At the centre of Rosalind Franklin’s tombstone in London’s Willesden Jewish Cemetery is the word “scientist”. This is followed by the inscription, “Her research and discoveries on viruses remain of lasting benefit to mankind.” As one of the twentieth century’s pre-eminent scientists, Franklin’s work has benefited all of humanity. The one-hundredth anniversary of her birth this month is prompting much reflection on her career and research contributions, not least Franklin’s catalytic role in unravelling the structure of DNA.

. . .

But Franklin’s remarkable work on DNA amounts to a fraction of her record and legacy. She was a tireless investigator of nature’s secrets, and worked across biology, chemistry and physics, with a focus on research that mattered to society. She made important advances in the science of coal and carbon, and she became an expert in the study of viruses that cause plant and human diseases. In essence, it is because of Franklin, her collaborators and successors, that today’s researchers are able to use tools such as DNA sequencing and X-ray crystallography to investigate viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

. . .

Franklin was an inveterate traveller on the global conference circuit and a collaborator with international partners. She won a rare grant (with Klug) from the US National Institutes of Health. She was a global connector in the booming early days of research into virus structures: an expert in pathogenic viruses who had gained an international reputation and cared deeply about putting her research to use. It is a travesty that Franklin is mostly remembered for not receiving full credit for her contributions to the discovery of DNA’s structure. That part of Franklin’s life story must never be forgotten, but she was so much more than the “wronged heroine”, and it’s time to recognize her for the full breadth and depth of her research career.

Today in Hip Hop History:

KRS-One was born August 20, 1965

Pratt & Whitney F119 Engine Powering The F-22 Raptor.

➤➤ PRATT & WHITNEY PART 2: https://youtu.be/u0csHkmgYIo

quick reminder every dystopian novel is about the present. they are not predictions of the future. they are critiques of the now.

Hi. Even though I don't share your ideas about politics, vaccines, climate, etc. (I say this for intellectual honesty), I found your idea of androphilia curious, even if extreme. There is, however, one inconsistency that I would like to bring to your attention. I think that the culture that expressed your concept of androphilia in the highest and most all-encompassing way is not the Eastern Muslim world at all, but a civilization more than a thousand years older, namely Ancient Greece. Searching for androphilia in Islamic culture, as you did, involves forcing it, when instead among the ancient Greeks already mythology, that is, the highest expression of their religion, contained this theme, even if sometimes modern culture did not allow us case: think of the warrior loves of Achilles and Patroclus or of Theseus and Pirithous, or the myth of Caeneus, who was a woman transformed into a man. For the ancient Greeks, loving other men increases one's virility, one's honor, one's strength, while the sole love for women makes one weak and weak. There is an entire oration by an author of the late Roman period that celebrates the androphilic ancient Greeks who managed to defeat the Persians, who were inferior because they were heterosexual; even Alexander the Great, who also had an androphilic relationship with Hephaestion, completely conquered and subdued the Persians. You can read the oration here: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/21*.html. No Islamic people has ever expressed androphilia in such a strong and explicit way. Even gymnastics and wrestling, which you consider your nation's sport, originate from the Greeks and not from the Arab world. In the Middle Ages, Muslim culture itself drew considerably from Greek culture for its literary works and technologies, whose superiority it recognized. In short, the Greeks were declared androphiles, a thousand years older than Muhammad, inventors of the fight, they subjugated the eastern peoples and knew how to combine strength and wisdom. I would take them as a model of the perfect androphilic society. Certainly this would involve a total rethinking of aesthetic categories on your part, given that modern Western canons descend directly from the Greek ones and are therefore also in this case much, much older than your ideal (bald head, hair, belly, etc.), which for the Greeks it was a total disgrace. Make of my suggestion what you like: I have never insulted anyone who thinks differently from me. However, I invite you to observe that the roots on which our Western civilization is based (because the ancient Greeks are this) are far more androphilic than the Arabs or Persians ever were, and our European aesthetic canons are the fruit of that truly androphilic culture.

Thanks for sharing your opinion! I like to use this as an opportunity to justify my worldview.

The West can never be a role model!

The list of topics at the beginning shows that there is much more disagreement than just a different image of men. In my opinion, it is confirming that you represent the Western system opinion – I guess as an academic – and at the same time defend the West's image of men. As you yourself stated, I have an absolutely clear position on these topics and expect the same from my bros, because for me these are indicators to measure mental fitness. Of course, you are welcome to see it differently and continue to get the dirt of some criminal mafia-like pharmaceutical companies injected into you, or believe that 0.039% CO2 in the atmosphere, 96% of which is of natural origin, would be a reason to give up our industry and destroy any prosperity.

Just the other day I read how Green Maoists in Germany are slitting the tires of thousands of SUVs because these cars are supposedly "harmful to the climate." Then more news about athletes and other prominent persons, who died suddenly and unexpectedly; or that "non-binary" teen from Oklahoma, whose death is certainly not due to violence, as this clientele in particular was very willing to pick up several boosters. And here too I wonder how you can defend the West, which wants to turn everyone into androgynous, sexless and emotionally dulled grays through LGBTQ+ ideology, brain-destroying chemicals in vaccines, and a completely dysfunctional selection, regarding whether reproduction or social life. I just have to look at our politicians who are the epitome of incompetence lacking any basics. How can this dirt make it to the top of the most powerful states?! How can Western men willingly let these scum tell them what to do?!

From this context, it is impossible for me to accept the Western canon of values, even if it is just some reference to its roots.

The official historiography is completely falsified

I can very well understand your reverence for ancient culture. However, there are also a few problems here: You always talk about “Greeks”. But the people you are referring to are called “Hellenes”. Today's Greeks don't really have much in common with the ancient Hellenes, apart from language. It is also often forgotten that there was a major period in between, that of the Byzantine Empire, which is the true origin of Greek-speaking settlement around the Mediterranean and in Asia Minor. Most likely, all of the supposedly "antique" looking buildings originate from the Byzantine period and later served as inspiration for an ancient "Hellas"; or they are even remains from a much older civilization technologically superior to us.

But ancient Greece as portrayed in official school textbooks is just a modern fiction that aimed to create a glorious past for itself, much as it was typical for European nobles to imagine a family tree that goes back to some ancient personage or tribe, to cement their claim to power, especially among usurpers.

What hardly anyone knows today is that the "ancient" appearance of Greece emerged at the time when Prince Otto of Bavaria became the first king of Greece. He was incredibly fascinated by the Hellenistic world through childhood stories; and then, unsurprisingly, went wild during his reign and had everything in Greece redesigned according to his fantasies. In this way, typical medieval post-Byzantine cities became ancient-looking landscapes with the recreated ruins of old temple complexes. It is also significant that all sites in Greece are unquestioningly declared to be ancient. For example, when medical tools are unearthed, it is immediately said that they are "testimony of the great ancient Greek culture", although they could just as easily have been medical equipment from the late Middle Ages or the 17th century. Most of what can be seen in our museums today is probably incorrectly dated and only cements an existing false image of history.

I am therefore a critic of historical chronology according to the views of Wilhelm Kammeier, Uwe Topper and Heribert Illig, who spent their lives going into the archives that still exist and studying the original sources. They recognized contradictions to the official interpretation and had to realize that many centuries simply could not be proven and were thus extremely questionable. For example, a development took place in a century, then abruptly there was no progress for a long time, total stagnation with no finds, and suddenly the development continues where it left off 150 years earlier. The most obvious conclusion here is that these were centuries added later, possibly in the monasteries of the late Middle Ages or later on a larger scale by the Jesuits. This may sound strange to begin with, but we must not forget that the Church had the monopoly on education in Europe until the 18th century and in fact no one except the clergy and nobility could read and write.

Moreover, the chronology critics found that for every ancient event you can also find a similar one from modern times. But even medieval greats like “Charlemagne” may never have existed.

Most ancient texts are modern fictions

Many of what we now call "ancient lore" are simply fictions of Italian humanists, for whom it was a popular sport to invent such texts under Latin or Greek pseudonyms. This was often a medium to differentiate themselves from the stronger north by attaching a primitive past to it: Wild Germanic tribes who lived in longhouses with their animals and were simply inferior in every respect to the great civilization of Rome. At this point you will understand why, as a German, I am already vomiting and simply refusing to identify with this forerunner of the West.

I don't think this primitive image of Germanic people is true in any way, especially since there is also evidence that German cities are significantly older than assumed. Consequently, this Western classicism as a supposed “retrospective” is thus a means of cultural oppression.

In addition, it seems pretty silly to me to identify with those ancient Greek legends, which is why I still avoid seeing myself as a "European". That's just an idiotic fantasy term from some fiction of a Greek setting. It's not much different if we would call Europe "Middle-earth" after Tolkien. I would much rather prefer the name "Germania", because it was the Germanic peoples who subjugated and shaped the entire continent, and not some donkey republic called Greece!

My roots are not Greek!

Furthermore, I think that the ancient Indian culture from which Muslim architecture emerged is superior to the Western one. The shapes, patterns, warm colors are truly much more organic, more inviting. On the other hand, cold classicism adorns every western government building and thus became representative of an empire that functions according to unrestrained exploitation, mindless materialism and blind obedience to authority; all things that I fundamentally reject!

It is also known that Germans, Iranians and North Indians share a common Indo-Germanic heritage. I am even of the opinion that my Germanic ancestors most likely came from Central Asia, and later mixed with the subjugated farming peoples of Europe, which went down in common Germanic mythology as the war between the superior Aesir ("Asia"?) and the rural Vanes. The linguistic connection between Germanic languages, Persian and Hindustani / Sanskrit is a well-known fact and can only be explained by a common origin or a common phase of proximity. In addition, you can still find tribes in Iran and Central Asia today that are not very mixed and appear surprisingly Germanic with light eyes and blonde or red hair. There is even the theory that the Germans are descendants, a reincarnation, of the ancient Assyrians, but I have not yet found any solid evidence for this. So it's easy to see that there are much more reasons for me to turn east!

You forgot their Greek dicklets!

Those homoerotic and supposedly "ancient Greek" stories are definitely very nice, but I just have to shrug my shoulders here and ask myself: Are they fiction or did this setting actually exist? Perhaps these stories were just the only way to express homoerotic ideas by publishing under a Greek or Latin pseudonym in a time when sex was considered fundamentally immoral and limited to procreation. And since the church itself relied on ancient greats to justify its claim to power, ancient authorship was the only way to express itself freely in literature. In contrast, the pre-colonial Muslim world was much more sexually permissive, homoerotic and bisexual. If I had had the choice back then, I would have definitely preferred a life as a Muslim man in Al Andalus over the Western Christian crap with their chastity and poor hygiene!

And if you really want to uphold the ancient Hellenic male ideals, then please don't forget their glorification of mini dicks:

At that time they wanted to distance themselves from the animally hairy Anatolian beasts with their large monsters. That included tiny dicks, for whatever reason…

If you look more closely, the overall features even appear very androgynous; maybe some alien ideals, since the "gods" were also smooth and small-dicked, if they ever had genitals; in order to be closer to their divine creators by distancing themselves from the lower, more earth-typical tiervolk (animal-like people).

Sorry, but I'd rather stay true to myself and watch my dark blonde Germanic beard grow longer and longer, parallel to my belly, while my baldness continues to work its way to all sides. That sets me apart more, because I don't want to be a dead, smooth statue of the West with androgynous features, but a real man!

Muslims are more collective and androphilic

My country is literally flooded with Turks, Arabs, Afghans, North Africans; therefore I can very well observe the difference between these and western men. While Western men prefer to be alone, you will almost never see a Muslim not surrounded by some his bros. And you will never see women in their midst as they are either well hidden or at home. Cunts are effectively out of sight, so all eyes are on their brothers. You are thus more likely to receive a compliment from a Muslim about how beautiful your eyes are or how great your beard is. In the Middle East you can even see them hugging or kissing, which is already considered totally gay in our culture. They simply think more of their own kind and stick together closely in men's groups, while Western dudes are simply loners who reject any contact with one another as "wrong". In short, Muslims are much more androphilic than Western men; hence I have to disagree with you at this point too.

I'm honestly not interested in your stories about some smooth androgynous Hellenic world conquerors, because they're just stories that I have no connection to and whose veracity I generally strongly doubt. I'm a realist and pragmatist, and the current reality is just completely different. Identifying myself with something that supposedly took place 3,000 years ago is, as I've already said, not much better than cosplaying Tolkien's Middle-earth. It's silly. Especially since, as an East German, I have a significantly more anti-Western viewpoint that I will never give up. I feel more connected to my Arab and North African brothers than to anyone else on this planet because, not least, we share common destinies as unpleasant nations that the West wants to destroy. There is therefore no reason for me to adopt your canon of values.

Last but not least, I have already described in my other essays that I fundamentally want a synthesis between our cultures, between Germanic, African, Arabic, Persian and other Central Asian nationalities; a new androphilic culture that combines the best of the existing ones, embodied by a brotherhood and new shared way of life that focuses on love between men. This also includes the question of the best model of life for us, such as gender separation and the preference for masculine women in order to gradually adapt their external physiques to men without losing the ability to give birth; here, secondary male sexual characteristics are good indicators. For example, in the Arab world you can already find some women who are naturally quite bearded and thus form a good basis for better reproductive partners compared to weak Western women, who are often physically overwhelmed by just giving one birth, although they are perceived as more feminine (possibly because they are too weakly built due to incorrect sexual preferences over the last thousands of years); whereas Arab and African women calve much more easily. So, unlike you, I don't want to reject heterosexuality, but rather make it androphilic.

—

By the way, wrestling was not invented by the Greeks, but is much older and even typically oriental.

Nahdet Masr tér, Mahhmoud Mokhtar alkotásának neve Egypt's Renaissance. Háttérben az Egyiptomi Egyetem. Fortepan

Battle of Gettysburg - Day 3

July 3

3:00 PM

The Confederate Attack Advances to Cemetery Ridge

The Confederates marched out in orderly lines, flags flying ahead of each regiment. For the Union troops atop Cemetery Ridge, it looked like the enemy was prepared to present themselves on the parade ground. However, this was not the parade ground. Soon the slaughter will begin.

Slowly, the Union and Confederate guns opposing one another began to slacken their fire. Eventually, there was a defeaning silence in the field. The bombardment was over, it was now time for the infantry to play its part.

Presenting himself before General Longstreet, Pickett asked inquired if he should advance his division and begin the assault on Cemetery Ridge. Longstreet remained silent. He still did not believe in the plan and knew that his troops would be slaughtered. Unable to say a word, Longstreet merely bowed his head is response.

With that the Confederates began their final preparations for the assault. Meanwhile, on Cemetery Ridge, Union troops dusted themselves off and, recovering themselves after the intense bombardment, readied themselves for the assault many knew would come.

Moving to his division as they prepared to advance, Pickett road along his line, shouting encouragements to his troops. "Charge the enemy, and remember old Virginia!" He told them.

Meanwhile, General Armistead, one of Pickett's brigade commanders, told his troops: "Men, remember your wives, your mothers, your sisters, and your sweethearts!"

All in all, the equivalent of six brigades and three small regiments, numbering around 10,500 Confederate troops, was to attack a ridge defended by just 5,750 Union troops.

At 3:00 in the afternoon the Confederate force advanced. Pickett's division, forming the right wing, stepped off south of Spangler's Woods. Meanwhile, Pettigrew's Brigades, with Trimble's Brigades behind them, formed the left flank and advanced north of Spangler's Woods. In their march, both Pettigrew and Trimble simply had to move east in order to read Cemetery Ridge. Pickett, however, was moving in a south-east direction and would continue to do so until his division reached the Emmitsburg Road, when his division would wheel and begin to move in a north-east direction.

As they advanced, the once concealed Confederate infantry soon came into view of the Union forces at Cemetery Ridge. "Here they come! Here come the Johnnies!" Was the call that rung along the Union position.

Almost immidiately upon coming into view, Union artillery at Little Round top and Cemetery Hill began opening up, firing long-range shots at them. This artillery fire struck the advancing Confederate lines and began to take down troops. It will only get worse as they got closer.

However, despite the long-range shots that were taking down a couple of troops, the overall casualties were still low. So far, the advance was going well. Despite this, Brockenbrough's Confederate Brigade, which formed the left-most line, was begining to faulter. As they continued their advance, the brigade encountered fire from the north, on its left flank. This was the 8th Ohio Regiment, which was advance of the Union line, acting as skirmishers. Instead of falling back, they decided to form up and hold their ground. Now their musketry was hitting Brockenbrough's left flank and when the 8th Ohio decided to charge, Brockenbrough's Confederate Brigade, which was suffering from low morale, broke and fell back.

Despite the loss of a brigade, the Confederate advance continued. However, as they got closer, they soon came into range of the Union artillery's canister shot. Canister shot essentially turned cannons into shotguns. Such fire were often devastating to compact formations - such as the ones the Confederates were in.

Firing canister, Union guns managed to tear holes upon the Confederate lines. Desperately, Confederate officers and NCOs tried to reorganize their troops. "Close up!" They would order. "Close up!"

Despite the devastating effect of the Union artillery, the Confederate lines continued to lurch forward. Meanwhile, Union infantry at Cemetery Ridge laid on the ground and held their fire. "Steady, boys! Hold your positions; don't fire till the word is given; keep cool; lie low until the order is given to fire!"

Kemper's Confederate Brigade, which was the right most brigade of Pickett's Division, was thew first to get close to the Union position at Cememtery Ridge. Once they got within range, the 13th, 14, and 16th Vermont Regiments got up and opned fire. "Make raedy, take good aim, fire low!" Their officers ordered. "Fire!"

The Vermont regiment's volley ripped through Kemper's Brigade. In reaction, the Confederates returned fire.

Meanwhile, Garnett Confederate Brigades was 250 yard from Union positions on the stone wall. At that moment, the troops from Gibbon's Union Division stood up and let loose against them. Firing heavy volleys, they struck the Confederate forces hard, as troops fell in waves. To add to the chaos, Union gunners continued to fire canister shot on them.

North of Garnett's Brigade, Archer's Confederate Brigade encountered an obstable. A post-and-plank fence blocked their way, forcing them to climb it - slowing them down as they too endured musket and canister fire. Farther north, Pettigrew and Davis' Confederates were also being slowed down by a fence, as canister fire riddled them as they approached.

Seeing the Confederates struggle, troops from the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment began to taunt them. "Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!" They cried out. During the battle of Fredericksburg the previous year, Union troops made a disastorous charge against Confederate forces behind a stone wall atop a ridge. Now the tables have turned and the 20th Massachusetts weren't afraid to tell this.

The Confederate advance had temporarily stalled. However, many of the brigades were concentrating in a portion of the Union line known as the Angle - as the stone wall, which ran from north to south, angled to a east to west direction at this point. At this portion of the line, Union troops were the weakest and the line was thin. A concentrated attack there may break the Union defense and ensure victory for the Confederates.

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Featuring @nopony-ask-mclovin and @asktwilighteclipse as members of the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, as they taunt the advancing Confederate forces.

- Timothy Snyder - The Road to Unfreedom

i learned that John Garand, who designed the M-1 rifle that bears his name, never received any royalties for the design and that an attempt to award him $100 000 by an act of Congress failed despite almost six million rifles being produced (x)

Jeanne d'Arc - Marble Statue commissioned for Marie d'Orleans - 1837 - Unknown sculptor

June 4

Today in Hip Hop History:

Chris Lighty died August 30, 2012 R.I.P.

If history has taught us anything, it has taught us that the Battle of Agincourt happened in 1415.

AAAAAAAAAAA WHY ARE MEDIEVAL CHURCHES SO BEAUTIFUL

poverty and capitalism