#enzyme
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Absorption of light allows 11-cis-retinal to relax from a bent shape (arising from the cis double bond) to a lower energy, all-trans arrangement. The straighter all-trans-retinal can no longer fit in the receptor designed for 11-cis-retinal and is ejected. This change leads to differences in cell membrane potential and, as ions are pumped into the cell, this response turns into a nerve impulse that travels to the brain. That is not the end of the matter; the all-trans-retinal generated by this process is reconverted to 11-cis-retinal by specific enzymes, which can re-bind into the receptor, ready to interact with another photon of light.
FIGURE 16.21 The chemistry of colour detection in the eye following absorption of a particular wavelength of light by rhodopsin.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quote#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#light absorption#light#wavelength#rhodopsin#cis#trans#cell membrane#retinal#receptor#enzyme#opsin#photon#straight#oops all trans
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Could you explain enzymes to me? I have a test today 💀
I could not, would not, and will not ever explain anything of this sort, especially about enzymes, especially with a test on the subject at hand, and will thus not say anything further in this post:
The word "Enzyme" comes from its first discoverer, Robert N. Zyme. Zyme discovered the first enzyme on his exploration of the South Pole, which went off course and ended up in the stomach, where several enzymes were present. The largest Enzyme, Lyso Zyme, bonded with Robert over their same last names and the rest, as they say, is history- Though enzymes are usually studied in biology rather than history class.
Enzymes are the body’s catalysts, which means they are the parts of us most capable of speed running Dark Souls and other FromSoft games.
There are seven types of enzyme, all of which are present in the human mouth, and none of which can be pronounced by it.
Allosteric Modulation is one of the most important parts of how enzymes work, and as such it will not be addressed here at all.
Some enzymes need "cofactors" to work. Much like Mario cannot exit a level's special exit without a key, some enzymes need additional ingredients to be active. An enzyme and its cofactor together are called a "holo-enzyme," named because it sounds cool and sci-fi like.
Enzymes help substances reach a chemical equilibrium. Once they reach that equilibrium, the enzyme will usually fuck off to Newark and start a new reaction, then fail to send any support and refuse to see the resulting substances, repeating this process until they die of old age, alone like they fucking deserve, the assholes.
Enzymes can also be slowed by enzyme inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitions include social anxiety, sexual prudity, and fear of intimacy. Much like myself, enzymes are no less inhibited around alcohol.
The popular anniversary and new year song "Auld Lang Zyme" is about enzymes.
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Enzyme - Golden Dystopian Age LP (Full Album)
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Enzyme tape
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This enzyme catalyses the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-gluconic acid.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
#book quote#chemistry#nonfiction#textbook#enzyme#glucose oxidase#oxidation#chemical reactions#glucopyranose#glucose#gluconic acid
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last 2 main patches on the pants, gonna start layering some other ones on top soon 😁😁😁
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So yeah, I was studying yesterday and I got hit all of a sudden by the 1AM art inspiration and I thought … what if… PROTEINS BUT REAL???
Non-Specific Enzyme Man (with a prosthetic(-group) hand. The hole in the middle is supposed to be the active site.
Aldolase! They need an actual name. All of them.
And Keratin. He slays.
Anyway, I sneaked some biology references (wow, really?? On a post about characters based on BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?? Really?? Who could have thought- k sorry the joke got old in like 3 seconds) see if you can spot em’. Yes I’m fully expecting ya’ll to read my mind and get every (ultra vague) detail/jk
#ok but I would totally ramble about enzymes and the little details I included here BUT.#hdjshdjsjd don’t wanna make a long post#cuz like. i gotta explain too much and it 1 gets boring 2 am bad at explaining an if I mess up the information all the peptide linkages in>#my body would break because of shame and guilt#and there is no chaperonin that could put me back together. BADUM TSS#art#my art#artist on tumblr#biology#character concept#dragon#dragon oc#monster#enzyme#protein#anthro#furry#doodle#design#original character#science art#biology art#nature art#colourful#digital art
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There are two main sources of these sugars: sugar cane (figure 19.5) and grains.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
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[Detect Sequence Sequence Sequence S e e e q u e n c e ]
Sequence? Sequence!
*NOM NOM NOM*
A d i o s
#this amazing gif I found of restriction enzymes#it’s SO HYPER I LOVE IT#fave#biology#random#funny#dna#enzyme
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Even the Oldest Eukaryote Fossils Show Dazzling Diversity and Complexity - Technology Org
New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/even-the-oldest-eukaryote-fossils-show-dazzling-diversity-and-complexity-technology-org/
Even the Oldest Eukaryote Fossils Show Dazzling Diversity and Complexity - Technology Org
The sun has just set on a quiet mudflat in Australia’s Northern Territory; it’ll set again in another 19 hours. A young moon looms large over the desolate landscape. No animals scurry in the waning light. No leaves rustle in the breeze. No lichens encrust the exposed rock. The only hint of life is some scum in a few puddles and ponds. And among it lives a diverse microbial community of our ancient ancestors.
A soft summer evening in the Paleoproterozoic, as envisioned by DALL-E. Image credit: DALL-E, prompt by Harrison Tasoff.
In a new account of exquisitely preserved microfossils, researchers at UC Santa Barbara and McGill University revealed that eukaryotic organisms had already evolved into a diverse array of forms even 1.64 billion years ago.
The paper, published in the journal Papers in Paleontology, recounts an assemblage of eukaryotic fossils from an era early in the group’s evolutionary history. The authors describe four new taxa, as well as evidence of several advanced characteristics already present in these early eukaryotes.
“These are among the oldest eukaryotes that have ever been discovered,” explained lead author Leigh Anne Riedman, an assistant researcher in UCSB’s Department of Earth Science. “Yet, even in these first records we’re seeing a lot of diversity.”
Eukarya forms one of the major domains of life, encompassing the plant, animal and fungi clades, as well as all other groups whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, like protists and seaweeds.
Many scientists had thought early eukaryotes were all fairly similar during the late Paleoproterozoic, and that diversification took place around 800 million years ago. But Riedman and her co-authors found fossils of a delightfully diverse, and complex, cast of characters in rock nearly twice as old.
Limbunyasphaera operculata is a new species that shows a small door opening into the cell. Photo Credit: Riedman et al.
Scientists knew from previous studies that eukaryotes had evolved by this time, but their diversity in this era was poorly understood. So Riedman headed to the Outback in late 2019. Within one week, she had collected about 430 samples from eight cores drilled by a prospecting company; they now reside in the library of the Northern Territory Geological Survey. The two cores used for this study spanned roughly 500 meters of stratigraphy, or 133 million years, with around 15 million years of significant deposition.
Riedman returned to the United States with shale and mudstone: remnants of an ancient coastal ecosystem that alternated between shallow, subtidal mudflats and coastal lagoons. A dip in hydrofluoric acid dissolved the matrix rock, concentrating the precious microfossils which she then analyzed under the microscope.
“We were hoping to find species with interesting and different characteristics to their cell walls,” Riedman said. She hoped that these features could shed light on what was happening within the cells during this time period. Reaching any conclusions about the cellular interior would require a great deal of sleuthing, though, since the fossils preserve only the exterior of the cells.
The researchers were surprised by the diversity and complexity preserved in these fossils. They recorded 26 taxa, including 10 previously undescribed species. The team found indirect evidence of cytoskeletons, as well as platy structures that suggest the presence of internal vesicles in which the plates were formed — perhaps ancestral to Golgi bodies, present in modern eukaryotic cells. Other microbes had cell walls made of bound fibers, similarly suggestive of the presence of a complex cytoskeleton.
The authors also found cells with a tiny trapdoor, evidence of a degree of sophistication. Some microbes can form a cyst to wait out unfavorable environmental conditions. In order to emerge, they need to be able to etch an opening in their protective shell.
Making this door is a specialized process. “If you’re going to produce an enzyme that dissolves your cell wall, you need to be really careful about how you use that enzyme,” Riedman said. “So in one of the earliest records of eukaryotes, we’re seeing some pretty impressive levels of complexity.”
Many people in the field had thought this ability emerged later, and the evidence for it in this assemblage further emphasizes how diverse and advanced eukaryotes were even at this early juncture.
“The assumption has always been that this is around the time that eukaryotes appeared. And now we think that people just haven’t explored older rocks,” said co-author Susannah Porter, an Earth science professor at UC Santa Barbara.
This paper is part of a larger project investigating early eukaryote evolution. Riedman and Porter want to know in what environments early eukaryotes were diversifying, why they were there, when they migrated to other places, and what adaptations they needed in order to fill those new niches.
A big part of this effort involves understanding when different characteristics of eukaryotes first arose. For instance, the authors are quite interested to learn whether these organisms were adapted to oxygenated or anoxic environments.
The former would suggest that they had an aerobic metabolism, and possibly mitochondria. Every modern eukaryote that’s been found descends from ancestors that possessed mitochondria. This suggests that eukaryotes acquired the organelle very early on, and that it provided a significant advantage.
Riedman and Porter are currently working on a fresh account of eukaryote diversity through time. They’ve also collected even older samples from Western Australia and Minnesota. Meanwhile, their geochemist collaborators at McGill are spearheading a study on oxygen levels and preferred eukaryote habitats, aspects that could shed light on their evolution.
“These results are a directive to go look for older material, older eukaryotes, because this is clearly not the beginning of eukaryotes on Earth,” Riedman said.
Source: UCSB
#Animals#Australia#billion#Biotechnology news#cell#Cells#Chemistry & materials science news#Community#complexity#dall-e#deal#diversity#domains#earth#Environmental#enzyme#eukaryotic cells#Evolution#Explained#Features#fibers#form#Forms#Fossils#fungi#Genetic engineering news#History#how#it#Landscape
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Get with it shitheads
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biotech.bae Researchers have discovered an enzyme that uses hydrogen in the atmosphere to create an electrical current.
The enzyme, Huc, was extracted from the bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis and is able to consume hydrogen at levels as low as 0.00005% of the air we breathe.
The researchers used cutting-edge methods such as cryo-EM microscopy, electrochemistry, and molecular modelling to determine the enzyme's atomic structure and electrical pathways, as well as identify specific regions of the protein that allow hydrogen gas to enter the active site.
This discovery could pave the way for small air-powered devices as an alternative to solar-powered devices, but scaling up the production of the enzyme is still a key objective for future work.
DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7
(Source: @biotech.bae Instagram page)
#science#Science and Technology#mad science#enzyme#enzymes#Molecular#molecular biology#cryo#electron microscopy#mycobacterium
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Rate of Chemical Reactions
-- an enzyme is a catalyst
-- the rate of a chemical reaction increases when the concentration of the reactants increases, or the temperature increases, or a catalyst is present
-- a catalyst, or an enzyme, increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently
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the human enzyme galactokinase
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Was goofing around instead of doing homework and discovered this
BEHOLD
The ANTI BINGLE
#they fit together like heckin puzzle pieces#enzyme#yes I have access to a bingle#unfortunately it isn’t mine#bingle#we stay silly :3
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