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#nw alcoholism
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Darius’ wife seeing an old picture of Molly and Darius together and becoming self-conscious. Molly is just so, so beautiful. Would you like her more if she wore her hair like Molly’s? You like redheads? She can dye her hair! But worst of all is how happy he looks, he never smiles like that around her.
"Put that away, will you? I don't want to see it."
You're at his mam's house for lunch, Doreen having brought out the old photo albums for you to peruse. Darius almost begged her not to, but the older woman had placed into into your hands and left to make some drinks before he could say much more. Instead, he's sat pouting on his side of the couch.
"... but you seem so happy in this photo."
He scoffs, stretching out his legs as far as they'll go before they bump into the antique coffee table.
"It was the week before I got my promotion. I already knew I was getting it, finally becoming a detective, and we had a little gathering here at Ma's house to celebrate."
And you'd already been told that Molly had left the day it had been made official.
You still pause, tugging on your hair a little as you look over Molly's features. Darius studies you then, wounded to recognise the self-consciousness on your face. It was the same look he gave himself in the mirror on bad nights.
He rips the photograph from your hands before you can look much more, tossing it on the table.
"Don't compare yourself to that bitch. You're worth a thousand of-"
"Darius Radner! You will not speak ill of a woman in my household." Doreen returns with a couple of steaming mugs on a wooden tray with some biscuits to snack on, throwing her son a disapproving look. His father was at a doctor's appointment, which was the only reason he'd decided to visit today.
"She left me without a word!"
"You treated her poorly, and you better not do it to this lovely one here."
This sets him off. He rises from his seat, grabbing the glass of bourbon he'd poured for himself and headed for the back garden to cool off as his mam tuts at his back.
Doreen turns to you with a sad smile adorning her wrinkled face, crinkling her nose. "Ignore him. He's bitter."
She begins placing the mugs and setting out the biscuits, carefully returning the photo album to its spot on the mantle when she's finished.
It's too quiet as you sip your drink, Doreen looking to the floor once she'd taken her place in her quaint little armchair. It was on old one, but she'd obviously taken a lot of care for it and the rest of the home throughout the years.
"... he never really loved her."
You look up, your head tilting to encourage her to continue.
"Molly. He never actually loved her. She was convenient. His father, old fool he is, got it into Darius' head when he was young that he had to follow into his footsteps. So he married the first chance he got instead of doing it when it felt right. It worked for Rich and I, but not for those two."
Darius certainly hadn't rushed with you. You'd spent months in that basement of his, and who knew how long he'd kept tabs on you prior to that.
"He took his time getting to know me. A very long time," you whisper, Doreen nodding along.
"He learned his lesson. And thats why I know you two will work. Do you know how long he's been alone for? I thought I'd die before I saw him happily settled. You must be truly special to have made him let you in."
A warmth fills your chest as she leans over and takes your hand. The back door creaks open, Darius returning with his drink empty. He shuffles across the living room to the coat rack, taking his from its post.
"We're heading home, come on."
"You're staying for tea, young man."
"We're-"
He shuts up when he turns around to see Doreen's eyebrow raised. Another petulant sigh and he hangs his coat up once more.
"Roasted beef?"
"In a bone broth with carrots and thyme."
And just like that, he's content to sit again, taking his new hot drink and sipping on it - his hand squeezing your thigh. Its almost comical how childlike he can be whenever you visit Doreen and Mr Radner isn't around, but you hide the smile it brings behind another sip.
Doreen's words comfort you as you sink into the couch cushions yourself. He must think you're special, she's right. After all the trouble he went through to keep you and make you love him, he must think the world of you.
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neeasworld · 1 year
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someone to switch clothes with ♡
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racefortheironthrone · 6 months
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if you were lord Commander of the Nights Watch at the start of GoTs what would you do to put them in the best position possible for the WW invasion, assuming you knew it was coming?
Like with your Economic Development Plans could you do a similar long form plan for the Wall/NW?
It would be very interesting to read
I sort of cover this in my essays on Jon chapters in ASOIAF. The primary thing the Watch needs to do is settle the Gift so that they can reverse the downward spiral of declining membership, which means they can produce fewer resources to support themselves, which means declining membership. Switching to a model of the NW being supported by taxes and contributions from Northern lords would allow the NW to feed and equip more soldiers than they can by directly producing goods with a third of their members.
This in turn can help with recruitment: right now, it's hard to find people willing to sign up for a lifetime of celibacy and penal military service in the far North. But if you can sell it instead as a decent material standard of living - good food and plenty of it, alcohol rations, warm clothes - there's plenty of marginal peasants who might be willing to sign up for the job. But as I said in my essays, the big issue with recruitment is that the Watch has absolute garbage training systems that create enormous bottlenecks that slow down the rate at which new Watchmen are produced below the rate at which older Watchment die of natural causes, leading to demographic decline. The Watch needs to get rid of Aliser Thorne's boot-camp-for-knights model, which is badly suited for defending a 700 foot tall wall, and focus its training on archery and siegecraft instead.
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gendrie · 11 months
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sansa ii
in the previous chap littlefinger comments that joffrey will never let "his plaything" go but here starts his plan go abduct her
this whole scene with sansa leaving her room is great. its not entirely her own initiative but its is a highly active moment. 
she pulled out a knife! and said she would stab him! and thinks of arya while doing so
acok is easily sansa’s most active book and i like that a lot. she doesnt feel like just an observer. she’s participating in the story. grrm seems to have really lost steam with her in asos and affc bc like where is this energy? even agot is superior. it ends on her most intense note to date.
its a 2 for 1 special on alcoholic men hiding in the shadows
sandor is an asshole when theyre alone but when others around he steps up to defend her
arya v
arya insisting the they dig yoren a grave is so poignant to me. he was a man of the NW and tried to get her home. she had to repay that. even if he was a dirtbag. rip. 
the gods eye is calling to her
the swan passage is a good example of arya wanting to dream like a little kid, but not having the luxury bc she needs to worry about practical concerns. ie: her next meal. 
cutjack and tarber aint shit
"he said she looked like a weasel which wasn’t true" breaking news: meanspirited people’s cruel nicknames arent accurate character assessments
the kids bickering feels very real. they’re scared, stressed, hungry and lashing out at each other 
maester luwin shoutout <3
gendry said its us against the world
as m'lady commands! just an iconic scene and a necessary lighthearted moment bc its about to get dark 
arya making herself look at the bodies of the hanged men. 
i know how all this plays out (obvs) but the tension is insane. they smashed gendry in the face. the sobs and screams of those inside the barn. 
"what if the wolves come?" "YIELD" nymeria’s wolfpack really is THE chekhov’s gun of asoiaf 
arya took hot pie's hand and told him fear cuts deeper than swords. thats so sweet and an underrated leadership moment too. she’s trying to keep him from panicking so they can rescue their companion. 
arya, 10, is punched in the face by a grown man with a mailed fist which nearly knocks her head off and leaves her on the ground crawling.......really makes so many takes about her just seem insane
grrm spared arya having to see neds death and anything bad happening to weasel and for that i am grateful 
raff the sweetling got off easy actually. arya shouldve made him suffer more. 
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asterssunzephyr · 9 months
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TP&TS!Nature Wives angst, maybe? 👀👀👀
THERES SO MUCH I COULD GIVE YOU OH MY GOD?? They are the main couple after all(..One of the only ones, actually. Looking at Desert Duo & ShadowBeans being split up bc one is dead.. then looks at NW & FH.. hm..)
CW: Alcohol, Bars
Implied gay thoughts about your best friend's best friend
Implied Flower Husbands
Implied Bisexual Ren
Implied Gay Thoughts™️ about tp&ts!Gem from tp&ts!Shelby
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"You hurt Jimmy, why are you in my house."
"To talk to you-"
"Talk?! What is there to talk about, Shelby?!"
"A lot! I didnt- I didnt mean to hurt him!"
"Then why did you?!"
"I dont know!"
"Bullshit! Get out of my house. Get out, and dont return."
"But-"
"Out. and give me the key back."
"Sweetheart-"
"Dont. You dont get to call me that anymore, leave."
He stared at her, at the way she still looked so ethereal while pissed at him, but gave the key up with a sigh. They had no right to stay here, not at 2 in the morning when Katherine probably just got back from the heroes base after working with Gem all night.
Okay, she didnt know if that last part was true but from how tense and stressed Katherine looked, Shelby assumed!.. They walked to the door and took one last look at the love of their life, friend, enemy her and left.
That night was spent in the closest bar to Katherines house since she didnt want to go half way across town to the small apartment in Boatem.
"What are you doing this far across town."
They shot their eyes up to the person who slid into the booth across from them. Brown eyes and blonde hair; Jimmy. Why was he in this bar?
"..I wanted to talk to Kat, she didnt wanna hear it. Didnt want to walk all the way back to Boatem at 2 am."
A sip of the liquor in the glass and Shelby finally looked the taller in the eyes.
"I get that," A sip from his own glass, "Scott dragged Gem and I here."
"Gem's here?"
"She is."
Shelby looked for the hint of a lie, but knew better. Jimmy would never lie about Gem's location, not when he cared about her like he does.
"Shelby!"
Another voice, and an arm around her shoulder. Scott, and Gem sliding into the booth on the other side next to Jimmy.
Now, Shelby knew 3 things about themself and their feelings:
1. They're hopelessly in love with Katherine
2. They liked women, and honestly women only
3. Feelings are confusing
One thing he didnt know, however, was to stop staring at Gem who currently looked outright beautiful. Now, she is one to lie quite often, but if shes calling someone beautiful, it's because she means it; well, gods be damned does Shelby mean it.
Apparently, Gem hasn't noticed the staring to they quickly focused on their hands and the drink in it before downing the rest of the glass and calling for another.
See, for a long time, Shelby's known about their feelings for women and how its nothing how Ren felt for women, or men. She's always struggled with feelings, and for a long time coming to terms with being asexual was a lot; dont get the poor guy wrong, hes hopelessly in love with Katherine and knows it, but goddamn does Gem look great.
-
He focused back in on the conversation when his 2nd, 3rd, fourth drink arrived and took a slow sip out of the glass. Just now, had Shelby realized, Katherine was there and glaring daggers from the end of the table. They made eye contact and Shelby knew she was in trouble, apparently so did Scott with how fast he moved to let Katherine take his place next to the short villain friend.
"How many have you had."
"Uh-"
"She's had four."
"You were keeping track?!"
"I have to drive Scott and Gem home, of course I have. Weve been here for two hours, Shelby."
"Two hours?!"
Shelby winced at Katherine basically yelling next to them. Yep, big trouble.
"Thats it, come on."
"Where are we going?"
"My house, so you can sober up and sleep."
"Im not drunk!"
"Do I look like I care?"
"Well- No, but-"
"No. Cmon."
Shelby stumbled out of the booth as Katherine dragged them and he waved bye to the trio who just waved back; Scott with a "knowing" smirk.
-
"Are you fucking stupid?!"
"What?"
"Going to a bar, alone, at two in morning?!"
"Like going to boatem wouldve been any better?"
"Not-.. Not what Im saying."
"I just needed to clear my head, Katherine."
"If you wouldve said something-"
"You wouldnt let me! You were so pissed off at me that you wouldnt let me speak!"
"So were both in the wrong!"
"What have I done?!"
"GO TO A BAR, ALONE."
"AND?"
"Gods be damned youre an idiot."
"I tried to talk to you! You wouldnt let me!"
"Then you shouldve told me to shut up!"
"And risk being punched in the face?! Look, Its happened once before and I dont take too kindly to having a busted lip!"
Katherine rolled her eyes and threw a hoodie, a yellow one, at them and stormed off. Shelby simply took this as a sign to go take a shower before Katherine sends her back outside.
------
They both go to sleep angry that morning:). Gem, and Scott, wake up with hangovers btw LMFAO
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daisiesonafield-blog · 10 months
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Info for Faith In The Future World Tour ATLANTA, GA - JUL 15 2023
With special guests THE SNUTS & ANDREW CUSHIN!
Important Times:
6:00 PM - Doors Open
7:00 PM - Andrew Cushin
8:00 PM - The Snuts
9:00 PM - Louis Tomlinson
Times are all approximate and subject to change.
General admission (lawn tickets):
The venue does not allow camping or overnight parking of any kind.
The lawn is always first come, first served.
Guests may notice a row or seat number on their lawn ticket, but that is only used for tracking purposes.
There are no assigned seats on the lawn.
Blankets are permitted, but for your safety chairs are not allowed.
Subject to updates. Check the venue’s socials for updates!
🔆⚠️HIGH TEMPERATURE ADVISORY ⚠️🔆
HIGH TEMPERATURES expected in Atlanta!
Temperatures will reach above 90ºF/ 32ºC
YOU MUST Hydrate before the show, while waiting in line and during the show
Thunderstorms expected ⛈. Prepare accordingly.
Wear sunscreen!
The whole venue is OUTDOORS. Event is rain or shine!
💧⚠️ HYDRATION ADVISORY ⚠️💧
YOU MUST Hydrate before the show, while waiting in line and during the show
For optimal hydration drink something with electrolytes such as Gatorade or LiquidIV
Eat well!
Here are important things to know:
Ticket screenshots will NOT be accepted. We strongly recommend downloading your tickets BEFORE you arrive at the venue so you do not have any trouble getting into the show.
The venue is cashless! Pay with card and mobile pay!
Multiple ATMs on site located on both plazas near Gate 1 & Gate 4.
Restrooms are located in both plazas, near Gate 1 and near Gate 4.
Parking: Parking is sold on the night of show for $30 plus tax. Handicap Parking is located near Gate 1 on Elliot Galloway Way NE. Please note accessible parking is first come, first served, so if you don't absolutely need it, please park elsewhere.
Taxis & Rideshare: The easiest place to meet a taxi is at the top of the hill by Gate 2 or you can walk to Horseradish Grill. Uber pickup and dropoff is at 4469 Stella Drive NW, Atlanta GA 30342
ADA info here
Cameras: non-professional only, no detachable lenses. Disposable cameras and small digital cameras ok. Any camera that has a detachable lens will not be allowed in. If the camera lens zooms out more than 1 in it will not be allowed in.
Average sized blankets or beach towels ALLOWED
Umbrellas - personal sized only, no sharp points. ALLOWED
Water: 1 factory sealed bottle up to 1 liter/33.8oz per person. Empty Aluminum bottles, refillable plastic water bottles are permitted.
NO Glass containers or cans
NO Alcohol
NO Coolers
NO Animals (except service animals with paperwork)
NO Illegal drugs
NO smoking
NO Lawn chairs
NO Balloons
NO Fireworks or sparklers
NO knives, firearms, Brass knuckles, Tasers & mace/pepper spray or weapons of any kind
NO Wallet chains or Long Chains/Sharp Spikes
NO Recording devices, iPads/laptops
NO Selfie sticks, drones
NO Laser Pointers/flashlights
NO Scooters/Skateboards or Hoverboards
NO Whistles, horns or other noisemakers
NO Strollers or Wagons
There is NO RE-ENTRY!
Lost & Found info here
VIEW VENUE MAP 
VIEW SEAT MAP 
*This list is not exhaustive. Items not appearing on the list may still be prohibited at the discretion of Security.
For more details click here and here
Bag Policy:
Clear plastic, vinyl or PVC tote bags no larger than 12” x 6” x 12” and/or
small clutch bags (6”x 9”), don't have to be clear
NO Large bags or backpacks
Banners, signs and flag policy:
Signs larger than 8.5" x 11" are not allowed. This size is a standard sheet of paper.
All signs must be appropriate in nature and not be a distraction to the artist.
Merch:
Merch will be available for all concerts at our Concert Gear booths located near Gate 1 and near Gate 4.
Please make sure you check that you have the correct size and there are no defects in the shirt before you walk away from the stand.
The venue cannot assist with replacing or refunding any merchandise after the event has ended.
Contact:
For additional questions please call the venue at 404-233-2227. You can also access their website. Check their Twitter and IG for updates. Address: 4469 Stella Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30342. Venue: Cadence Bank Amphitheatre at Chastain Park
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bornetoblood · 1 year
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So, do you agree that the blood replaced alcohol in Yharnam and people could become drunk because of it ? (sorry I didn't know what to ask besides that XD)
NW!!!
YEAH!! I think the old blood gets you really fucking high the first time you take it so I 100000 percent believe it kinda replaced alcohol in Yharnam. You grab a nice warm cup of blood with the boys at the bar after work.
That said, I can absolutely see them mixing alcohol with the blood, specifically wine. If for nothing else the pure vampire aesthetic of it.
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portergage · 1 year
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22 for the Fo4 asks! 💚
Thank youuu for the ask!
22 - Give us a (brief, or not) history lesson of your OC
Buckle up, pal 🫡
- Born and raised in Austin, Texas. Second child to a loving family, he was very close to his older sister, Amanda. His grandmother on his mother’s side was French, and living in Morbihan (part of Brittany), where Nate spent a lot of summers
- Always a popular kid, friend with everyone. He used to play soccer in high school and hanged out with the cliché clique of jocks™️ but he wasn’t much of a douchebag (yet)
- Always knew he was gay, never even kissed a girl
- He participated in several youth army camps and enlisted the day he turned 18. A pure product of the propaganda turned into a complete jarhead
- Sent to Anchorage, he was power armor trained. There, he and the other guys in his team suffered a landmine accident. Nate was the only one to make it out, barely alive, and almost burned to death in his PA. He’s subject to PTSD ever since and became an alcoholic shortly after he was discharged from the army
- He didn’t care about being alive or dead, so when he woke up in Vault 111, he just basically rolled with it (and kept drinking, so much)
- Hanged around the Commonwealth for roughly six months before he heard about Nuka-World and its Gauntlet. He thought "Why not? Either I have fun, or I finally die." He completed the Gauntlet and became Overboss
- NW became everything to him and he eventually found back the will to live thanks to his new people
- He’s been Overboss for two years when he was forced to meet with the Brotherhood of Steel. The rest is history ✨
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bookishforce · 6 months
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crazy disappointed how ofts has handled Ray's addiction storyline. he's awful, as addicts often are at that stage -- addiction IS a health issue but he's in hardcore denial. Sand is a terrible enabler. To make a deal with Ray to go to rehab, to have a session with the psych and what... He's fine??? He's drinking in the bath? At the bar? In the pool? With Sand? I thought Sand wanted to save Ray - not that you can ever save someone from themselves in that way, they have to be ready to accept help. Ray is obviously not ready and they should have left it that way, and just had him keep treading on Sand (because again, that's what addicts like Ray do...) Not turn it into a romantic I'll change for you and go to rehab and next episode that's just out the window and Ray can drink again nws romantic scene with alcohol in the bath?? Sand gives no shits obviously. I don't like either of their characters very much, Ray reminds me of my ex who was a major alcoholic and that didn't end well for me, so Ray's character trajectory is not my cup of tea, but Sand is fine sitting by watching the person he apparently loves drink himself further into the grave and just enables it. If Ray is indeed weaning off alcohol at rehab -- drinking alcohol on top of the medication provided for that can cause death. Ray has the responsibility to get better, but Sand has made himself responsible for ??? reasons and it's just YUCK. it feels romanticised and gross. don't do that. Sand is an absolute martyr and it feels to me like a slap in the face to people that go through addiction & those around them
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oh nw, thank for answering! in that case hi got submission propaganda for Mishima Yuuki from persona 5 bc he is the most mistreated character ik like. Some spoilers but nothing big, also mentions of abuse. imagine being bullied throughout childhood, and now in high school your volleyball coach physically beats you on the regular and likes to call you in especially for beatings since you’re the worst on the team. Finally someone takes a stand against this guy and he ends up fired, and you’re so grateful to these people that you spend every waking moment of free time (including time that should be spent sleeping and taking care of yourself) on a website so they can help more people. Except this group of people that helped you also end up bullying and belittling you. And when you go “hey I’m helping these guys with their popularity and giving them an important resource, I want some credit and to be popular too” they treat you’re like you’re evil and taking advantage of them and ignore your request to try to stop the person who bullied you in childhood and is doing it again now?? So you’re ostracized from the people you admire the most while also spending all your time helping them. Don’t even get me started on how said admired people will throw him into uncomfortable positions for their benefit without apology (ie. giving his contact to an alcoholic journalist so they don’t have to explain themselves.) like I love the main characters and I’m sorry for the autism rant but my boy doesn’t deserve this
don’t forget submissions close soon! check pinned post for details and i will post a reminder soon too :)
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necros-writing-stuff · 11 months
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So Dare would drink himself to death if he lost his spouse, but what if they had had a kid together? Would he keep going for their kid?
Barely. But yes, he does. It's really rough those first few years. He refuses to ever put them down the moment he picks them up from daycare till he has to put them down to bed.
Has a lot of hang ups around restricting them because he's so scared of them being hurt. Kid will be sooooo sheltered.
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nwbeerguide · 10 months
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Made wit smoked chipotle pepper and sweet pineapple 2 Towns Ciderhouse releases Piña Fuego.
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image sourced from 2 Towns Ciderhouse
Press Release
Corvallis, Ore. – June 26, 2023 -Reminiscent of a desert dream, 2 Towns Ciderhouse releases Piña Fuego, a chipotle pineapple cider slated to hit stores in June 2023 as part of 2 Towns’ Limited Release line.
Crafted with fresh-pressed Northwest apples, smoked chipotle peppers and sweet, ripe pineapple, Piña Fuego is the next adaptation in the 2023 Limited Release line. Tropical and smoky, this cider creates a sweet heat fiesta for your taste buds!
“Piña Fuego is the perfect pairing for your tropical BBQ,” said Dave Takush, head cider maker. “It strikes a beautiful balance of sweet and smoky flavors with the ripe pineapple and chipotle peppers – makes you want to grab a horse and ride bareback into the desert sunset.”
Specs 8.0% ABV | Chipotle Pineapple Cider Made with NW apples, smoked chipotle peppers, and sweet pineapple
Cider Profile Deep earthy chili balanced by ripe sweet fruit and a nice kick of heat at the end Grilled pineapple in a bottle
Piña Fuego will be available in 500mL bottles, ½ bbl & ⅙ bbl kegs through distributors in Oregon, Washington, California, Arizona, Colorado, Montana, and Idaho.
About 2 Towns Ciderhouse 2 Towns Ciderhouse was founded on the belief that the long history of cidermaking demands respect and deserves to be done right. Starting with the highest quality, whole ingredients from local farms, we take no shortcuts in crafting our ciders. Over the years our company has retained these core values to branch out into different segments within the alcohol beverage space to become a premium total beverage company. Our goal is to create the best craft beverages on the market and continue to develop and evolve the beverage space in innovative new ways.
From humble beginning in 2010 in an old 900 sq. ft. 2 car garage we have grown into one of the largest craft beverage companies in the northwest now employing over 100 individuals, distributing to 15+ states and running 3 different production facilities totaling almost 100,000 sq. feet. As a family-owned company, we are committed to the growth of our team and enrichment of our communities. We take pride in producing true Northwest craft beverages. For more information on 2 Towns Ciderhouse, visit www.2townsciderhouse.com.
from Northwest Beer Guide - News - The Northwest Beer Guide https://bit.ly/46luymf
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galaxywarp · 1 year
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Hey! If you're still answering questions about addiction - nw if not ofc - I was wondering if you currently have a healthy relationship to any recreational drugs/alcohol or if you are sober, and what that is like for you?
I appreciate reading your story, ty for sharing
I tried to have a healthy recreational relationship with marijuana, but tbh it hasn’t made me feel good for quite a long time ……. I can tell I’m using it just to escape myself and to numb my feelings, and I’ve been through enough rehab and therapy to know that that’s bad and dangerous for me
I really doubt that I’m gonna go the rest of my life without touching weed again, but at least for now I’m taking an indefinite break from it. And so far I actually feel really good about that..! My head feels much more clear, and I’m learning how to be able to sit with myself and be sober without freaking out and desperately getting high
As for alcohol, I never liked drinking. Like, at all. It makes me sick long before I get any fun out of it, so I’ve only been drunk like ….. maybe 3 times in my whole life. Going without it is genuinely no big deal for me
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denuchterekijk · 2 months
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Voor alle duidelijkheid mensen rijden zeker niet sneller dan voorgaande jaren, in tegendeel… De snelheden zijn gewoon overal naar beneden gehaald en volledig afgestemd op de dronken en/of sms’ende weggebruiker.
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eugene114 · 4 months
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Cold Stress
Cold Stress Can be Prevented
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/inline-images/winterweather_scene_0.png
It is important for employers to know the wind chill temperature so that they can gauge workers’ exposure risk better and plan how to safely do the work. It is also important to monitor workers’ physical condition during tasks, especially new workers who may not be used to working in the cold, or workers returning after spending some time away from work.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio is a nationwide network of radio stations broadcasting continuous weather information from the nearest NWS office. It will give information when wind chill conditions reach critical thresholds. A Wind Chill Warning is issued when wind chill temperatures are life threatening. A Wind Chill Advisory is issued when wind chill temperatures are potentially hazardous.
Who is affected by environmental cold?
What is cold stress?
How can cold stress be prevented?
Types of cold stress
Who is affected by environmental cold?
Environmental cold can affect any worker exposed to cold air temperatures and puts workers at risk of cold stress. As wind speed increases, it causes the cold air temperature to feel even colder, increasing the risk of cold stress to exposed workers, especially those working outdoors, such as recreational workers, snow cleanup crews, construction workers, police officers and firefighters. Other workers who may be affected by exposure to environmental cold conditions include those in transit, baggage handlers, water transportation, landscaping services, and support activities for oil and gas operations.
Risk factors for cold stress include:
Wetness/dampness, dressing improperly, and exhaustion
Predisposing health conditions such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and diabetes
Poor physical conditioning
What is cold stress?
What constitutes cold stress and its effects can vary across different areas of the country. In regions that are not used to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are considered factors for "cold stress." Increased wind speed also causes heat to leave the body more rapidly (wind chill effect). Wetness or dampness, even from body sweat, also facilitates heat loss from the body. Cold stress occurs by driving down the skin temperature, and eventually the internal body temperature. When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death may result. Types of cold stress include: trench foot, frostbite, hypothermia, and chilblains.
For more information, see OSHA's Cold Stress Safety and Health Guide.
How can cold stress be prevented?
Although OSHA does not have a specific standard that covers working in cold environments, under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970, employers have a duty to protect workers from recognized hazards, including cold stress hazards, that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm in the workplace.
Employers should train workers. Training should include:
How to recognize the environmental and workplace conditions that can lead to cold stress.
The symptoms of cold stress, how to prevent cold stress, and what to do to help those who are affected.
How to select proper clothing for cold, wet, and windy conditions.
Employers should:
Monitor workers physical condition.
Schedule frequent short breaks in warm dry areas, to allow the body to warm up.
Schedule work during the warmest part of the day.
Use the buddy system (work in pairs).
Provide warm, sweet beverages. Avoid drinks with alcohol.
Stay well nourished by snacking on high carbohydrate foods.
Avoid touching cold metal or wet surfaces with bare skin.
Provide engineering controls such as radiant heaters.
Types of Cold Stress
Immersion/Trench Foot
Trench foot is a non-freezing injury of the feet caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions. It can occur in temperatures as high as 60°F if feet are constantly wet. Injury occurs because wet feet lose heat 25-times faster than dry feet. [CDC/NIOSH]
What are the symptoms of trench foot?
Redness of the skin, numbness, tingling, pain, swelling, leg cramps, blisters, bleeding under the skin, and Gangrene.
First Aid
Call 911 immediately in an emergency; otherwise seek medical assistance as soon as possible.
Remove wet shoes/boots and wet socks.
Dry the feet and avoid working on them.
Keep affected feet elevated and avoid walking on feet as this may cause tissue damage and seek medical attention.
Frostbite
Frostbite is caused by the freezing of the skin and tissues. Frostbite can cause permanent damage to the body, and in severe cases can lead to amputation. The risk of frostbite is increased in people with reduced blood circulation and among people who are not dressed properly for extremely cold temperatures.
What are the symptoms of frostbite?
Reddened skin develops gray/white patches in the fingers, toes, nose, or ear lobes; tingling, aching, a loss of feeling, firm/hard, and blisters may occur in the affected areas.
First Aid
Get into a warm room as soon as possible.
Unless necessary, do not walk on frostbitten feet or toes.
Follow the recommendations described above for hypothermia.
Protect the frostbitten area, e.g., by wrapping loosely in a dry cloth and protect the area from contact until medical help arrives.
DO NOT rub or massage the affected area, because rubbing causes damage to the skin and tissue.
DO NOT try to re-warm the frostbitten area before getting medical help, for example, do not use heating pads or place in warm water. If a frostbitten area is rewarmed and gets frozen again, more tissue damage will occur. It is safer for the frostbitten area to be rewarmed by medical professionals.
Give warm sweetened drinks if alert (no alcohol).
Hypothermia
Hypothermia occurs when the normal body temperature (98.6°F) drops to less than 95°F. Exposure to cold temperatures causes the body to lose heat faster than it can be produced. Prolonged exposure to cold will eventually use up the body’s stored energy. The result is hypothermia, or abnormally low body temperature. Hypothermia is most likely at very cold temperatures, but it can occur even at cool temperatures (above 40°F) if a person becomes chilled from rain, sweat, or immersion in cold water.
What are the symptoms of hypothermia?
An important mild symptom of hypothermia is uncontrollable shivering, which should not be ignored. Although shivering indicates that the body is losing heat, it also helps the body to rewarm itself. Moderate to severe symptoms of hypothermia are loss of coordination, confusion, slurred speech, heart rate/breathing slow, unconsciousness and possibly death. Body temperature that is too low affects the brain, making the victim unable to think clearly or move well. This makes hypothermia particularly dangerous because a person may not know what is happening and won’t be able to do anything about it.
First Aid
Call 911 immediately in an emergency:
Move the worker to a warm room or vehicle.
Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry clothing. Wrap the entire body (including the head and neck) in layers of blankets; and with a vapor barrier (e.g. tarp, garbage bag) Do not cover the face.
Give warm sweetened drinks if alert (no alcohol), to help increase the body temperature. Never try to give a drink to an unconscious person.
Place warm bottles or hot packs in armpits, sides of chest, and groin. Call 911 for additional rewarming instructions.
If the worker has no pulse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be provided and continued until the person responds or medical aid becomes available.
Chilblains
Chilblains are painful inflammation of small blood vessels in the skin, caused by the repeated exposure of skin to temperatures just above freezing to as high as 60°F.
What are the symptoms of Chilblains?
Redness, itching, possible blistering, inflammation, and possible ulceration in severe cases.
First Aid
Avoid scratching.
Slowly warm the skin.
Use corticosteroid cream to relieve itching and swelling.
Keep blisters and ulcers clean and covered.
Wind Chill Temperature: A Guide for Employers
Outdoor workers exposed to cold and windy conditions are at risk of cold stress, both air temperature and wind speed affect how cold they feel. Wind Chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat loss from the human body, resulting from the combined effect of low air temperature, and wind speed. The Wind Chill Temperature is a single value that takes both air temperature, and wind speed into account. For example, when the air temperature is 40°F, and the wind speed is 35mph, the wind chill temperature is 28°F; this measurement is the actual effect of the environmental cold on the exposed skin.
National Weather Service (NWS) Wind Chill Calculator: With this tool, one may input the air temperature and wind speed, and it will calculate the wind chill temperature.
Know Your Winter Weather Terms
Blizzard Warning: Issued for sustained or gusty winds of 35 mph or more, and falling or blowing snow creating visibilities at or below 1/4 mile; these conditions should persist for at least 3 hours.
Wind Chill Advisory: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be a significant inconvenience to life with prolonged exposure, and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to hazardous exposure.
Wind Chill Warning: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be hazardous to life within several minutes of exposure.
Winter Storm Warning: Issued when hazardous winter weather in the form of heavy snow, blizzard conditions, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet is imminent or occurring. Winter Storm Warnings are usually issued 12 to 24 hours before the event is expected to begin.
Winter Storm Watch: Alerts the public to the possibility of a blizzard, heavy snow, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet. Winter Storm watches are usually issued 12 to 48 hours before the beginning of a Winter Storm.
Winter Weather Advisories: Issued for accumulations of snow, freezing rain, freezing drizzle, and sleet which will cause significant inconveniences and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to life threatening situations.
(From: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA))OSHA is a Weather-Ready Nation Ambassador committed to working with NOAA and other Ambassadors to strengthen national preparedness for and resilience against extreme weather.
Page last reviewed date: February 17, 2023
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