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𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬𝐳 𝐁𝐨𝐝𝐨 (December 28, 1899 - October 7, 1943) was born as Bohdan Eugène Junod probably in Geneva, Warsaw or Łódź. His father was Swiss and his mother was Polish. After his father founded the Urania cinema-theater in 1907, he began performing on stage in Warsaw cabarets. His career took off quickly and he began appearing in films alongside the great movie stars of the time. He created his stage name from the first two letters of his middle name and two letters of his mother's name. His most famous role was created in the film "Piętro wyżej" ("Floor above"), where he sang his most famous song in his performance, "Umówiłem się z nią na dziewiątą" ("I made an appointment with her at nine o'clock"). His other famous performances include his role in the film "Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?" ("Is Lucyna a girl?"), "Głos pustyni" ("Voice of the desert"), where he played the menacing Sheikh Abdullah, and "Czarna perła" ("Black pearl"), playing the role of a maritimer. In addition to his acting skills, he was able to charm women with his voice. He sang "Sex appeal" and "Już taki jestem zimny drań" ("I'm already such a cold-hearted bastard"), which became pre-war hits. He never married, although he had a great love for French actress of Tahitian descent Reri, whom he met on the set of "Black Pearl." The reason for the breakup was her fondness for liquor, as Bodo was a teetotaller. He lived with his beloved mother and dog Sambo (pictured above). In 1939, in Warsaw, he established his café, Cafe Bodo. During World War II, he went to Lviv, where he performed in a band called Tea-Jazz. In 1941 he tried to leave for the United States when Germany attacked the USSR. He was eventually arrested by the NKVD, the security body in Soviet Russia. They began to suspect him of espionage by having Swiss citizenship and knowledge of Russian and German, among other things. In the gulag, he began to suffer from depression. "The king of cinema" died of exhaustion and starvation. He was buried in a mass grave with other dead prisoners.

Sickened Marylanders and the Philadelphia Bettering House

An illustration of the Philadelphia Bettering House in 1828, courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, which is likely what it looked like in 1776 and 1777 as well.

On April 13, 1777, John Adams described the spread of disease in Philadelphia and the fate of the sick soldiers in that city in a letter to his wife, Abigail Adams. In his letter, he mentioned a local institution, called the Philadelphia Bettering House. He told her that

“I have spent an Hour, this Morning, in the Congregation of the dead. I took a Walk into the Potters Field, a burying Ground between the new stone Prison, and the Hospital, and I never in my whole Life was affected with so much Melancholly. The Graves of the soldiers, who have been buryed, in this Ground, from the Hospital and bettering House, during the Course of the last Summer, Fall, and Winter, dead of the small Pox, and Camp Diseases, are enough to make the Heart of stone to melt away. The Sexton told me, that upwards of two Thousand soldiers had been buried there…To what Causes this Plague is to be attributed I dont know…Disease has destroyed Ten Men for Us, where the Sword of the Enemy has killed one.” [1]

Reposted from Academia.edu and my History Hermann WordPress blog. I originally wrote this when working at the Maryland State Archives on the Maryland 400 project. There is one slight change of names, from Abigail Smith to Abigail Adams.

The Bettering House, built in 1766 or 1767, sitting on south Spruce street, was an important part of the city’s landscape. At the time, it was an almshouse, where fever-stricken patients were cared for by nuns and fed warm meals. [2] The house offered monetary and spiritual “relief” to the poor. [3] In the main building, the first floor consisted of offices, the second floor was where a steward, governor, and doctors stayed, the third floor housed the sick, the fourth housed people deemed “insane,” and the fifth floor was for other sick individuals. The “paupers” were divided by gender, with men in one side and women on the others, staying in the building’s left and right wings.

By late 1776, the Bettering House had been commandeered by the Continental Army. Months earlier, in September 1776, managers and attendants of the house opposed Continental militia, sick with dysentery, sent there to recover because their presence would endanger the health of those others staying in house. [4] It was only one of the many places in the city where sick and wounded soldiers were housed in the winter of 1776-1777. An estimated 500 soldiers with a variety of aliments were sheltered in Philadelphia, including at least thirty Marylanders in the Bettering House. [5] Some of these soldiers slept on hard floors in stores and private homes that had been quickly turned into hospitals. Due to the amount of men housed in the city and poor conditions, some of those in the Maryland Flying Camp were even sent out of the city and back to a Baltimore hospital in order to receive the best care for the soldiers. [6]

Members of the Maryland 400, Michael Nowland, John Booth, and John Price were some of the invalids housed in the city’s Bettering House, then run by a military surgeon of the Continental Army, Bodo Otto. During this period, a college-educated doctor, John White, and surgeon’s mate at a local hospital, likely tended sick and wounded soldiers, and was almost killed by fever himself. [7] Nowland was described as “convalescent,” meaning that he was recovering from his sickness. As for Booth, he was “walking about, but weak” while Price had “slow fever & deafness,” with slow fever referring to typhoid and deafness perhaps coming from gunfire during the battle. [8]

Of the 98 soldiers housed in the Bettering House, half were convalescent, weak and recovering, or “fit for duty.” Of the other soldiers, they suffered from wounds received on the battlefield, swelling, fever and related illnesses, the digestive disease of jaundice, rheumatic diseases that affect muscles and joints, and other pains in the body. [9] There were also three listed without conditions, one of whom pleaded for a discharge from the house.

From 1777 to 1778, after the British victories at Brandywine and Germantown in the fall of 1777, the British occupied Philadelphia, and took over the Bettering House, using it to care for their own soldiers. [10] By that time, the Continentals were still suffering from diseases, illnesses, and war wounds, but they were sent elsewhere or cared for in camps in Morristown, New Jersey, and Wilmington, Delaware, used by the Marylanders in subsequent winters.

– Burkely Hermann, Maryland Society of the Sons of American Revolution Research Fellow, 2016.

© 2016-2023 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.

Notes

[1] John L. Cotter, Daniel G. Roberts, and Michael Parrington, The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, reprint), 206; Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 13 April 1777 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society.

[2] Louise Stockton, The Bettering House and Other Charities, A Sylvan City: Or, Quaint Corners in Philadelphia Illustrated (Philadelphia: Our Continent Publishing Co., 1883), 398, 404, 408-410, 418, 422-423, 426; Priscilla Ferguson Clement, Welfare and the Poor in the Nineteenth-century City: Philadelphia, 1800-1854 (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), 40, 81, 83-85. It was not the same as the Blockley Almshouse.

[3] Gary Nash, “Poverty and Politics in Early American History,” Down and Out in Early America (ed. Billy G. Smith, University Park, PA: Philadelphia, 2004), 16-17; Simon Newman, “Dead Bodies: Poverty and Death in Early National Philadelphia, Down and Out in Early America (ed. Billy G. Smith, University Park, PA: Philadelphia, 2004), 55; Karin Wolf, “Gender and the Political Economy of Poor Relief in Colonial Philadelphia,” Down and Out in Early America (ed. Billy G. Smith, University Park, PA: Philadelphia, 2004), 163, 166, 174, 177, 179, 181-182, 184; Michael Meranze, Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835 (Chapel Hill: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1996), 152-153; Steven Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and the “Lower Sort” During the American Revolution (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989, reprint), 27-28. 

[4] Philadelphia Hospital Reports Vol. 1: 1890 (ed. Charles K. Mills, Philadelphia: Detre and Blackburn, 1891), 4-5.

[5] Richard L. Blanco. “American Army Hospitals in Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War.” Pennsylvania History vol. 48, no. 4 (1981), 347, 349, 352, 354; Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department 1775-1818 (Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, 1981), 70. The influx of sick soldiers led Philadelphia to have a vital role to the Continental army as a smallpox inoculation center, while it was   a medical center of the United States at this period. This ameliorated George Washington’s concern about the “threat of contagion” and complimented his attempt to establish hospitals in locations that did not lead to further spread of illness. Philadelphia. As for Maryland soldiers, Thomas Hamilton may have stayed in the Bettering House, but due to conflicting names this cannot be confirmed.

[6] After the battles of Brooklyn and White Plains, many of the soldiers of the Maryland 400 were transferred to hospitals. Some were sent to North Castle, New York, like William Marr, due to their wounds on the battlefield, while others, such as John Riley, Valentine Smith, and possibly James Garner, were sent to a military hospital in Annapolis. Later in the war, Walter Muse, then captain of the Second Maryland Regiment, later supervised a hospital as part of his duties. Another man, George McNamara, who enlisted in the Fourth Independent Company, deserted before the Battle of Brooklyn, and was left in a hospital by his new company. Later, James Hindman, his captain, asked that McNamara receive a discharge due to his swollen leg.

[7] Colonial And Revolutionary Families Of Pennsylvania, Vol. 1 (ed. John W. Jordan Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004, reprint), 326, 872-873; Richard A. Harrison, Princetonians, 1776-1783: A Biographical Dictionary (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981), 210; Gillett, 44, 70.

[8] “List of Sick Soldiers in Philadelphia, December 1776.” Pennsylvania Archives Second Series Vol I. (ed. John B. Linn and Wm. H. Egle M.D., Harrisburg: Benjamin Singerly State Printer, 1874), 528, 531-532.

[9] “List of Sick Soldiers in Philadelphia, December 1776,” 528-532.

[10] Philadelphia Hospital Reports Vol. 1: 1890 (ed. Charles K. Mills, Philadelphia: Detre and Blackburn, 1891), 5-7; Gillett, 109. After the Continentals re-occupied Philadelphia, the Bettering House was again used to house sick soldiers.

Recently, three couples (two male, one female) have filed petitions, two in the Delhi High Court, and one in the Kerala High Court, arguing that the state’s refusal to recognise their marriages violates their constitutional rights. The first couple that I know of who tried to register their marriage were Vinoda Adkewar and Rekha Chaudhary in Maharashtra in 1993. Still earlier, in 1987, Leela Namdeo and Urmila Srivastava, married by religious rites in Bhopal. Even earlier, in 1980, Lalithambika and Mallika in Kerala, tried to drown themselves, with their hands tied together.

In my book, Love’s Rite: Same-Sex Marriages in Modern India (2005), I examined hundreds of cases of such young women (and a few men), almost all from non-English speaking, lower-income backgrounds, who got married by religious rituals or committed joint suicide or both. They are from all over India and include Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Dalits, tribals, fisherwomen, agricultural workers, students, construction workers. Most of them had never heard words like “lesbian” or “gay”. Such weddings and suicides continue today. Those who commit suicide often write notes, asking to be buried or cremated together and saying that they will be married in the next life.

The solicitor-general of India was recently quoted as saying that same-sex marriage is against “Indian values.” The question is: Are these young women and men Indians or not?

In many cases, families violently separated the couples, often driving them to suicide. But several families, after initial disapproval, accepted the partnerships and celebrated the weddings. In 2001, two nurses, Jaya and Tanuja, got married in Bihar. At the same Hindu ceremony, Jaya’s sister married a man, and Jaya’s family participated, along with 200 guests. But the registrar of marriages refused to register the marriage. In 2006, Bodo tribals of Simlaguri, Assam, asked MLA candidates to provide legal rights to Thingring and Roinathi, a daily-wage labourer and a domestic help, who got married in a temple in 1999. Are these families and communities not Indians?

Male-female couples whose families disapprove of their relationships also marry by religious rites and some commit suicide. It is precisely because Indians disagree about values that the Special Marriage Act exists. It allows couples whose marriage may be disapproved of for any reason (inter-religion, inter-caste, different income groups) to obtain the legal rights of marriage.

I have interviewed Hindu priests and swamis, who performed same-sex weddings (one as early as 1993). They told me that the spirit (atma) has no gender and marriage is a union of spirits; and that when people get inexplicably attached despite social disapproval, this is due to a bond from a former birth. The 11th-century Sanskrit text, the Kathasaritsagara, provides the same explanation for cross-class and cross-caste couples who want to marry.

In most countries, the demand for marriage equality has come not from LGBT movement leaders but ordinary people. In the US, the first couple who got their marriage registered were Jack Baker and Michael McConnell in 1971. They have now been together for 50 years. When lawsuits were filed in the US to obtain marriage rights, many LGBT movement activists disapproved. The demand came from ordinary couples.

Most male-female married couples take for granted that the day after they marry, they can open a joint account, make health and funeral-related decisions for each other, and inherit each other’s property. Two women or two men who are married by religious rites or in a foreign country cannot do these things. When an Indian man marries a foreign woman, she immediately gets the right to apply for a PIO card, which allows her to permanently live and work in India. But when he legally marries a foreign man in another country, say, Taiwan, his husband remains a legal stranger to him and can only get a tourist visa to stay a maximum of six months.

India has finally joined the democracies that have decriminalised same-sex relationships. It is now time to join the many democracies which recognise the right of a citizen to marry anyone she chooses. Until this happens, we have a strange situation where a couple is legally married in, say, England, but when they come to India, they are single. What should they state about themselves in a visa form — single or married? If they write “single” they are being forced to lie.

Karl Scheidemantel (29 January 1859 – 26 June 1923) was a German baritone singer, and later an opera director. Scheidemantel found great success in various roles in the operas of Richard Wagner. Among his supporters were Bodo Borchers in Weimar, well known voice teacher Julius Stockhausen in Frankfurt, and composer Franz Liszt. At the age of 25, he joined the ensemble of the Dresden Hofoper where he was named Kammersänger, "Chamber Singer to the Saxon Grand Duke" in 1884. He sang at the 1886, 1888, 1891, and 1892 Bayreuth festivals. He frequently corresponded with Cosima Wagner about the happenings of the stage. He then sang at most of the great European opera houses, especially the Vienna State Opera, where in April and May 1890 he sang the rolls of Heiling, Renato, Zampa, Wolfram, Luna and, Sachs. He was a guest singer at La Scala in 1892. His closest friend was singer Karl Perron. He married Hedwig Lehnert in June 1897 at the Dresden Annankirche. His final career appearance was on 8 June 1911 as Hans Sachs.

Scheidemantel sang over 170 roles in his career. Notably, he created the role of Herr von Faninal in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier in 1911. His German singing translation of Mozart's Don Giovanni was widely used. It was first used in his own new production at Dresden in June 1914, in which Richard Tauber first sang Don Ottavio. He also edited a song anthology for music publisher Eulenberg.

After his stage career he returned to Weimar where he taught singing. His students included Hermann Uhde and Herbert Heyner. He returned to Dresden as director of the Dresden Opera in from 1920-1922. Scheidemantel is buried in Dresden-Tolkewitz. Dresden named a road in his honor.

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“Come to the Cheongju Police Station martial arts training center.”

On the afternoon of July 11, 1950 – around two weeks after the outbreak of the Korean War – a telephone call was made to Cheongju Central Elementary School. The caller was looking for 28-year-old schoolteacher Park Jeong-soon. Park hurried packed a few belongings and headed to the center. Many people were already there when she arrived.

“They said they were going to show us Mt. Songni. [. . .]”

Park was skeptical from the beginning, but most of the people were drawn to come to the police station by the offer – around 150 in total. They were members of the Bodo League from the Cheongju area in North Chungcheong Province. Park had gone to work teaching at Cheongju Central Elementary after graduating from Kyungsung Normal School. Her husband had gone missing while engaging in left-wing political activity, leaving behind their two children; Park had joined the Bodo League, a “re-education” program under then president Syngman Rhee for suspected communist sympathizers, in an attempt to shed the “red” label on her family.

After spending a night at Miwon Elementary School, she and the others boarded a truck at the directions of the military and police. It headed toward Boeun County, North Chungcheong Province, where Mt. Songni is located – but less than 30 minutes later, the truck came to a halt. The soldiers and police forced the residents out and herded them into the ravine of Achisil in Agok, a village in Boeun’s Naebuk township. They began to fire indiscriminately; gunshots and screams pierced the air.

The soldier and police instructed young people from the village to bury the bodies, and the incident came to a close. Until recently, no one had spoken a word of it. ...

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Gradually Re-establishing Historical Truth about Jeju Uprising On 3 April, 2019 a commemoration ceremony to honor victims of a bloody suppression by government forces of the people’s uprising in 1948-1954 was held on the island of Jeju. More than 10,000 people, including representatives of the government and the National Assembly, revolt participants and offspring of the victims of its clampdown, took part in the memorial. South Korea’s Prime Minister, Lee Nak-yeon, gave a speech at the ceremony. He proposed to honor the memory of all those lost and expressed his deepest condolences to their families. The minister also referred to the incident in Jeju as the worst event in South Korea’s modern history. Lee Nak-yeon emphasized that Moon Jae-in’s administration has undertaken the monumental task of uncovering the truth behind the Jeju massacre, and of restoring the victims’ dignity. The head of South Korea’s National Police Agency, Min Gap-Ryong, participated in a commemoration ceremony in Seoul. He wrote the following words in the visitor’s book: “I humbly share my condolences before the spirits of all those innocent people who were killed during Jeju April 3, and I respectfully share my wishes that they rest in peace.” Vice Minister of National Defense Seo Joo-seok, who made the aforementioned statement, was also in attendance. He highlighted that the army was fully committed “to the government investigation efforts going forward” and would “take part in healing the wounds and suffering of the family members while restoring the honor of those who were slain”. This was the first comment about the incident made by a South Korean military agency. Officially, at least 10,000 Jeju residents were killed and almost 3,600 went missing, as a result of the tragedy that stemmed from Korea’s ideological split following its emancipation from Japanese colonial rule, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. In reality, the situation was even more complex. Propaganda from both North and South Koreas portray the uprising as a communist revolt against elections, which were to take place in the South on dividing the peninsula. However, in reality, the uprising was instigated by actions of the police and agitators from so-called “youth groups”, who used racketeering and violence to bring the region, with a powerful left-wing movement, under control. South Korea’s current strategic policy has its origins at the start of the rebellion, 1 March 1947, when a child who suffered a blow from a police horse’s hoof died during a street protest in celebration of May Day. This led to a confrontation with the police and the crowd was fired on. In response, the Workers’ Party of South Korea declared a general strike. Instead of calming people down, the government made a decision to destroy the left-wing forces once and for all, which led to an even tougher response from the people. On 3 April 1948, more than 350 armed civilians simultaneously attacked 12 police precincts and homes of representatives of legislative bodies, in order to free detained relatives and force the government to reconsider its policy. The leadership reacted even more violently in turn. Death squads mercilessly dealt with protesters and local residents who helped them. On 17 October 1948, a ban on movement in inner and mountainous regions of the island, with the exception of its 5-km coast line, was introduced. All the villages outside this perimeter were completely destroyed and so were their residents if they refused to leave these territories. 2,500 islanders were imprisoned although there were no charges against them or any written verdicts. The bloodshed continued during the Korean War too. The truth is, however, in 1953 armed units had only approximately 60 people in them, and by the beginning of 1954, this number decreased to 5. 21 September 1954 is viewed as the last day of the uprising, when the ban on movement was finally lifted. The last guerrilla member was arrested on 2 April 1957. Since a substantial portion of the population was massacred, and their bodies were often submerged or burned, the number of estimated victims ranges from 14,000 to 30,000 people. And if those who were indirectly affected by the government’s crackdown (i.e. victims of hunger or subsequent social cleansing) are added to the total, the number is even higher. Incidentally, only 14% of protesters were killed. For decades after the uprising, memories of this event and the atrocities committed during the rule of Syngman Rhee were hidden from the public by means of censorship and repression. And only on 12 January 2000, a Special Act was decreed, in accordance with which a truth committee was established to investigate the Jeju massacre and to exonerate its victims. Approximately 14,000 people applied to have the status of a victim of those events. On 28 August of the same year, the special committee for investigating causes of death of the residents and their exoneration began their work. In 2006, Roh Moo-hyun’s government issued an official apology for its role in the massacre. The leadership also promised reparations for the victims, but by the end of 2018 nothing had been done to this end. On the plus side, a lot of work is being done to clear the good name of people, who, during the uprising, were preemptively jailed and tortured, without a single charge brought against them. Those who were released had to live under the umbrella of suspicion. And, finally, in January 2019, the Jeju District Court dismissed military court’s rulings with regard to the 18 plaintiffs, who survived, and recognized them as victims instead. The accusations levelled against them were deemed unsubstantiated since the military court did not follow prescribed legal procedures. This conclusion, in the opinion of those who issued the verdict, is supported by the fact that the plaintiffs were not aware of the criminal charges against them. Also the sheer number of people brought before the military courts-martial within a short period of time indicated relevant investigations were unlikely to have been carried out. The plaintiffs demanded that their cases be reviewed as far back as 2017, as they claimed to have been arrested and jailed for a period of up to 20 years without as much as a fair trial. Since that time not a single court record has been found to indicate why the plaintiffs received such harsh sentences. Even after researchers had travelled to the peninsula and accessed central archives, they were unable to find any existing records about the investigation at that time. It turns out that people were detained and tortured without being charged for any crimes , which is consistent with the practice of preemptive arrests. The court decided to retry the case in September 2018 due to renewed interest in the incident following the commemoration of its 70th anniversary and the official apology issued by President Moon Jae-in. A few months later, on 17 January 2019, the Jeju court exonerated all the participants of the people’s uprising on 3 April 1948, who had served the sentences handed down to them by the military courts-martial. This policy, exercised by Moon Jae-in’s government towards residents of Jeju, is part of a common trend. As part of this new shift, “a former police investigation building in Namyeong-dong, Seoul”, where intelligence agents “tortured hundreds of pro-democracy” and anti-government “activists in the 1970s and 1980s, has been turned into a memorial hall for human rights and democracy.” The Ministry of the Interior and Safety plans to outsource the building’s “operation to the Korea Democracy Foundation”. Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon participated in the transfer ceremony, along with Minister of the Interior and Safety Kim Boo-kyum; Seoul Mayor Park Won-soon; Commissioner General of the Korean National Police Agency Min Gap-Ryong, and victims of torture and their family members. In 1976, the anti-communism investigation division office was located where the current facility stands now. During both the Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan administrations, the building was used to detain, interrogate and torture anti-government activists. Over a period of approximately 30 years, a combined total of 391 activists were tortured there. Their ranks included Seoul National University student Park Jong-chul, whose death resulted in mass protests that led to the fall of the Fifth Republic of South Korea. In response to criticism, in 2005 the National Police Agency closed the Namyeong-dong division and transformed it into a human rights police center. However, civic groups demanded that the police stopped operating this facility. This process began in earnest in June 2018, when Moon Jae-in promised to convert the building into a memorial for human rights and democracy. In his speech, Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon said that Namyeong-dong “will forever contribute to the people and history as a place to warn against the state’s abuse of power”. A similar policy is being used with respect to persecuted members of the Bodo League. This political organization was comprised of “re-educated” left-wing activists. But once the Korean War began, most of its members were subject to repression (as a preventative measure), and the majority were executed by firing squads. Groups, such as the Korean War Bereaved Family Members’ Association, claim that after this war 200,000 members of the League were killed throughout the country. Numerous testimonies from family members of victims paint a grim picture: activists were gathered together under the pretense of going on an excursion to the mountains or to a ceremony. They were then transported out of town or city, executed by a firing squad and buried in unmarked graves. Only in June 2014, did a number of residents gather enough courage to corroborate evidence of a civilian massacre, which local witnesses remembered. They carried out an excavation and unearthed burial sites, but there have not been any official exhumations so far. On 22 June 2016, a testimony by prosecutor Song Jung-won (1918-2014), who is viewed as the founder of the Bodo League, became public knowledge. On 18 October 2007, he testified in front of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and said that many members of the League were not partisans and, in fact, did not even know what a communist party was. As a rule, these were simple peasants or intellectuals, who wished to expunge the “Red Menace” label from their family name. Civilian activists think this testimony may be viewed as proof of the fact that the government massacred countless numbers of innocent people knowing full well that they were not members of the Communist Party. In addition, as far back as 2009, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission confirmed mass killings of at least 3,400 civilians and inmates held in prisons in Busan, Masan and Jinju from July to September 1950. Jail employees, police officers and members of counterintelligence services took part in these reprisals. Victims were either killed inside prisons or taken to the mountains, executed, and their bodies were disposed of in the sea. Only in few cases were executions carried out after an official sentence was handed down by a military tribunal. Incidentally, most of these victims were prisoners sentenced to less than three years in jail, and they were killed only because of concerns that they would collaborate with DPRC. Most investigations of this nature were conducted in the course of the work performed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was established in December 2005 and tasked with researching information connected with the anti-Japanese independence movement; mass killings of civilians during the Korean War, and violation of human rights by government forces during the military dictatorship. During a fairly short 5-year period, the commission uncovered the truth about 8,468 cases by concluding that extrajudicial massacres had taken place during the Korean War and earlier. In addition, the commission ascertained that evidence in a number of espionage cases from the 1980s was either distorted or completely fabricated. However, during Lee Myung-bak’s presidency the work conducted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was discontinued. The final report highlighted the fact that both sides were responsible for atrocities, but failed to mention the fact that there were twice as many victims of the “White Terror”, and many culprits were absolved of responsibility. “As a result, true reconciliation and reckoning with the past ended up being put off until another day.” And now, possibly, this day has arrived. Although old political myths often have a tendency to transform into new ones during Moon Jae-in’s presidency, hope remains that the final picture will be an accurate reflection of the historical truth.

Shocking CCTV footage of Robert Ouko taking Chris Obure gun he used to shoot Omwenga emerge

Shocking CCTV footage of Robert Ouko taking Chris Obure gun he used to shoot Omwenga emerge

Controversial businessman Chris Obure and his bodyguard Robert Ouko Bodo are yet to be charged after the death of Kevin Omwenga.

The 28-year-old was shot dead last month in his bedroom at Galana Suites apartment by Ouko. He was buried in Soko village, Kitutu Chache constituency, Kisii county on August 29.

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Horrifying! CCTV footage captures Robert Ouko’s activities at Kevin Omwenga’s…

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subaru Crosstrek 2019 Special Edition |Dings Union #petersondent#Subaru#pdr#paintlessdentrepair This 2019 Subaru Crosstrek was such a fun car to work on, and what a fantastic Customer! PLEASE HIT THAT LIKE, as YOUTUBE is constantly burying those videos with tons of veiws but if there arent eneough likes or dislikes the algorithm burys them... Thanks for watching everyone, we really appreciate it!😉!! Feel free to hit that like and subscribe button! We always appreciate the Positive comments! Check out our website @ https://ift.tt/2vrxqB9 see our GOOGLE page at https://ift.tt/36wVorg See our Page on Linkdn @ https://ift.tt/2Jvxgfd Twitter @PDRdentpro @petersondent @sammylee482 Facebook @PDRdentPro Paintless Dent Repair is truly a craft of removing of minor to large non-collision style dents, without the hassle of going to a bodyshop, having it bodo,painted,and all without worring about a car-fax report, or insurance company. PDR aims to be entertaining, informative, and educational. Please leave a comment to let me know what you would like to see, hear, or have explained more. We always strive to be Entertaining, informative and educational. ABOUT THE PDR GUY: Hi everyone! if your new to this channel - My name is Garth Peterson, owner of Peterson Dent Repair, and 23+ year MasterTech in The Paintless Dent Repâir Industry. I have specialized in paintless dent repair, or PDR, for more than 24 years now and have devoted these videos to helping others who want to learn this profession well. There isn’t a ton of Formal training out there for this field so I want to share years of experience and knowledge with others who are interested in learning and understanding the craft, or art of Paintless Dent Repair, aka PDR. WE love to Translate our SUBTITLES and would love it if you could help!! click http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC_ADljOVGzuJ9CxGVv0T99w if youd like to contribute TO the subtitles!! THANKS! * these videos should not be interpreted as professional training videos, they are intended solely for entertainment purposes * per YouTube policy. by PDR Peterson Dent Repair

50 ARBO members in E. Visayas complete training on product dev’t

#PHnews: 50 ARBO members in E. Visayas complete training on product dev’t

TACLOBAN CITY -- About 50 members of four agrarian reform beneficiary organizations (ARBOs) in Eastern Visayas have completed training on improving the design of their products.

The four groups are the Macalpi Community Multi-Purpose Cooperative (MCMPC) in Carigara, Leyte; Hantag Farmers Multi-Purpose Cooperative (HFMPC) in Maasin City, Southern Leyte; the Villahermosa Oriental Farmers and Fisherfolk Association (VOFFA) in Pagsanghan, Samar; and the Cabacungan Multi-Purpose Cooperative (CMPC) in Allen, Northern Samar. Members of these ARBOs are from remote villages.

The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) main office has commissioned Design Den to train the farmers’ groups to boost the marketability of the handicrafts they manufactured utilizing available raw materials in their area.

These groups completed their training on Saturday through a ceremony at the DAR regional office here.

Handicrafts produced by beneficiaries are made up of indigenous materials available in their respective areas like the coco coir in making plant-holder, sinamay-weaving using abaca, bag and hat-making using buri and romblon.

Cynthia Bodo, an agrarian reform beneficiary-member of MCMPC in Carigara, Leyte could not believe she was able to produce a lampshade made from coco coir during the training

Bodo thanked DAR for exposing them to different trainings to help them earn higher.

Aside from plant-holders, they got ideas from the training to produce other items such as lampshades using coco coir.

CMPC member Marlene Ajihari was also happy about the outcome of the two-day training.

“Before, our designs were simple and limited, and the size of our bag was fixed,” Ajihari said.

During the training, they learned more designs and the use of other raw materials available in their area, such as shells.

Another CMPC member, Consolacion Cabacang, 75, said she learned a lot from the training though she had been a weaver since she was 14.

Rosalinda Cubay, VOFFA member, said that from producing a plain bag that they sell for PHP40 each and used as a container for crabs, they will now produce fashionable bags and accessories which they can sell at a higher price.

Earlier, the DAR has entered an agreement with the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority to ensure that both their agencies work further in strengthening the livelihood of the Filipino farmers and their families through livelihood skills training. (PNA)

  ***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "50 ARBO members in E. Visayas complete training on product dev’t." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091342 (accessed January 20, 2020 at 10:41PM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "50 ARBO members in E. Visayas complete training on product dev’t." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091342 (archived).

Lịch thi đấu bóng đá hôm nay và ngày mai 04/05/2019

Lịch thi đấu bóng đá hôm nay và ngày mai 04/05/2019

Lịch thi đấu bóng đá tối hôm nay 04/05/2019 và rạng sáng 05/05/2019

Lịch thi đấu Ngoại Hạng Anh - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Bournemouth vs Tottenham

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Arsenal vs Brighton

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Cardiff City vs Crystal Palace

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Chelsea vs Watford

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Everton vs Burnley

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Huddersfield vs Man Utd

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Man City vs Leicester City

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Newcastle vs Liverpool

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - West Ham Utd vs Southampton

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Wolves vs Fulham

Lịch thi đấu League One - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Southend vs Sunderland

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Shrewsbury vs Walsall

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Peterborough Utd vs Burton Albion

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Blackpool vs Gillingham

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Bristol Rovers vs Barnsley

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Wycombe vs Fleetwood Town

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Bradford City vs Wimbledon

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Charlton Athletic vs Rochdale

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Doncaster Rovers vs Coventry

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Luton Town vs Oxford Utd

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Plymouth Argyle vs Scunthorpe Utd

04/05/2019 - 23h30 - Portsmouth vs Accrington

Lịch thi đấu League Two - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Macclesfield vs Cambridge Utd

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Lincoln vs Colchester Utd

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Bury vs Port Vale

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Swindon vs Notts County

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Morecambe vs Newport

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04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Crawley Town vs Tranmere Rovers

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Grimsby vs Crewe Alexandra

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Oldham vs Northampton

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Stevenage vs Cheltenham

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04/05/2019 - 20h30 - Hertha Berlin vs Stuttgart

04/05/2019 - 20h30 - M.gladbach vs Hoffenheim

04/05/2019 - 20h30 - Bayern Munich vs Hannover 96

04/05/2019 - 20h30 - Wolfsburg vs Nurnberg

04/05/2019 - 20h30 - Wer.Bremen vs B.Dortmund

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05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Bordeaux vs Angers

05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Guingamp vs Caen

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05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Monaco vs Saint Etienne

05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Montpellier vs Amiens

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05/05/2019 - 01h00 - PSG vs Nice

05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Stade Reims vs Nimes

05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Strasbourg vs Marseille

05/05/2019 - 01h00 - Toulouse vs Rennes

Lịch thi đấu Hạng Nhất Scotland - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Greenock Morton vs Dundee Utd

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Ayr Utd vs Alloa Athletic

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Queen of South vs Partick Thistle

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Falkirk vs Ross County

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Inverness C.T. vs Dunfermline

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04/05/2019 - 19h00 - Tom Tomsk vs Avangard Kursk

04/05/2019 - 19h00 - Luch Energiya vs Shinnik Yaroslavl

04/05/2019 - 19h00 - Tyumen vs Khimki

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Lịch thi đấu VĐQG Iceland - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 23h00 - HK Kopavogur vs Breidablik

Lịch thi đấu Hạng 2 Iceland - Ngày 04/05/2019

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04/05/2019 - 23h00 - Brann vs Ranheim IL

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05/05/2019 - 00h00 - Mjondalen vs Stabaek

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04/05/2019 - 20h00 - Jihlava vs Vik.Zizkov

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Lịch thi đấu Hạng 2 Thụy Điển - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 21h00 - Vasteras vs Varbergs BoIS

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Lịch thi đấu Aus Queensland - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 12h00 - Brisbane Strikers vs Magpies Crusaders

04/05/2019 - 12h00 - Brisbane City vs Western Pride

04/05/2019 - 12h00 - SWQ Thunder vs Eastern Suburbs

04/05/2019 - 12h00 - Gold Coast Utd vs Peninsula Power

Lịch thi đấu Aus Victoria - Ngày 04/05/2019

04/05/2019 - 13h00 - Heidelberg Utd vs Port Melbourne

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04/05/2019 - 13h30 - Southern District vs Pegasus

04/05/2019 - 13h30 - Guangzhou R&F U19 vs Tai Po

04/05/2019 - 13h30 - Hoi King SA vs Kitchee

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04/05/2019 - 17h00 - Thanh Hóa vs Quảng Nam

04/05/2019 - 17h00 - Khánh Hòa vs TP.HCM

04/05/2019 - 19h00 - Sài Gòn FC vs Hải Phòng

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04/05/2019 - 16h00 - Bình Định vs Đăk Lăk

04/05/2019 - 16h00 - Thừa Thiên Huế vs ĐT Long An

04/05/2019 - 19h00 - Phù Đổng vs HL Hà Tĩnh

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05/05/2019 - 05h00 - CA Juventud vs Plaza Colonia

05/05/2019 - 05h00 - CA Progreso vs CA Fenix

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05/05/2019 - 05h00 - CA Penarol vs Nacional Montevideo

05/05/2019 - 05h00 - Racing Club Mdeo vs Cerro Largo

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05/05/2019 - 07h00 - Club Leon vs Pachuca

05/05/2019 - 07h00 - Tigres UANL vs Chivas Guad.

05/05/2019 - 09h00 - Toluca vs Lobos BUAP

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05/05/2019 - 09h00 - Veracruz vs Club America

05/05/2019 - 09h00 - Club Tijuana vs Puebla

Xem nguồn tại: https://truoctran.com/lich-thi-dau-bong-da-hom-nay-va-ngay-mai-04-05-2019 Theo nguồn: https://nhandinhbongdatruoctran.blogspot.com/2019/04/lich-thi-au-bong-hom-nay-va-ngay-mai_94.html

Karl Scheidemantel (29 January 1859 – 26 June 1923) was a baritone singer, and later an opera director. Scheidemantel found great success in various roles in the operas of Richard Wagner. Among his supporters were Bodo Borchers in Weimar, well known voice teacher Julius Stockhausen in Frankfurt, and composer Franz Liszt. At the age of 25 he joined the ensemble of the Dresden Hofoper where he was named Kammersänger, "Chamber Singer to the Saxon Grand Duke" in 1884. He sang at the 1886, 1888, 1891, and 1892 Bayreuth festivals. He frequently corresponded with Cosima Wagner about the happenings of the stage. He then sang at most of the great European opera houses, especially the Vienna State Opera, where in April and May 1890 he sang the rolls of Heiling, Renato, Zampa, Wolfram, Luna and, Sachs. He was a guest singer at La Scala in 1892. His closest friend was singer Karl Perron. He married Hedwig Lehnert in June 1897 at the Dresden Annankirche. His final career appearance was on 8 June 1911 as Hans Sachs. Scheidemantel sang over 170 roles in his career. Notably, he created the role of Herr von Faninal in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier in 1911. His German singing translation of Mozart's Don Giovanni was widely used. It was first used in his own new production at Dresden in June 1914, in which Richard Tauber first sang Don Ottavio. He also edited a song anthology for music publisher Eulenberg. After his stage career he returned to Weimar where he taught singing. His students included Hermann Uhde and Herbert Heyner. He returned to Dresden as director of the Dresden Opera in from 1920-1922. Scheidemantel is buried in Dresden-Tolkewitz. Dresden named a road in his honor.