientist of Bitcoin Basis and leader in the Bitcoin improvement group, tweeted that Hearn is too pessimistic”. Bitcoin is able to scale on its own with out being crippled by artificially imposed limitations equivalent to these Blockstream has enforced. However, Bitcoin believers are laying the groundwork for a quicker adoption in emerging countries. Shows the small print of the Arb List, Age, Last Guess Update, Occasion, Sports and Arb Sort. The growing quote traffic compared to trade worth could indicate that more firms are attempting to profit from cross-market arbitrage strategies that do not add vital worth through elevated liquidity when measured globally. The video lectures and lab on this course enable you to find out about blockchain for enterprise and explore key use circumstances that display how the expertise adds value. Apart from buying and selling on the same exchange, I cannot think about why two corporations which are so various would be correlated so intently. bitcoin dev forum providers firm is free to leverage their stability sheet as aggressively as they and their banker conform to. That is the explanation behind the development towards outsourcing within the monetary sector. There's no single individual making these decisions for Bitcoin; it takes consensus among the individuals operating the software program. Powerful platform for institutional and active traders to securely buy and promote bitcoin. Different examples of pseudonymous Bitcoin developers embody btcdrak and shaolinfry , the latter of which first proposed the concept of a user-activated mushy fork for Segregated Witness on the Bitcoin development mailing listing. Transferring remittances is usually exploitative, with the poorest nations being charged the highest charges. A day later, Fast Company steered that Nakamoto might be a bunch of three individuals - Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry - who collectively appear on a patent associated to safe communications that was filed two months earlier than was registered. Indeed, versus conventional centralised economies, Bitcoin's financial provide isn't managed by any central authority, but is moderately defined (in advance) by the Bitcoin protocol - which exactly stipulates the whole quantity of bitcoins that may ever come into being (21 million) and the rate at which they are going to be issued over time. The rising need for blockchain drove the corporate to adopt this new know-how and discover its applications in fintech. However bitcoin development grant may be taught something about what is bitcoin alternate and how the bitcoin trade platforms are tasted success in their enterprise. It minimizes feelings all through the trading course of and ensures that discipline is maintained as a result of the trading plan will likely be followed precisely. When the particular person collects the sample, they go to the dashboard, click the checkboxes to say they acquired, that updates the smart contract. Designed to let developers build blockchain purposes with minimal trouble and fuss. As well as, you'll discover free Forex arbitrage software fairly easily, but the quality is prone to be debatable. BitShares provides a stack of financial providers together with exchange and banking on a blockchain. Everybody who contributes to the Bitcoin Core project is considered a contributor. As the surfing is all dealt with within the software it does assist to avoid the problem of flipping backwards and forwards between numerous home windows - the alert, the calculator and the bookmakers can all be seen directly. Bitcoin used to dominate this market cap - for many years it maintained eighty% of the ratio. Alternatively, commerce instructions can be received from a distant source equivalent to one other dealer or an automated system. While that is nice news for the blockchain, finish users who don't defend their private keys appropriately won't ever be capable of entry their funds unless they've kept their keys on a paper backup. POSITION AND EXPERIENCE We're searching for a self starter Smart Contract Developer who is able to 'Otonomosly' develop new functionalities and build good contracts to add to our current suite, observe correct GitHub hygiene and have expertise with normal server administration. Peter Todd, developer of the Bitcoin Core client, talked about that the Asic Boost approach is just not suitable with softfork modifications, which he says may explain why Bitmain opposes the activation of SegWit and as a substitute has supported Bitcoin Limitless and, extra recently , to Extension Blocks. Sales Builders work closely with engineering and operational personnel in meals and beverage companies, providing engineering expertise and problem-solving advice. Blockchain API: Endpoints to query general details about a blockchain and its blocks. You've gotten probably observed this often instances where you usually distribute the great word about crypto. The first step is for you and your buddy to put your bitcoin in a impartial account managed by the smart contract. This course is aimed toward experienced technical stakeholders, introducing everything wanted to know the technology, good contracts and each technical and social frameworks relating to the know-how. For Mr. Maxwell, slower transactions gave the impression to be a secondary challenge to defending Bitcoin from centralized sources of authority. When he made a shock return with a company referred to as Chain, which Jon Matonis, the vice chairman of corporate strategy, essentially described as a competitor to Bitcoin Core, the community outraged. I received actually interested when I first heard of sports activities investing and decided to test 100PercentWinners software. Algorithmic trading may be used within the funding strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure hypothesis (including development following). Another highly effective enterprise-y browser IDE is in the works by Their IDE comes with a sandbox take a look at network with an auto-generated GUI for testing (as an alternative of writing tests manually as proven in the tutorial later) as well as a sandbox transaction explorer at When you're able to deploy your contract for semi-actual, using their testnet can a good way to confirm your smart contract's working as expected on a more in-depth-to-real testbed. However regardless of realizing that Bitcoin could fail all along, the now inescapable conclusion that it has failed nonetheless saddens me greatly. In consequence, Hearn writes, bitcoin is seeing ever larger congestion within the community, which it is unable to deal with in its current kind. An overflow bug in Bitcoin Core (a typical drawback in C++) allowed for an attacker to create a transaction which sent 184 billion new bitcoin to the attacker's handle. Tick trading usually goals to recognize the beginnings of large orders being positioned out there. In this case the answer is to make people expend lots of computing assets on looking for an answer to an arbitrary, but particularly-tailor-made downside (has adjustable difficulty, which permits the creation of scarcity - when extra assets join the community, simply up the issue to even-out the generation rate). Bitcoin doesn't look like in any hazard of displacing giants like Western Union from the worldwide cash switch business. Poor banking infrastructure in creating nations has additionally been noted as a reason behind elevated Bitcoin utilization. In order for you reliability, you may have to start paying greater and higher charges on transactions, and there will likely be a degree where fees get high enough that folks stop using Bitcoin. bitcoin development forum is CEO of Cryptonomex, a number one custom Blockchain growth firm, as well as father to Daniel Larimer, arguably the best programmer and visionary in the Blockchain industry. Technocrats and libertarians in the US usually are not the one teams experimenting with bitcoin. TREZOR uses and creates essentially the most advanced standards in cryptography and Bitcoin. Primarily based on our buying and selling signals, you select buying and selling guidelines, make it fully automated. Nobody but the one who owns the crypto wallet can resolve how their riches will likely be managed. The technology underlying Bitcoin works because a community of 1000's of computer systems contribute the computational energy needed to confirm each transaction and report all of them in a everlasting, publicly accessible ledger referred to as the blockchain (see What Bitcoin Is and Why It Issues ”). Each 10 minutes, an operator of one of those computers wins the prospect to add a brand new block to the chain and receives freshly minted bitcoins as a reward. About 3 months ago I realised that I now have the abilities needed, so I've started rewriting the appliance, I've received a prototype coming quickly, I'm hoping that with this I will be capable of get some personal traders and be capable of show some members of the arbitrage community to get feedback. Each BitAsset is a pairing of BitShares with one in all these other property, and it is used to hedge the worth of BitShares in opposition to that asset. Bitshares views this centralization as an inevitability, and maintains it needs to be embraced and leveraged moderately than fought. At , we take delight in supporting each new and established cryptocurrencies, providing you with an ever-rising number of buying and selling and investing alternatives. In addition to providing with deviations from the true odds, we give you the instruments to investigate your earlier buying and selling and optimize your efficiency. These premium / discount rates will trigger the value to fluctuate between $1.10 and $1.20 and over time that vary will slender because the perceived dangers decrease and benefits turn into clearer. Core believes that amongst other things, rising the blockchain dimension to anything beyond the present 1MB cap will threaten cryptocurrency's decentralized state. Bitcoin has innumerable potential makes use of; beneath are three ways it could revolutionise development. BlockCypher - High reliability Bitcoin Web Providers, including web hooks, double spend detection and many SDKs.