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whumpslist · 6 years

Text

My Episodes’ Gifs (and occasionally short clips)

*** If you can’t see the direct links, go to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ikvjsEpiUGVtuBGfwj7q53S1-lu_0Q0RuN8IlhLPYTo/edit?usp=sharing ***

Here’s the direct list of the gifs (and occasionally short clips and audios) I’ve made for a particular episode:

Big Sky: 2.06 episode “Heart-shaped Charm”. Character: Travis, portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green. Type of whumps: kidnapped, hanged by his hands and repeatedly hit at his torso with a book, threatened with a sword, roughly fallen to the floor, pushed and groaning in pain, bruised torso, taken care of, hit by a backhand and roughly fallen to the floor, bloody wound at his head, taken away. °°°NEWEST°°°

Fino all’ultimo battito: 1.09 episode “Codice rosso”. Character: Diego Mancini, portrayed by Marco Bocci.Type of whumps: kidnapped and manhandled, hit wrist then pistol-whipped, hooded and tied hands, slapped and roughly fallen from the chair, kicked repeatedly and moaning, bruised face and injured wrist, flinched for the pain and groaning, wrist on a tutor and grimacing occasionally and holding it, ice pack on the wrist. °°°NEW°°°

[GIFFED EPISODES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER]

All Rise: 1.16 episode “My Fair Lockdown”. Character: Det. Kevin Harris, performed by Joe Williamson. Type of whumps: emotionally hurt by his girlfriend, taken hostage, hit at his head and fallen to the floor, wrist smashed and groaning, handcuffed, bleeding from the head and holding a dressing to stop the bleeding, mildly concussed, taken care of and patched cut at his head, bloody shirt.

Arrow: Character: Oliver Queen, performed by Stephen Amell. * 5.20 episode “Underneath” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: hit by explosion blast and passed out, bloody cut on his bicipit, fallen in the elevator trumpet and impaled, treated and sewn on the field, lightheaded for exposure to toxic gas and dizzy, weak after a considerable effort and fainted for the loss of blood, heartbroken and passed out again, weak again after a considerable effort with blood at his mouth and collapsed, stabbed with adrenaline syringe, another considerable effort with much sweating and grunting, recovering in bed. * 6.08 episode “Crisis on Earth-X”. Type of whumps: hit and passed out, unconscious on the ground, spitting blood from his mouth and getting up.

Berlin Station: Character: Daniel Miller, portrayed by Richard Armitage. * 3.01 episode “Aut Concilio Aut Ense”. Type of whumps: attacked and smashed into a glass door, rough fight and bloody cut on his forehead, hunted, heavely panting, badly beaten up, more bloody bruises, hunted down, another rough fight and cut with a sword, heavely panting and limping, hunted down and on the run. * 3.02 episode “Fire Knows Nothing of Mercy”. Type of whumps: nightmares and rough awakening, still wounded from previous episode with various cuts and bruises, heavely panting, nearly collapsed, cleaned up and glued on the field, assaulted by several enemies and badly beaten, groaning, passed out, covered with gasoline and put on fire - fate unknown. * 3.08 episode “The Green Dacha”. Type of whumps: hunted down like a prey, heavy panting, tackled down, groaning in pain, frantic, under gunpoint, really upset and voice cracking, sharply breathing, shot point-blank, on the ground in a pool of blood, fate unknown (plus Hector’s whump).

Blindspot: Character: Roman, performed by Luke Mitchell. * 2.09 episode “Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform”. Character: Roman, performed by Luke Mitchell. Type of whumps: fought and shot, bloody and weak and sweating, treated on the field, injected with ZIP and upset, collapsed. * 3.16 episode “Artful Dodge”. Character: Roman, performed by Luke Mitchell. Type of whumps: intense headache and hissing ears, collapsed, unconscious on hospital bed, weak and couldnt stand, painful memoris, emotional pain and crying. * 3.22 episode “In Memory”. Character: Roman, performed by Luke Mitchell. Type of whumps: upset, shot point blank, bloody and weak, grunting and on his knees, panting, crying for emotional and physical pain, died.

Bosch: Character: Hieronymus ‘Harry’ Bosch, portrayed by Titus Welliver. * 1.01 episode: fallen and hit his torso against a tree (gifs 1-3), dressed torso (gif 4), sore, panic attack (gifs 5-7); * 2.03 episode: tased and slammed against the wall, bloody nose, bruises (gifs 8-9); * 3.03 episode: almost crashed on purpose (gif 10); * 5.05 episode: undercover and limping, punched on his gut, coughing and heavely panting, sore (gifs 11-12); * 6.10 episode: hit by explosion blast, bloody dizzy and coughing, helped walked out, treated on the field and bruised face, sore (gifs 13-16); * 7.07 episode. Character: Hector Hernandez, portrayed by Ezequiel Stremiz: ambushed and chased, beaten with a baseball bat, kicked and punched, left unconscious on the street, in hospital bruised and with an arm sling, mourning and emotional pain, tears in his eyes, heavily panting.

Bull: 4.15 episode “Flesh and Blood”. Character: Benny Colón, performed by Freddy Rodriguez. Type of whumps: feeling discomfort and sick, occasional spikes of pain, growing increasingly pale, grimacing and sharply exhaling, profusely sweating, frequent pauses and clenching fists, fainted and collapsed on the floor, in hospital for appendix rupture.

Burden of Truth: episode 2.03 + episode 2.07. Character: William “Billy” Crawford, portrayed by Peter Mooney. Type of whumps: upset and argued with his brother about their abusive father and his non-existing childhood; provocked his delusional brother to make him hit in order to get him hospitalized, suffering and silently crying for his own awful words, punched and fallen to the ground, cut on his eyebrown and swollen eye, silently crying.

Cardinal: 1.06 episode. Character: Det. John Cardinal, performed by Billy Campbell. Type of whumps: shot twice, bleeding and gasping, hit on his wounds, in hospital bed.

Chicago Med: * 2.12 episode “Mirror Mirror”. Character: Dr. Jeff Clarke, performed by Jeff Hephner. Type of whumps: accidentally shot at his arm, grimacing in pain, treated in hospital. * 5.01 episode “Never Going Back To Normal” Part 1 & Part 2. Character: Dr. Will Halstead, performed by Nick Gehlfuss. Type of whumps: T-boned and into a car accident in the previous episode, bloody and bruised face and bloody hands, shocked and argued, collapsed into his colleagues’ arms and held up, helped walking and brought to an ER room, sitting on a gurney holding his flank in pain, cut on his forehead and bruise on his cheekbone, arguing and being difficult, short of breath for the pain, upset, being evaluated and monitored on the gurney, diagnosed with some displaced rib fractures, bruised hands, huge bruise on the left of his torso and redressing himself with difficulty, sitting holding his ribs and breathing through the pain, upset, holding himself to a piece of furniture, grabbing his torso after a sudden moviment, bent over for a sudden flash of pain and short of breath, being stubborn, gasping and screaming in pain for another peak of sudden pain and almost collapsed, seeking for support and helped walking, laying on a gurney for RX chest and found pneumothorax, being difficult and refusing to be admitted, breathing shallowly, chest tube with Heimlich valve attached to his flank (procedure not shown, unfortunately), helped dressing himself. * 5.19 episode “Just A River In Egypt”. Character: Dr. Crockett Marcel, portrayed by Dominic Rains. Type of whumps: angry, provoked all day and harsh confrontation with his colleague, punched in the face and roughly fallen to the floor on a piece of furniture, cut on his eyebrown and treated on the ED, emotional discomfort and grimacing during the treatment. * 6.07 episode “Better Is The Enemy of Good”. Character: Dr. Ethan Choi, performed by Brian Tee. Type of whumps: sore at his abdomen but hiding the symptoms, grimacing for the pain in effort twice and groaning, struggling and fever raising, uneasy walking and holding his torso, taking meds, folding in pain, collapsed onto his colleague and eased to the floor, on the hospital bed and treated, medical gown stained with blood and got his abdomen bared, had gallbladder surgery in the morning and left after waking up from anesthesia to work, looking septic and administered drugs through IV line, admitted and sick leave, scolded and psychotherapeutic chat with his colleague, on the mend. * 6.16 episode “I Will Come to Save You”. Character: Dr. Ethan Choi, performed by Brian Tee. Type of whumps: fought and shot, on the ground in pain, on a gurney, stained gawn with blood, treated in hospital and intubated, weak and almost unresponsive, unconscious, risky surgery, recovering, weak and fragile, emotional.

Chicago PD: * 6.02 episode “Endings”. Character: Jay Halstead, performed by Jesse Lee Soffer. Type of whumps: [grieving and upset,] shot multiple times and fallen to the ground, bleeding from his flank and sore, dragged himself towards the shooter also down, asking for help on the police radio and panting, rescued and checked coughing, bruise on his chest, second bullet gone through and through without causing damages, hard lecture from Voight, [sore and upset]. * 6.03-04 episodes. Character: Antonio Dawson, performed by Jon Seda. Type of whumps: knocked down a door with a shoulder and injured it (unbelievable stupid move!), assisted by a paramedic on ambulance, ice on his shoulder and sore, brought to hospital (not shown); tried to climb a fence and twisted the injured shoulder, screaming and fallen, sore and grunting, taken pain killers (and starting addiction). * 7.09 episode “Absolution”. Character: Jay Halstead, performed by Jesse Lee Soffer. Type of whumps: hit at his head and knocked out, unconscious on the floor and bleeding, kidnapped and hands tied, repeatedly punched and bloody face, punched again, feeling guilty and emotional distress, fought twice, weak and heavily panting, unsteady on his legs, under gunpoint, shot in the chest and collapsed, bloody and wheezing on the floor, moaning in pain, fate unknown. * 8.02 episode “White Knuckle". Character: Adam Ruzek, performed by Patrick John Flueger. Type of whumps: shot (in the vest - not shown), unconscious on the ground, rough awakening and gasping, groaning in pain and grimacing, probbed and groaning, large bruise on his torso and sore, tried to sit up and unable to, caught into an altercation and hit at his chest and roughly pushed, heavily breathing in pain and in a bent position to catch his breath, holding protectively his torso, into a brief scuffle and sore, on his knees in pain grimacing and waiting for the pain to subside, grunting and panting, holding protectively his torso.

Colony: 2.01 episode (and 2.02) “Eleven.Thirteen”. Character: Will Bowman, performed by Josh Holloway. Type of whumps: beaten and stabbed into his shoulder, treated and dressed on the field, fought and hit at his wound, fought again.

Complications: Character: John Ellison, performed by Jason O'Mara. * 1.08 episode “Relapse”. Type of whumps: punched in the face and fallen to the ground, manhandled and badly beaten up, bloody mouth and threatened with a gun, rescued and helped walking, treated on the filed, bloody wound on his forehead and cut on his torso with a broken rib, sore. * 1.09 episode “Deterioration”. Type of whumps: sore for the broken rib in previous episode, bruises and cut on his torso, pushed into a car accident, unconscious on the car, treated in hospital.

Continuum: 1.09 episode “Family Time”. Character: Carlos Fonnegra, performed by Victor Webster. Tipe of whumps: shot point blank, grunting and bleeding on the ground, kidnapped and needed help for walking, dressed on the field, captured again and many bloody dressings, locked into a room, sweating mortally pale.

Dark Blue: Character: Carter Shaw, portrayed by Dylan McDermott. * 1.05 episode “August”. Type of whumps: hit with teaser and kidnapped, manhandled and handcuffed, punched several times, bloody nose and black eye. * 2.10 episode “Personal Effects”. Type of whumps: shot and fallen to the ground, blood and pain, hospital care, weak.

Dark Heart: 1.02 episode. Character: DI Will Wagstaffe, performed by Tom Riley. Type of whumps: caught by surprise, face smashed on a door and then punched, knocked out, unconscious on the ground and bruise on his forehead, rough fight and punched several times on the face, many bruises and a little wobbly.

DC’s Legends of Tomorrow: * 4.04-05 episodes. Character: John Constantine, portrayed by Matt Ryan. Type of whumps: shared his own life force to save a kid and collapsed on the ground, in the infirmary bay recovering but not responding to treatments, knocked unconscious by drugs; in the infirmary bay unconscious, heavy eye bags and in really bad shape, hallucinating and sweating, panting and short of breath, fainted, convulsing. * 4.13 episode “Egg MacGuffin”. Character: Nathaniel “Nate” Heywood / Steel, portrayed by Nick Zano. Type of whumps: [tied up to a chair and under gunpoint, knife thrown at him and shot (on silver armor), fought,] brutally attacked by a possessed Ray and repeatedly punched, on the ground semiconscious moaning and threatened to be killed, passed out, limping and panting, many cuts and bruises on his face, in the infirmary bay sore and petulant.

DC’s Pennyworth: Character: Alfred Pennyworth, portrayed by Jack Bannon. * 2.08 episode “The Hangman’s Noose” Part 1 Part 2.Type of whumps: under gunpoint and surrounded, hands tied and manhandled, stabbed at his flank, groaning and bloody, gun pointed at his head, hunted down, uneven run and badly panting for fatigue and pain, hallucinations, treated himself somehow to stop the bleeding, laying bloody and weak, rough fight and wound bleeding again, uneven walking pushing against his bleeding wound, punched at his wound and roughly fallen to the ground, fought and fallen again, dragging himself and heavily panting, hallucinations, helped getting up and walking, many grunting and groaning. * 2.09 episode “Paradise Lost” Part 1 Part 2. Type of whumps: laying asleep on the couch, rough awakening and grimacing in pain, T-shirt stained with blood from the wound of the previous episode, groaning sitting up, grunting and holding his flank, fought twice, under gunpoint and surrounded, punched, bruised face and manhandled, hit at his head with telephone handset and (deliciously) screaming in pain, heavely panting and bloody wound, hit again in the same spot and knocked out, dragged away, handcuffed to a chair and annoyed, upsetting news and shocked, speechless, upset and badly argued, heavely panting, locked into a cell and holding his flank, entrapped, manhandled and handcuffed, looking weak and exhausted, hit at his stomach then his knee with a rifle butt, (lovely) screaming in pain, on his knees heavily panting, into a gunfight.

DC’s The Flash: Character: Dr. Harrison Wells, portrayed by Tom Cavanagh. * 2.12 episode “Fast Lane”. Type of whumps: blackmailed, roughly grabbed and squeezed shoulder, gasping in pain, on his knees, discomfort and pain, feeling guilty and conflicted, surrended himself and verbally attacked, physically attacked and punched in his face, fallen to the floor, grabbed and manhandled, thrown into a cell and locked, bruised face.

Deception: Character: Jonathan Black, performed by Jack Cutmore-Scott. * 1.04 episode “Divination”. Character: Jonathan Black, performed by Jack Cutmore-Scott. Type of whumps: manhandled and punched, broken rib and collapsed to the floor, in pain and passed out, handcuffed to infirmary bed, sore. * 1.05 episode “Masking”. Character: Jonathan/Cameron Black, performed by Jack Cutmore-Scott. Type of whumps: punched, both fought and bruise on their cheek and cheekbone.

Emergence: * 1.05 episode “RDZ9021”. Character: Benny Gallagher, performed by Owain Yeoma. Type of whumps: (under gunfire and into a car accident from previous episode,) bloody cut on his forehead and wobbly, gunshot wound into his shoulder and under gunpoint, shaken and into shock, collapsed into his friend’s arms, heavily sweating and agitated, treated on the field, upset and crying, wound sewn and dressed, exhausted and in pain, bloody T-shirt, rough fight and knocked down, rescued and heavily panting. * 1.11-13 episodes. Character: Agent Ryan Brooks, performed by Enver Leif Gjokaj. Type of whumps: ambushed and shot twice in the vest, collapsed on his knees, rough awakening into a hospital bed, concussed grazed arm and cracked rib, wobbly and groaning, exhaling sharply and sitting for support, needed help to sit up and walk, squeezed against the wall to conceal him and groaning, large bruise on his torso and dressed wounds, moaning and wincing, throw across the room and fallen to the floor, getting up with difficulty, holding his torso in pain, arm bleeding and (very briefly) taken care of, flinching and hissing in pain.

Extant: last frames of 2.12 and 2.13 episodes “The Greater Good”. Character: JD Richter, performed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan. Type of whumps: shot, bleeding out, treated on the field, recovering, fever and dizziness..

Eye Candy: 1.05 episode “IRL”. Character: Tommy Calligan, portrayed by Casey Deidrick. Type of whumps: ambushed and repeteadly punched and kicked, left on the ground wounded and unconscious, in and out consciousness on the ground, waking up on a gurney into an ambulance, eyebrow patched up and bruises on his face, upset.

FBI: Most Wanted: 1.10 episode “Silkworm”. Character: Jess LaCroix, portrayed by Julian McMahon. Type of whumps: shot point-blank in the vest and collapsed, grunting and grimacing, helped to sit up, checked at hospital, grimacing occasionally and massaging his chest.

Frequency: Character: Det. Frank Sullivan, performed by Riley Smith. * 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Type of whumps: shot, bleeding, recovering in hospital. * 1.06 episode “Deviation”. Type of whumps: beaten and kicked, bruises and sore

Gone: Character: John Bishop, performed by Danny Pino. * 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Type of whumps: rough fight and defeated, panting and grunting, on the ground blocked, ice on his nose, fought. * 1.04 episode “Devil Among Us”. Type of whumps: rough fight, upset, bruises on his face and knuckles, emotional distress. * 1.07 episode ″Don’t Go”. Type of whumps: panting and sweating, emotional pain remembering his little brother’s abduction, almost fallen into a trap and pushed to the ground.

Gotham: Character: James Gordon, portrayed by Benjamin McKenzie. * 4.15 episode “The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: under gunfire twice, shot in the abdomen, bleeding and running, under heavy gunfire, shot another time in the shoulder, limping and groaning, shot a third time (!), groaning and shot a fourth time (!!), hit the head against the counter and fallen to the ground, under gunpoint, pale and weak, passed out, into an hospital bed with arm sling and IV and all the stuff. * 5.06 episode “13 Stitches”. Type of whumps: hunted down and under gunfire, bullet graze at his neck and bloody wound, panting and grunting, rough fight, treated himself on the field, bloody collar of his shirt and patch, grunting while treating the wound, rought fight, bruises, repeatedly kicked and hit with a bar, punctured bloody wound on his torso, exhausted, attacked with a knife and fought. * 5.09 episode Part 1 & Part 2 “The Trial of Jim Gordon”. Type of whumps: shot by a sniper, fallen to the ground, groaning and bleeding, lifted and carried by arms, grunting in pain, treated on the field, bullet shattered against the rib, unconscious on a table with IV, fighting for his life and nightmares about been on trial, enemy attempting his life again, crashing and CPR, gasping.

Hanna: Character: Erik Heller, portrayed by Joel Kinnaman. * 1.04 episode “Father”. Type of whumps: badly argued with his daughter and repeatedly hit, on the edge of tears, ambushed and surrounded, hunted and under gunfire, running and heavely panting, shot once, badly fallen to the ground, shot again, rescued and roughly grabbed, grunting and sweating. * 1.05 episode “Town”. Type of whumps: infected wound, bloody patch, treated on the field, trembling and sweating, very weak and sore, recovering, grunting in pain, betrayed, ambushed and captured. * 1.06 episode “Mother” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: still injured from episodes and brutally interrogated, hands tied and almost naked into a cold room, wet with buckets of water, tortured and almost chocked, badly shivering, manhandled, fought and under gunfire, sore and difficulties to move, holding his torso, sweating, hunted and laboriously running, jostled in the crowd and in pain. * 1.07 episode “Road” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: cleary in pain and sweating, changed dress wound by himself, exhausted, under gunpoint, shot in the arm, under heavy gunfire. * 1.08 episode “Utrax” Part 1 Part 2 Part 3. Type of whumps: bullet removed with a knife and without anesthesia, many screaming and grunting and heavely panting, bloody wound, cuts on his face, sweating and in pain, upset and silent tears, abdominal wound bleeding again and bloody patch, under heavy gunfire, fought, hit at his weak spot and groaning, fought, limping and in pain, laboriously running, surrounded, under heavy gunfire and fought, collapsed, heavely panting and pale, lifted from the ground and helped walking, under gunpoint, dragged away, eventually succumbed to his own injuries and passed away.

Harrow: Character: Dr. Daniel Harrow, performed by Ioan Gruffudd. * 1.10 episode “Mens Rea”. Type of whumps: threatened with a knife and held hostage, attacked and on the ground, panting and sweating, very rough fight, stabbed with shears, treated himself and bruises on his face, shot and bleeding. * 2.01 episode ”Abo Imo Pectore”. Type of whumps: shot in the previous episode and shocked on the ground, rescued and rushed to hospital, pale disoriented and dazed on a gurney, anesthetized for surgery, uncoscious on an hospital bed, on ventilator and dark bags under his eyes, slowly regaining consciousness, recovering in hospital, anguish and memories of moments after being shot. * 2.05 episode ”Ab Initio”. Type of whumps: profound regret and distraught, grieving. * 2.10 episode “Pater Familias”. Type of whumps: injected with a sedative and lost consciousness, tied up to a chiar and wobbly, injected with a paralythic and twisting, fought and kicked, punched, fought, medicated on the field by EMTs, blood on the side of his face.

Hawaii Five-0: 8.24 episode “The Tough Branch That Does Not Break in the Kona Gale”. Character: Lieut. Commander Steve McGarrett, performed by Alex O'Loughlin. Type of whumps: bloody injured and panting.

Imagine Dragons - video clip “Believer” Type of whumps: boxing, punches, bruises and blood, pushed, panting, falling, tears.

Law & Order Special Victims Unit: * 14.03 episode “Twenty-Five Acts”. Character: ADA Rafael Barba, performed by Raúl Esparza. Type of whumps: chocked with a belt, coughing. * 14.19 episode “Born Psychopath”. Character: Nick Amaro, performed by Danny Pino. Type of whumps: under gunpoint, shot in the vest, fought, sore and panting, treated in hospital, painful bruise on his torso. * 16.08 episode “Spousal Privilege”. Character: Nick Amaro, performed by Danny Pino. Type of whumps: argument on the phone with his ex-wife, punched a locker angerly, sore hand and ice on his knuckles, provocked and manhandled, upset. * 16.23 episode “Surrendering Noah”. Character: Nick Amaro, performed by Danny Pino. Type of whumps: firefight and shot twice, in the liver and the knee (not shown), unconscious on a gurney, in surgery (not shown), with crutches. * 18.07 episode “Next Chapter”. Character: Dominick “Sonny” Carisi, performed by Peter Scanavino. Type of whumps: under gunpoint, gun at his face and almost killed, heavely breathing, blood on his face, shocked. * from 19.13, 19.19 and 19.24 episodes. Character: Peter Stone, performed by Philip Winchester. Type of whumps: emotional pain compilation. * 22.14 episode “Post-Graduate Psychopath”. Character: Dominick “Sonny” Carisi, portrayed by Peter Scanavino. Type of whumps: attacked and stabbed in the ear with a pencil, treated in hospital and blood on his shirt.

Law And Order Organized Crime: 1.08 episode “Forget It, Jake; It’s Chinatown”. Character: Richard Wheatley, performed by Dylan McDermott. Type of whumps: handcuffed in police custody, ambushed and hit by broken window on his face, blood on his face and clothes, almost killed and saved at the last moment, grabbed and dragged, hunted down by gunmen, glancingly shot in the leg and screaming in pain, a bit helped walking a bit dragged, bleeding and treated on the field, towel tighted at his leg and screaming in pain, dizzy, dragged and groaning, under gunfire, limping while hold in custody and still handcuffed (wound dressed later supposedly in the ambulance).

Lethal Weapon: 2.22 episode “One Day More”. Character: Martin Riggs, performed by Clayne Crawford. Type of whumps: emotional pain and crying, rough fight, stabbed, shot point blank by his half-brother, collapsed to the ground bleeding, heavy breathing moaning and shocked.

MacGyver (1985): Character: Angus MacGyver, performed by Richard Dean Anderson. * 1.17 episode “To Be a Man”. Type of whumps: shot and roughly fallen with the deltaplane, under gunfire, weak and unable to walk, grunting in pain, rescued, treated on the field, fever, cauterized wound with poker, intense pain and passed out, arm sling. * 5.04 episode “Cease Fire”. Type of whumps: fought and knocked out, kicked and run away, shot and roughly fallen from a cliff, pull himself along weakly and passed out, sweating and moaning, treated on the field, patched wound and bruise on his temple. * 6.20 episode “Trail of Tears”. Type of whumps: shot point blank with a rifle and fallen, unconscious on the ground bleeding, roughly fallen from a cliff, pull himself along weakly, grunting in pain and passed out, sweating, treated on the field by a shaman, dressed wound [punched in the face and fallen, captured, sore].

Magnum P.I.: Character: Thomas Sullivan Magnum, performed by Jay Hernandez. * 1.01 episode “I Saw the Sun Rise”. Type of whumps: into a cell bleeding wound and cauterized on the field with gunpowder with a lot of sweating and screaming (in the past), ambushed and roughly beaten up, left unconscious on the ground, escaping the cell weak and in need of help for walking (in the past). * 1.15 episode part 1 part 2 part 3 “Day the Past Came Back”. Type of whumps: kidnapped, gagged and tied up, bruises all over the left side of his face, punched and threatened, fought and slashed with a knife at his flank, bleeding wound and treated on the field, patched up, memories of being wounded during captivity, upsetting news, ambushed and shaken, under gunfire, on the roof of a running truck, hit his face against the dashboard and rough fight, shot in the shoulder and fallen outside the truck, many bruises from the fall, heavy painting, collapsed on the ground moaning and bleeding, into an hospital bed with IV.

Manifest: 1.09 episode “Dead Reckoning” Character: Jared Vasquez, performed by J. R. Ramirez. Type of whumps: hit by explosion blast (not shown), rescued and unconscious on the ground, unconscious into a hospital bed with IV, face covered of bruises, moaning, weak and in pain. Character: Ben Stone, performed by Josh Dallas. Type of whumps: intense head pain due to electric torture, panting, on the ground grunting and holding his head, needed help to stand up, intense head pain again and difficulties to walk, hit by explosion blast, unconscious on the ground with bruises on his face, wobbly legs, upset, urged with his wife, emotional pain and crying.

Marvel’s Agent Carter: 2.07 episode “Monsters”. Character: Det. Daniel Sousa, performed by Enver Gjokaj. Type of whumps: beaten and kicked, bruises and sore.

Mary Kills People: 1.02 episode “The River Styx”. Character: Des, performed by Richard Short. Type of whumps: shot, blood and sweating, treated on the field, flesh wound dressed.

Mayans M.C.: 1.07 episode “Cucaracha/K'uruch”. Character: Miguel Galindo, performed by Danny Pino. Type of whumps: locked into a cell, mocked and threatened by another inmate, rough fight, many grunting and panting, bloody cut under eyebrown and bruises on his hand, limping.

NCIS Los Angeles: 10.01 episode“To Live and Die in Mexico”. Character: G Cullen, performed by Chris O'Donnell. Type of whumps: hit by a rocket in the previous episode, dragged out and sore at his torso, bloody cut on his forehead and dizzy, holding his flank and limping, fallen from a cliff during a fight and panting, badly sore, examined and found a broken rib, difficulties to walk and sitten exhausted and sweat, broken rib punctured his lung causing severe difficulties to breath and coughing, passed out and emergency treatment on the field, on a hospital stretch, unconscious and vulnerable into an hospital room, ambushed and almost killed, unconscious into an hospital room with IVs and checking monitors.

Quantico: * 3.08 episode “Deep Cover”. Character: Mike McQuigg, performed by Alan Powell. Type of whumps: undercover in jail, beaten up and kicked, bloody face, bruises and sore. * 3.11 episode “The Art of War”. Character: Owen Hall, performed by Blair Underwood. Type of whumps: ambushed and under heavy gunfire, shot twice, unconscious on a table, blood transfusion, surgery on the field, sweating and bloody gauzes, bullets removed and sewn on the field, unconscious into an hospital bed. * 3.12 episode “Ghosts”. Character: Mike McQuigg, performed by Alan Powell. Type of whumps: into a cell, fought and badly beaten up, cut on his forehead, panting, bloody bruises and sore, in hospital bed and dressed cut, faked heart attack. * 3.13 episode “Who Are You?“. Character: Ryan Booth, performed by Jake McLaughlin. Type of whumps: surrender himself to the enemy, tied up to a chair, badly beaten, many bloody bruises and blood from mouth, heavy breathing, unconscious on the ground still tied to the chair, rescued, in hospital into a coma.

Person of Interest: Character: John Reese, portrayed by Jim Caviezel * 1.08 episode ”Foe”. Type of whumps: under gunpoint, fought, knocked out and tied up to a chair, gagged and tortured, gun pointed at his head, saved at the very last second. * 1.10-11 episodes. Type of whumps: shot twice, much bleeding and panting and sweating, in need of help to walk, rescued, aftermath of the shooting, bleeding and sweating, semi-conscious on a gurney, treated on the field. * 1.15 episode ”Blue Code”. Type of whumps: (undercover, hit with a crowbar and knocked out,) tied up to a chair and interrogated, bruised face, punched several times, coughing and slightly trembling in pain, hit in the gut with a crowbar, many grunting, shot and passed out. * 4.06 episode “Pretenders”. Type of whumps: under gunfire and into a gunfight, under gunpoint, into a gunfight and shot in the arm, dressed wound on the field by himself and grunting in pain, into a furious gunfight, tackled down, arm in a sling. * 4.12 episode “Control-Alt-Delete”. Type of whumps: still injured from previous episode and bloody shirt, rough fight, helped walking and sitting into the car, asleep and pale.

Preacher: episode 4.05 “Bleak.City”. Character: Jesse Custer character, portrayed by Dominic Cooper. Type of whumps: shot from behind in the shoulder, groaning in pain and dragging himself, on the ground defenseless.

Prodigal Son: Character: Malcom Bright, portrayed by Tom Payne * 1.08 episode “Family Friend”. Type of whumps: psychogenic tremors and upset, punched kicked and entrapped, screaming in pain and short of breath, pressed between bars and screaming in pain, bloody nose and gasping for air, collapsed and heavily panting, treated on the field and dressed ribs, holding his sore torso, bruises all over his torso and ice packs.

Project Blue Book: Character: Captain Michael Quinn, portrayed by Michael Malarkey. * 1.03 episode “The Lubbock Lights”. Type of whumps: facing an hysterical mob with bats (again), entrapped into a car during strange electrical issues, clenched jaw and grunting, fallen outside the car, shaken and panting, angry, still shaking hands and upset. * 1.08 episode “War Games”. Type of whumps: threatened, under gunpoint, hunted down and under gunfire, angry, fought and pushed, roughly fallen and found moaning, grunting and coughing and heavely panting, bloody face, bruises and cuts from the fall and the fight, argued.

Ransom: Character: Eric Beaumont, portrayed by Luke Roberts. * 1.01-2.01 episodes. Type of whumps: punched, explosion blast, running car, manhandled, kidnapped, emotional pain, fought. * 2.10 episode “Radio Silence”. Type of whumps: punched, explosion blast, running car, manhandled, kidnapped, emotional pain, fought. * 2.11 episode “The Client”. Type of whumps: under gunpoint and kidnapped, manhandled and slapped, broken lip, hands tied, manhandled twice.

Remington Steele: 4.01 episode “Steele Searching Part 1”. Character: Remington Steele, performed by Pierce Brosnan. Type of whumps: impaled, fugitive, bloody and sweating, hallucinating, couldn’t stand, moaning in pain, treated on the field.

Revenge: Character: Jack Porter, performed by Nick Wechsler. * 2.14-15 episodes. Type of whumps: shot, abandoned bleeding into a dinghy, rescued unconscious, in hospital bed with IVs, distraught, recovering in bed and upset. * 4.23 episode “Two Graves”. Type of whumps: fought and stabbed, collapsed to the ground grunting, rescued, in hospital bed unconscious.

Ringer: 1.17 & 1.18 episodes. Character: Andrew Martin, performed by Ioan Gruffudd. Type of whumps: shot (not shown), laying unconscious and bleeding on the floor, caressed face, in surgery, laying on a hospital bed with a bulky dressing and IV in his forearm, weak and pale, emotional confrontation, in pain, worried and getting up risking to rip his stitches, laying on his bed at home and with a sling, receving upsetting news.

Salvation: 1.04 episode “The Human Strain”. Character: Darius Tanz, performed by Santiago Cabrera. Type of whumps: incarcerated and interrogated, slapped and fallen from the chair, tied up to a table and tortured with water, shaking and coughing, almost injected with truth serium, weak and wet, in need of help to walk.

SEAL Team: 2.17 episode “Paradise Lost”. Character: Clay Spenser, portrayed by Max Thieriot. Type of whumps: hit by explosion blast without suffering consequences and regaining consciousness while laying on the ground, hit by another explosion blast right in front of him, flew away by the force of the blast, roughly fallen to the ground (not shown), laying on the ground bloody and barely conscious, trembling, cuts un his face and bloody wound at his shoulder, severe bleeding wounds at both of his legs, one of the leg impaled and profusely bleeding, rescued and first treated on the field, collar neck placed and put on a stretcher, placed then on a gurney and loaded onto ambulance with oxygen mask, in hospital in critical conditions and airlifted out to another hospital (reported, not shown).

Shooter: Character: Bob Lee Swagger, performed by Ryan Philippe. * 3.01 episode “Backroads” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: shot and treated on the field in the previous episode, unconscious with hands tied, jumped outside a running car, staples removed and bleeding, collapsed, bruise on his forehead and panting, knocked out with a hit at his neck, unconscious on the car seat, treated on the field with many grunting and pain, fought and fallen to the ground moaning, under gunfire, limping and grunting, under gunpoint, rough fight, collapsed to the ground grunting in pain, unconscious and rescued. * 3.02 episode “Red Meat”. Type of whumps: still recovering and bruise on his cheekbone, bloody dressing, dressing change by himself, pensive, sore, dressing change, thwarted a fake robbery / ambush and brawl without consequences, bloody shirt, upset. * 3.09 episode “Alpha Dog”. Type of whumps: angry and on a revenge warpath, knuckles bruised after having beaten many enemies, rough and unfair boxing fight, many bloody bruises on his face, heavily panting, hooded and manhandled, tied up to a chair, repeatedly punched and shoulder dislocated, screaming in pain, grabbed by hair, under gunpoint, rescued and grunting, treated in hospital and patches on his face, immobilized arm and in a sling, upset.

Six: 2.03 episode “Dua” (last gif is from 2.04). Character: Alex Caulder, performed by Kyle Schmid. Tipe of whumps: headaches and hissing ears from 2.01 episode, under gunfire, shot in the forearm, grunting and bloody, dressed wound and IV on the field.

Sleepy Hollow: Character: Ichabod Crane, portrayed by Tom Mison. * 1.06 episode “The Sin Eater”. Type of whumps: hit with tranquilizer dart and passed out. kidnapped, groggy, memory from the past (hit by demon and roughly fallen to the ground, bloody and sore torso), drunk poison and groggy, hand punctured. * 1.09 episode “Sanctuary”. Type of whumps: upset and emotional pain, attacked and many bloody cuts on his torso, fought and panting, covered in blood, sad. * 1.10 episode “The Golem”. Type of whumps: almost chocked to death and passed out, unconscious on the ground, rough awakening and gasping, hunted, shread on mirror into his chest, blood, dressed wound, gasping on the ground. * 2.04 episode “Go Where I Send Thee...”. Type of whumps: fought and hit at his head, hit by explosion blast without consequences, bloody cut on his forehead, sword fight, fallen and screaming for acustic attack, blood from ears, rough fight and pushed against the wall, panting. * 2.06 episode “And the Abyss Gazes Back”. Type of whumps: upset and emotional pain, hit and bloody hand, bandaid on his hand, hunted by enemy and fallen, reopened his hand wound on purpose, hunted and followed by enemy, hit and slammed againts a wall, bloody lip. * 2.08 episode “Heartless”. Character: Nick Hawley, portrayed by Matt Barr. Type of whumps: attacked, slammed against a pillar, manhandled and weakened, sweating and on the ground, suddenly collapsed and helped, attacked and pushed to the ground, ripped with claws, panting and injured, cuts on his chest and dressing himself.

Station 19 * 1.10 episode “Not Your Hero”. Character: Travis Montgomery, performed by Jay Hayden. Type of whumps: hit by glass explosion and fragment into his chest, bleeding and grunting, unable to walk and dragged along stairs, painting and moaning, more bleeding and weak, fate unknown. * 2.06 episode “Last Day On Earth”. Character: Greg Tanner, performed by Dermot Mulroney. Type of whumps: walking into the station limping and holding his torso, bloody wound on his face, discomfort and pain, treated in the infirmary, sprained ankle, blood on his shirt, bloody wound on his forearm and dressed, cut on his cheekbone patched, ice on his dressed ankle, bad argument with his son, collapsed into the elevator and found unconscious, treated on the field, regained consciousness, resting in hospital bed. * 2.14 episode “Friendly Fire”. Character: Lucas Ripley, performed by Brett Tucker. Type of whumps: into a firefight, explosion near him and slammed against a wall, fallen to the ground unconscious, many coughing, treated on the field and refused oxygen mask, more coughing for smoke inhalation, found unconscious on the sidewalk with a bloody wound on his forehead.

Star Trek: 2.10 episode “Journey to Babel”. Character: Capt. James Kirk, portrayed by William Shatner. Type of whumps: fought and stabbed, bleeding and collapsed, on a medical bay bed unconscios and dressed wound, sore, almost fainted and back to bed.

Strike: 4.02 episode “Lethal White” Part 1 Part 2 Part 3. Character: Cormoran B. Strike, portrayed by Tom Burke. Type of whumps: chased by dogs and badly limping, grimacing while walking, sore leg and difficulties to climb stairs and walk, badly limping after a run, hit from behind and fallen from stairs, screaming in pain and groaning, mocked while laying helpless, badly limping and ice pack on his stump, weak and voice almost cracking, bed rest without the prosthesis, sudden spike of pain and cursing during a physiotherapy session, walking with a cane, attacked and fought, into a fight and kicked while on the ground, manhandled and rescued, bloody forehead and hissing while treated on the field, stressful meeting and painful memories, walking with a cane, worried.

Strike Back: * 3.06 episode “Vengeance #6”. Character: Michael Stonebridge, portrayed by Philip Winchester. Type of whumps: hit by granade explosion blast and passed out, bloody bruises on his face and elbow and cut on his cheek and wound on his chest, medicated on the field, under heavy gunfire. * 3.08 episode “Vengeance #8”. Character: Michael Stonebridge, portrayed by Philip Winchester. Type of whumps: under gunpoint, hit by a bazooka shot’s blast, numb and captured, bloody bruises after a beating, tied up and muzzled, used for an hostage exchange, medicated on the field, under heavy gunfire. * 6.03 episode “Retribution #3”. Character: Serg. Samuel Wyatt, portrayed by Daniel MacPherson. Type of whumps: manhandled, stabbed, thrown bloody on the street, patched and sewn on the field, on pain medication for stabbing. * 6.08 episode “Retribution #8”. Character: Serg. Daniel “Mac” McAllister, portrayed by Warren Brown. Type of whumps: under gunfire and shot at his arm, treated himself on the field and dressed wound, fought and under gunpoint, captured and manhandled, tortured with defibrillator repeatedly, screaming and shaking and bloody dressing.

Suits:5.16 episode “25th Hour”. Character: Harvey Specter, portrayed by Gabriel Macht. Type of whumps: provoking an argument, repeadetly punched and kneed, pushed to the floor and rough fall, heavy panting, cut on his eyebrown and broken lip, bruise on his cheek, self-treated.

Supernatural: 3.09 episode “Malleus Maleficarum”. Character: Dean Winchester, performed by Jensen Ackles. Type of whumps: cursed and grunting, wriggling in pain and screaming, vomiting blood and weak, coughing and holding his stomach, manhandled.

S.W.A.T.: 1.21 episode “Hunted”. Character: Daniel “Hondo” Harrelson, performed by Sherman Moore. Type of whumps: under heavy gunfire, hunted down, jumped off a cliff, panting, nasty bruise and cut, treated on the field and stitched up without anesthesia, bloody shirt, a lot of panting and grunting, larger bruise and patched up on the field.

Taken: Character: Bryan Mills character, portrayed by Clive Standen. * 1.01 episode Pilot. Type of whumps: shot in the leg, self care, kidnapped, beaten, shot again, into an hospital bed unconscious. * 1.10 episode “I Surrender”. Type of whumps: knocked down by a car, buried by a landslide, bruises on his face, shot multiple times, in a cell wounded and gory. * 2.01 episode “S.E.R.E.“. Type of whumps: into a Mexican black site prison, fighting with other inmates and beaten by guards over and over, bloody cuts and bruises, shown previous scarves on his torso, painting and sore, [fought and under gunpoint, push outside the trunk and rough fall to the ground, hooded hit to his neck and passed out, kidnapped and tied up his hands, fought and under gunfire, under heavy gunfire], exhausted. * 2.10 episode “All About Eve”. Type of whumps: rough sparring, fought and hit at his head, shot three times to his bulletproof vest and fallen to the ground, moaning and gasping and shot again in the vest, treated and injected in the field, sore and ice on the bruise. * 2.11 episode “Password”. Type of whumps: rough fight, bloody cut on his face and aftermath bruise and bandaid on his nose. * 2.13 episode “ACGT”. Type of whumps: injected GPS device, fought, manhandled and tased, unconscious and kidnapped, on a stretch groggy and blurred vision, fought still wobbly and collapsed on the ground, panting, whiff ammonia to wake up and coughing, rough fight. * 2.14 episode “Carapace” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: [some emotional pain, attacked, under gunpoint and locked into an interview room,] shot at his flank and left bleeding on the ground, groggy and bloody shirt and hands, collapsed and grunting in pain, holding his flank, trembling and treating himself on the field, unsteady, hit in the face and very rough fight, knife at his throat, punctured with a corkscrew and almost chocked to death, cut with a piece of glass at his hand, collapsed panting and sweating, limping and dressed hand, many bruises all over his face. * 2.15 episode “Render”. Type of whumps: still recovering from gunshot wound, fought and sore, bullet scar, hit with tranquilizer dart and passed out, dragged unconscious, tied up to a chair unconscious, rough awakening, kidnapped, hands tied and unconscious. * 2.16 episode “Viceroy” Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: crawling on a snowy cliff bleeding and painting, abducted in the previous episode, punched in the stomach, fought, jumped with parachute, crawling in the snow panting and coughing exhausted, rescued and bloody dressing, on a bed recovering for a bit, heavly breathing, under gunfire, multiple fights, shot in the vest and fallen, panting in pain, under heavy gunfire, rough fight, stabbed, laying on the ground panting, moaning and grunting, bruises on his face.

The Brave: 1.08 episode “Stealth” Part 1 & Part 2. Character: Capt. Adam Dalton, portrayed by Mike Vogel. Type of whumps: hunted and under heavy gunfire, rough fight, kicked and punched in his torso and painting, sore and stumbled, hunted and under heavy gunfire, under sniper’s gunpoint, stumbled, suspected broken ribs, grunting and painting.

The Cape: Character: Vince Faraday / The Cape, portrayed by David Lyons. * 1.02 episode “Tarot”. Type of whumps: under gunpoint, fought, stabbed with a poisoned blade, jumped outside the building and roughly fallen to the ground, in pain and gasping for air, treated on the field, leeched injected with antivenom and punched, gasping and sweating, unconscious on bed and dressed wound, upset, cut at his hand, dressed hands, tried a poison, groaning and sweating, fought and blood from his mouth and nose, rough fight. * 1.06 episode “Goggles and Hicks”. Type of whumps: sleeping in bed and grunting, nasty huge bruise on his torso because of broken ribs, sweating and shallow breathing, grunted in pain when touched twice, lured into a trap by hitman and put a tracked on him, fought, grunting in pain, target by a killer drone and under heavy gunfire, shot multiple times to his back and fallen to the ground, bullets stopped by the cape but sore at his shoulder, dressing on his broken ribs, jolt for the pain, nasty bruises all over his shoulder, removed the subcutaneous imprint with a knife, under heavy gunfire, fought. * 1.09 episode “Razer”. Type of whumps: argued with Ruvi, faked scars on his face, cover blown, fought and captured, repeatedly kicked and beaten up, tied up to a chair tortured and bloody bruises on his face, coughing and gasping, slapped and repeatedly punched, rescued, swollen face.

The Closer: 7.21 episode “The Last Word”. Character: Philip Stroh, portrayed by Billy Burke. Type of whumps: assaulted and bloody face, bruises on his face, fought, shot three times, bleeding and groaning on the floor.

The Enemy Within: 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Character: FBI Agent Jason Bragg, portrayed by Noah Mills. Type of whumps: shot in the vest, on the ground groaning and coughing, sore, ice pack on his cracked ribs.

The Good Wife: 5.15-17 episodes. Character: Finn Polmar, portrayed by Matthew Goode. Type of whumps: shot, bleeding, on a wheelchair in hospital shaken and bloody, in hospital, huge patch on his shoulder, groggy for drugs, arm sling and dressed hand, under a disciplinary hearing, upset.

The Saint (2017) TV movie. Character: Simon Templar, portrayed by Adam Rayner. Type of whumps: into a cage against a fighter and handcuffed, fought, sore torso, scratch on his cheekbone and bloody noise, repeatedly moaning in pain.

The Passage: Character: Bradley ‘Brad’ Wolgast, portrayed by Mark-Paul Gosselaar. * 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Type of whumps: upset, little fight, emotional pain still grieving his daughter, accused to be a kidnapper and surrended himself to a local sheriff, handcuffed to the chair, under heavy gunfire, rough fight, under gunpoint and shot, panting and bruise on his face, chased by multiple enemies. * 1.02 episode “You Owe Me a Unicorn”. Type of whumps: pale and sweating from previous episode GSW, panting and bleeding, chased by multiple enemies, holding his flank, pale and sweating, passed out, screaming in pain, argued, under gunpoint, treated on the field and moaning in pain, wound stitched, emotional pain, under gunfire, surrounded and surrendered himself, under gunpoint and threatened, captured. * 1.10 episode “Last Lesson”. Type of whumps: bitten, groaning and bleeding, deep cuts on his neck, under gunpoint and gasping, sweating and woobly, unconscious on the ground, injected with the cure.

The Resident: Character: Conrad Hawkins, performed by Matt Czuchry *1.10 episode “Hunted”. Type of whumps: emotional pain and distraught, accident with cyclist and roughly fallen to the ground, bruises and ankle sprain, in pain and treated himself, injected a dose of cortisone into his foot, severe limping, dressed. * 3.01 episode “From the Ashes”. Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: hit by explosion blast and roughly fallen to the ground, unconscious with a bleeding head wound, regaining consciousness, wobbly and sore, entrapped, coughing and trying to extinguish the fire, caught by explosion blast and badly slammed to the ground, rescued unconscious and unresponsive, treated in the ER, regaining consciousness on a gurney and grunting in pain, C-spine collar at his neck and IV, monitored and applied oxygen mask, bruised torso and suspected fractured rib, left ankle bruised and swollen, grunting in pain and heavily painting and coughing when probbed, dressed bicep and walking with crutches, patch on his inner elbow for previous IV attached, almost fainted and holding himself against the wall, helped to lie down and feeling light-headed, IV fluids attached and patch on his other inner elbow too, walking with a cane.

The Royals: 4.01 episode “How Prodigal the Soul” and aftermath in 4.02. Character: Jasper Frost, portrayed by Tom Austen. Type of whumps: shot, bleeding, gasping and moaning, passed out and unconscious on the ground, in hospital on a stretch, barely conscious.

The Tomorrow People: 1.12 episode “Sitting Ducks”. Character: John Young, performed by Luke Mitchell. Type of whumps: under gunfire and shot, bloody and weak, grunting and sweating, treated on the field and passed out, bullet removed and moaning, rescued and recovering.

The Vampire Diaries: Character: Damon Salvatore, performed by Ian Somerhalder. * 2.22 episode “As I Lay Dying”. Type of whumps: poisoned, exposed to sun and burning, locked into a cell, spitting blood, weak for poison spreading, hallucinations and needing help to walk, on his knees, weak and sweating, moaning in bed, care. * 4.23 episode “Graduation”. Type of whumps: shot with poisoned bullet and self-treatment, sore and bloody wound, weak for poison spreading, shot two times, on his knees weak and sweating.

Undercover: Character: Han Jung-hyun / Lee Suk-kyu, portrayed by Ji Jin-Hee * 1.09 episode Part 1 & Part 2. Type of whumps: rough fight and slashed with knife, treated himself, in severe pain and holding his flank, emotional confrontation, feeling guilty and crying, groaning and sweating, in severe pain and folding[, almost fainted and looking out for support, heavily panting, passed out on the sofa, troubled sleep and rough awakening, grimacing and groaning, changing stained dressing of the wound, pushed pressing on his wound, leaning on the furniture for support, pale and tired, moaning and grunting, changing stained dressing of the wound]. * 1.14 episode. Type of whumps: still tied and kidnapped from previous episode, knocked out, threatened and punched, weights chained to his foot and heavily panting, shot and fallen into water, sinking and under gunfire, regaining consciousness underwater and bleeding, heavily panting and grimacing, bruised face and wrists and dressing stained with blood, pale and sweating, collapsed into his mentor’s arms and treated on the field, rough awakening and groaning. * 1.16 episode. Type of whumps: under gunpoint and threatened, shot at his arm and into a gunfight, under gunfire, attacked and rough fight, almost chocked to death and passed out, CPR and mouth-to-mouth breathing, in hospital unconscious and bruised face, rough awakening and groaning in pain, arm sling and grimacing.

Walker: 1.12 & 1.13 episodes. Character: Liam Walker, performed by Keegan Allen. Type of whumps: shot, lying bleeding and unconscious, wobbly and carried, got painkillers and a towel to stop the bleeding, helped walking then roughly grabbed, screaming in pain and pale, shirt stained with blood, treated on the field with makeshift tools, wound sterilized with alcool then incised with a knife then cauterized with a hot branding iron, silent tears and screaming in pain, uneven on his legs and collapsed into his brother’s arms.

SHORT CLIPS

Fino all’ultimo battito: episode 1.09 “Codice rosso”. Character: Diego Mancini, portrayed by Marco Bocci.Type of whumps: kidnapped and manhandled, hit wrist then pistol-whipped, hooded and tied hands, slapped and roughly fallen from the chair, kicked repeatedly and moaning, bruised face and injured wrist, flinched for the pain and groaning, wrist on a tutor and grimacing occasionally and holding it, ice pack on the wrist. °°°NEWEST°°°

Colony: 3.10 episode “Bonzo”. Character: Will Bowman, performed by Josh Holloway. Type of whumps: [fought,] bloody, shocked, trickling blood from his arm.

Criminal Minds: 4.02 episode “The Angel Maker”. Character: Aaron Hotchner, performed by Thomas Gibson. Type of whumps: acute acoustic trauma and hyperacusis after previous episode, hissing ear, holding his head and curling up on himself, (lovely) moaning in pain, taking care of.

Halt and Catch Fire: 1.04 episode “Close to the Metal”. Character: Joe Macmillan, performed by Lee Pace. Type of whumps: beadly beaten up, arrested and handcuffed in pain, hurt and sore.

Hawaii Five-0: 7.01 episode “Ready to Play?”. Character: Lieut. Commander Steve McGarrett, performed by Alex O'Loughlin. Type of whumps: dressed torso and sore.

Instinct: 2.05 episode “Ancient History”. Character: Julian Cousins, portrayed by Naveen Andrews. Type of whumps: jolting in pain, patch on his torso (for broken rib?).

Lethal Weapon: 2.22 episode “One Day More”. Character: Martin Riggs, performed by Clayne Crawford. Type of whumps: shot point blank by his half-brother, collapsed to the ground bleeding, heavy breathing moaning and shocked.

Magnum P.I.: 1.15 episode “Day the Past Came Back”. Character: Thomas Sullivan Magnum, portrayed by Jay Hernandez. Type of whumps: rough fight, shot in the shoulder and fallen outside the truck, many bruises from the fall, collapsed on the ground moaning and bleeding.

Marvel’s Iron Fist: 2.06 episode “The Dragon Dies at Dawn”. Character: Ward Meachum, portrayed by Tom Pelphrey. Type of whump: intense emotional pain remembering and telling child abuses and silently crying.

Prodigal Son: Character: Malcom Bright, portrayed by Tom Payne * 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Type of whumps: attacked with tazer and fallen to the ground, gasping and fallen unconscious, regaining consciousness, under gunpoint, panting, upset and fired, nightmares and restrained (himself) to bed, psychogenic tremors, under gunfire, shaken, blood on his shirt (not his), pavor nocturnus (terror during sleep) and heavily panting, under gunpoint, under emotional distress, under gunpoint, threatened himself with a syringe, collapsed on his knees and heavily panting. * 1.02 episode “Annihilator”. Type of whumps: nightmares and rough awakening, psychogenic tremors, snake thrown towards him and fallen on crates grunting, bitten by the snake, collapsed and seizure, nightmares and rough awakening into an hospital bed with an attached IV, panicked and screaming, discharging himself from hospital, angry, swaying and unstable on his legs, restrained to his bed and fallen asleep. * 1.03 episode “Fear Response”. Type of whumps: nightmares and writhing in bed, sleep so agitated he smashed through the window and dangled off the building, psychogenic tremors, grabbed and sharp shrapnel pointed at his throat, roughly slammed against a wall and fought, hit at his head and collapsed to the ground, almost stabbed and rescued at the last moment, at gunpoint, bloody cut on his forehead and heavily panting. * 1.04 episode “Designer Complicity”. Type of whumps: psychogenic tremor, tormented and obsessed, crashing a glass in his hand and bleeding cuts, grunting, dressed hand, argued with his mother and slapped in the face, upset and shaky hands, under gunpoint, emotional pain and crying. * 1.08 episode “Family Friend”. Type of whumps: psychogenic tremors and upset, punched kicked and entrapped, screaming in pain and short of breath, pressed between bars and screaming in pain, bloody nose and gasping for air, collapsed and heavily panting, treated on the field and dressed ribs, holding his sore torso, bruises all over his torso and ice packs. * 1.09-10 episodes.

Project Blue Book: Character: Captain Michael Quinn, portrayed by Michael Malarkey. * 1.03 episode “The Lubbock Lights”. Type of whumps: entrapped into a car during strange electrical issues, clenched jaw and grunting, fallen outside the car, shaken and panting * 1.03 episode “The Lubbock Lights”. Type of whumps: still shaking hands and upset. * 1.08 episode “War Games”. Type of whumps: fought and pushed, roughly fallen and found moaning, grunting and coughing and heavely panting, bloody face, bruises and cuts from the fall and the fight.

Shades of Blue: Character: Cole, portrayed by Nick Wechsler. * 3.07 episode “Straight Through The Heart”. Type of whumps: tortured, manhandled, slapped, hands tied, searing flesh with blowtorch, screaming. * 3.08 episode “Cry Havoc”. Type of whumps: tortured and restrained, searing flesh wih a blowtorch, screaming in pain, sweating and panting, hit on the forehead and bloody, manhandled.

Sleepy Hollow: 2.04 episode “Go Where I Send Thee...”. Character: Nick Hawley, performed by Matt Barr. Tipe of whumps: bloody forehead wound and cut on his leg, rescued and treated on the filed, some panting and grunting, fought hit and fallen, [hit by explosion blast and limping due to his leg injury].

Shooter: 3.01 episode “Backroads”. Character: Bob Lee Swagger, performed by Ryan Philippe. Type of whumps: shot and treated on the field in the previous episode, unconscious with hands tied, jumped outside a running car, staples removed and bleeding, collapsed, bruise on his forehead and panting, knocked out with a hit at his neck, unconscious on the car seat, treated on the field with many grunting and pain, fought and fallen to the ground moaning, under gunfire, limping and grunting, under gunpoint, rough fight, collapsed to the ground grunting in pain, unconscious and rescued.

Supernatural: 3.09 episode (clip 1 & clip 2) “Malleus Maleficarum”. Character: Dean Winchester, performed by Jensen Ackles. Type of whumps: cursed and grunting, wriggling in pain and screaming, vomiting blood and weak, coughing and holding his stomach, manhandled.

Taken: Character: Bryan Mills character, portrayed by Clive Standen. * 2.14 episode clip 1 clip 2 clip 3 “Carapace”. Type of whumps: shot at his flank and left bleeding on the ground, groggy and bloody shirt and hands, collapsed and grunting in pain, holding his flank, trembling and treating himself on the field, unsteady, hit in the face and very rough fight, knife at his throat, punctured with a corkscrew and almost chocked to death, sore, cut with a piece of glass at his hand, collapsed panting and sweating, limping and dressed hand, many bruises all over his face. * 2.15 episode “Render”. Type of whumps: still recovering from gunshot wound, fought and sore, bullet scar. * 2.16 episode “Viceroy”. Type of whumps: rough fight, stabbed, laying on the ground panting, moaning and grunting, bruises on his face.

The Blacklist: 3.18 episode “Mr. Solomon (no. 32): conclusion”. Character: Raymond “Red” Reddington, performed by James Spader. Type of whumps: heartbroken, almost fainted for strong emotional pain and collapsed into Dembe’s arms, helped getting into the car and under shock.

The Brave: 1.08 episode “Stealth”. Character: Capt. Adam Dalton, portrayed by Mike Vogel. Type of whumps: rough fight, kicked and punched in his torso and painting, sore and stumbled, hunted and under heavy gunfire, under sniper’s gunpoint, stumbled, suspected broken ribs, grunting and painting.

The Cape: 1.06 episode (clip 1 & clip 2) “Goggles and Hicks” Character: Vince Faraday / The Cape, portrayed by David Lyons. Type of whumps: broken ribs and grunted in pain when touched, dressing on his broken ribs, jolt for the pain, nasty bruises all over his shoulder.

The Passage: Character: Bradley ‘Brad’ Wolgast, portrayed by Mark-Paul Gosselaar. * 1.01 episode “Pilot”. Type of whumps: upset. * 1.02 episode “You Owe Me a Unicorn”. Type of whumps: argueing about been passed out. * 1.03 episode “That Never Should Have Happened To You”. Type of whumps: captured, hands tied. * 1.04 episode “Whose Blood Is That”. * 1.05 episode “How You Gonna Outrun the End of the World”. * 1.06 episode “I Want To Know What You Taste Like”. Type of whumps: argueing. * 1.08 episode “You Are Not That Girl Anymore”. Character: Clark Richards, portrayed by Vincent Piazza. Type of whump: emotional pain remembering and telling child abuses.

The Resident: Character: Conrad Hawkins, performed by Matt Czuchry * 3.01 episode “From the Ashes” Part 1. Type of whumps: treated in the ER, regaining consciousness on a gurney and grunting in pain, C-spine collar at his neck and IV, monitored and applied oxygen mask, bruised torso and suspected fractured rib, left ankle bruised and swollen, grunting in pain and heavily painting and coughing when probbed * 3.01 episode “From the Ashes” Part 2. Type of whumps: dressed bicep and walking with crutches, patch on his inner elbow for previous IV attached, almost fainted and holding himself against the wall, helped to lie down and feeling light-headed.

The Witcher: 1.01 episode “Pilot. Character: Geralt di Rivia, portrayed by Henry Cavill.

SHORT AUDIOS

DC’s Pennyworth 2.08-2.09 episodes. Character: Alfred Pennyworth, portrayed by Jack Bannon. Type of whumps: stabbed at his flank, groaning; hit at his head with telephone handset and (deliciously) screaming in pain, heavely panting, hit again in the same spot and knocked out, hit at his stomach then his knee with a rifle butt, (lovely) screaming in pain, on his knees groaning.

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: 1.10 episode “Running Ghost”. Character: Byron Sully, portrayed by Joe Lando. Type of whumps: badly beaten, groaning in pain, grunting and heavely panting.

Hanna: 1.08 episode “Utrax”. Character: Erik Heller, portrayed by Joel Kinnaman. Type of whumps: bullet removing with a knife and withou anesthesia, many screaming and grunting and heavely panting.

Once Upon a Time: 2.12 episode “In the Name of the Brother”Character: Killian Jones / Hook, portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue. Type of whumps: [hit by a car, landed on the windshield and roughly fallen to the ground unconscious,] grunting in pain for cracked ribs, probbed to assess damage and screaming in pain, in a hospital bed and moaning in pain, touched in purpose to cause pain and gasping, sharply inhaled and holding breath waiting for the pain to subdue, exhaled softly and grimacing.

Person of Interest: 1.15 episode ”Blue Code”. Character: John Reese, portrayed by Jim Caviezel. Type of whumps: (undercover, hit with a crowbar and knocked out,) tied up to a chair and interrogated, bruised face, punched several times, coughing and slightly trembling in pain, hit in the gut with a crowbar, many grunting, shot and passed out.

Shooter: 3.09 episode “Alpha Dog”. Character: Bob Lee Swagger, performed by Ryan Philippe. Type of whumps: tied up to a chair, repeatedly punched and shoulder dislocated, screaming in pain.

Strike: 4.02 episode “Lethal White” Character: Cormoran B. Strike, portrayed by Tom Burke. Type of whumps: hit from behind and fallen from stairs, screaming in pain and groaning, mocked while laying helpless, badly limping and ice pack on his stump, weak and voice almost cracking.

The Killing: 2.07 episode “Keylela”. Character: Stephen Holder, portrayed by Joel Kinnaman. Type of whumps: badly beaten, spitting blood and groaning.

The Raven (2012) movie. Character: Detective Emmett Fields, portrayed by Luke Evans.Type of whumps: (shot and treated on the field,) groaning in pain, grunting and heavely panting, hissing in pain.

The Resident: 3.01 episode “From the Ashes”. Character: Conrad Hawkins, performed by Matt Czuchry. Type of whumps: treated in the ER, grunting in pain and heavily painting and coughing when probbed.

The Saint (2017) TV movie. Character: Simon Templar, portrayed by Adam Rayner. Type of whumps: repeatedly moaning in pain.

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Exabytes in a Test Tube: The Case for DNA Data Storage

With the right coding, the double helix could archive our entire civilization

Illustration: Anatomy Blue

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Illustration: Anatomy Blue

Five thousand years ago, a man died in the Alps. It’s possible he died from a blow to the head, or he may have bled to death after being shot in the shoulder with an arrow. There’s a lot we don’t know about Ötzi (named for the Ötztal Alps, where he was discovered), despite the fact that researchers have spent almost 30 years studying him.

On the other hand, we know rather a lot about Ötzi’s physiological traits and even his clothes. We know he had brown eyes and a predisposition for cardiovascular diseases. He had type O positive blood and was lactose intolerant. The coat he was wearing was patched together using the leather of multiple sheep and goats, and his hat was made from a brown bear’s hide. All of this information came from sequencing the DNA of both Ötzi and the clothing he wore.

DNA can store remarkable amounts of genetic information and, as Ötzi demonstrates, can do so for thousands of years. The DNA molecule is a double-helix staircase of billions of molecular blocks, called base pairs, whose arrangement determines much of what makes each of us unique. Only recently have we contemplated using DNA to store electronic, digital data. And while DNA isn’t currently a viable alternative to memory sticks or hard-disk drives, it might be one of our best options to cope with the increasingly vast quantities of data we’ll create as data mining, analytics, and other big-data applications proliferate.

It was back in 2003 when some researchers, notably a group at the University of Arizona, became intrigued with the idea of using DNA to store data. But there were plenty of skeptics: Conventional mass-storage systems were doing the job cheaply and reliably. There was no compelling reason to seek out new options.

The situation has changed drastically over the last 15 years. We face an unprecedented data deluge in medicine, physics, astronomy, biology, and other sciences. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, for example, produces about 73,000 gigabytes of data annually. At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the Large Hadron Collider generates 50 million GB of data per year as it records the results of experiments involving, typically, 600 million particle collisions per second. These CERN results churn through a distributed computing grid comprising over 130,000 CPUs, 230 million GB of magnetic tape storage, and 300 million GB of online disk storage.

Using primers to replicate DNA

Illustration: Mark Montgomery

Primers are short strands of bases that match, base for base, the ends of DNA strands. Primers kick-start the polymerase chain reaction in order to replicate a particular DNA strand, making it easier to pick out at random from a soup of DNA strands.

In the life sciences, DNA sequencing alone generates millions of gigabytes of data per year. Researchers predict that within a decade we will be swamped with 40 billion (109) GB of genomic data. All of that data will have to be stored for decades due to government regulations in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere.

Yet even as our data storage needs surge, traditional mass-storage technologies are starting to approach their limits. With hard-disk drives, we’re encountering a limit of 1 terabyte—1,000 GB—per square inch. Past that point, temperature fluctuations can induce the magnetically charged material of the disk to flip, corrupting the data it holds. We could try to use a more heat-resistant material, but we would have to drastically alter the technology we use to read and write on hard-disk drives, which would require huge new investments. The storage industry needs to look elsewhere.

DNA-based storage has come a long way since the early 2000s, when the technologies for reading DNA, let alone writing it, were still in their infancy. In those days, the Human Genome Project had only recently completed a draft of the human genome, at a mind-boggling cost exceeding US $2.7 billion, which works out to about $1 to read each base pair.

By the end of 2015, the cost for obtaining a highly accurate readout of an entire human genome had fallen below $1,500, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. And today, roughly $1,000 is enough for you to get your entire genome sequenced. The cost of DNA sequencing is one three-millionth what it was 10 years ago.

Our ability to sequence, synthesize, and edit DNA has advanced at a previously inconceivable speed. Far from being expensive and impractical, these DNA technologies are the most disruptive in all of biotechnology. It’s now possible to write custom DNA strands for pennies per base pair, at least for short strands. Two companies, GenScript Biotech Corp. and Integrated DNA Technologies, provide DNA synthesis for 11 and 37 cents per base pair, respectively, for strands no longer than several hundred base pairs. Biotech startup companies buy their services and use the synthesized DNA to repair organs or create yeasts that produce unusual flavors to use in brewing beer.

DNA-based storage systems are new and uncharted territory for coding theorists

For companies purchasing synthetic DNA, the cost depends on the length of the sequence being synthesized, because it is usually much more difficult to create long DNA strands. There are a handful of specialized efforts to synthesize longer strands—for example, an ongoing multilab effort is building an entirely synthetic yeast genome. Even so, commercially purchasing anything beyond 10,000 base pairs is currently impossible. (For reference, your genome has about 3.08 billion base pairs, a slightly smaller number than that of an African clawed frog.)

When reading DNA, sequencing devices produce fragments ranging in length from several hundred to tens of thousands of base pairs, which are then analyzed fragment by fragment before being stitched back together for a full readout. The whole process of reading an entire human genome takes less than a day. Researchers are now starting to sequence large quantities of fragments using nanopore technologies, which feed DNA through pores as if they were spaghetti noodles slipping through a large-holed strainer. As DNA passes through a pore, it can be read base by base.

In addition, DNA may be replicated exponentially at a low cost using the polymerase chain reaction, which duplicates a strand of DNA by splitting it apart and then building two identical strands by matching up the corresponding base pairs. These advances in reading DNA as well as in replicating it allow us, for the first time, to seriously consider DNA as a data-recording medium.

It still may not match other data storage options for cost, but DNA has advantages that other options can’t match. Not only is it easily replicated, it also has an ultrahigh storage density—as much as 100 trillion (1012) GB per gram. While the data representing a human genome, base pair by base pair, can be stored digitally on a CD with room to spare, a cell nucleus stores that same amount of data in a space about 1/24,000 as large. DNA does not have to be powered by an external energy source to retain data, as long as it’s stored in a controlled environment. And it can last for a long time: DNA can survive in less than ideal conditions for hundreds of thousands of years, although it often becomes highly degraded. After all, the Alps preserved Ötzi’s DNA for more than 5,000 years. Researchers once recovered DNA from the toe bones of a horse that had been preserved in a glacier for about 700,000 years.

Despite these appealing attributes, exploiting DNA for digital storage involves significant challenges. When it comes to building a storage system, the first task is to model the system’s structure and operation. To that end, two research groups—one at Harvard in 2012 and the other at the European Bioinformatics Institute, in the United Kingdom, in 2013—proposed conceptually simple designs for DNA-based storage.

Encoding text or binary code as DNA

Illustration: Mark Montgomery

We can take a simple phrase like “ Be nam khodavand” (Persian for “in the name of God”) and encode it in base 3. We can then convert those numbers into DNA. Each base-3 digit will be encoded as any of the bases A, T, G, and C, depending on the letter in the strand that came before. For example, a 0 will be encoded as G if the previous base was C. This method complicates the encoding process, but it prevents creating strands with several repetitions of the same base, which can cause errors when sequencing the strand later. To recover the original text, the process can be done in reverse.

The basic idea was to convert the data into the DNA alphabet—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)—and store it in short strings with large amounts of overlap. The overlap would ensure that the data could be stitched back together accurately. For example, if the information was stored in strings that were 100 base pairs long, the last 75 base pairs from the previous string could be used as the first 75 base pairs for the next, with the next 25 base pairs tacked onto the end. With this strategy, the estimated cost of encoding 1 megabyte of data was over $12,000 for synthesizing the DNA and another $220 for retrieving it—rather prohibitively expensive at the moment.

Ensuring redundancy in DNA

Encoding data into a single long strand of DNA is asking for trouble when it comes time to recover the data. A safer process encodes the data in shorter strands. We then construct the first part of the next strand using the same data found at the end of the previous strand. This way we have multiple copies of the data for comparison.

Substitution errors in binary code

Damerau distance codes, which in natural-language processing are used to catch errors like misspellings (for example, “smort” instead of “smart”), can identify the spots in binary code where 1s and 0s have likely been substituted by mistake during copying or transcription.

Substitution errors in DNA

Damerau distance codes can also be used to address the errors that occur in DNA, even though they’re more complex than binary errors. Sometimes bases are inadvertently deleted, and sometimes two will swap positions, errors that do not often occur in binary code.

Illustrations: Mark Montgomery

Since then, research groups have demonstrated the long-term reliability of DNA-based data storage, the feasibility of using some traditional coding techniques, and even storing small amounts of data within the genomes of living bacteria. Our work, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in collaboration with the labs of Jian Ma and Huimin Zhao, pioneered random-access storage in DNA. We have been focused on solving the problems of random access, rewriting, and error-free data recovery for data that is read from DNA sequencing devices. Random access (the ability to directly access any information you want) and addressing (which tells you where to find that information) are key to any effective data storage method.

Our interest in DNA-based data storage emerged from our backgrounds in coding theory. Coding theory has made modern storage systems possible by enabling the proper data formatting for specific systems, the conversion of data from one format to another, and the correction of inevitable errors.

DNA-based storage systems are a tantalizing challenge for coding theorists. We were initially drawn to the challenge of identifying the sources of errors from both writing and reading DNA, and of developing coding techniques to correct or mitigate such errors. Coding improves the reliability of ultimately fallible storage devices and the feasibility of using cheaper options. But DNA-based storage systems are new and uncharted territory for coding theorists.

To understand the coding challenge presented by DNA, first consider a compact disc. The data is nicely organized into tracks, and we can easily access that data with the readily available hardware. DNA isn’t so simple. It’s inherently unordered; there are no tracks to follow to access the data.

A complete storage system would encompass many DNA molecules, so how would you even locate and select the specific molecule carrying the data you want? It would be like trying to fish a specific noodle out of a bowl of chicken noodle soup. It’s highly unlikely you’d grab the right noodle at random, but if you could replicate that specific noodle again and again, until you filled the bowl, any noodle you nab would likely be the right one.

Our idea for DNA data access is to synthesize each encoded strand with an additional sequence that acts as an address. Carefully designed sequences of the bases, called primers, would match that address sequence and begin the process of replicating the DNA of interest. In this way, we could exponentially reproduce DNA strands carrying the data of interest using the polymerase chain reaction, making it easy to find a copy of the right strand.

Of course, with DNA, it’s not quite so simple as plucking the right noodle out of your soup. Think of a primer as a sticky tape that binds to a specific set of rungs, or “complements,” on the DNA “ladder.” A primer should bind only to the specific address sequence it’s looking for. To make matters more difficult, not all primers are created equal: G and C base pairs typically bind more tightly than A and T, meaning that a primer constructed with too many A and T bases may not bind as strongly. Poorly designed primers can cause a lot of problems.

Reading DNA with a shotgun sequencer

“Shotgun-style” sequencing breaks copies of the long, unwieldy DNA strand into fragments of varying lengths. After those shorter segments are read, they can be compared with different fragments to reconstruct the entire sequence, although this method can introduce uncertainty about the placement of individual fragments.

Transcription errors in binary code

When reading binary data from a traditional storage medium, there’s always a small chance that a 1 could be read as a 0 by mistake, or that a 0 could be read as a 1. Because we’re dealing with a simple two-state system, we can expect that each situation will occur with equal frequency.

Illustrations: Mark Montgomery

We’re encountering intriguing coding questions in figuring out how to construct primers that will not only bind tightly but to the right targets. For example, because each primer will bind with its complement—A to T, G to C, and vice versa—how can we ensure that each address sequence doesn’t appear anywhere in the encoded data except as the address of the DNA strand you’re looking for? Otherwise, the primer may bind to the wrong location and replicate unwanted DNA.

Fortunately, coding theorists have been solving similar problems for traditional storage media for decades. Other challenges, for example, like those that emerge in connection with reading the DNA, aren’t typically encountered in conventional mass-storage systems. There are plenty of devices on the market that sequence DNA: Illumina’s HiSeq 2500 system, PacBio’s RS II and Sequel systems, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION are just three examples. All such sequencers are prone to introducing different types of readout errors as they determine the exact sequence of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that make up a DNA sample. Illumina devices, for example, sometimes substitute the wrong base when reading the strand—say, an A instead of a C. These errors become more frequent the further into the strand you get. The accidental deletion of entire blocks is also a concern, and nanopore sequencers often insert the wrong base pairs into readouts or omit base pairs entirely.

Different sequencers all require different code to compensate for their flaws. For Illumina sequencers, for example, we’ve proposed a coding scheme that adds redundancy to the sequence to eliminate the substitution errors that arise from the devices’ “shotgun-style” approach to sequencing. It’s tricky to rebuild a genome after breaking it apart to read individual sequences without occasionally inserting the wrong segment in the wrong location. Redundant sequences will improve the odds of recovering data even if a segment is corrupted as a result of being reassembled incorrectly.

For nanopore sequencers, we developed codes to address different types of substitution errors that arise from sequencing the strand too quickly. In traditional data storage, it’s just as likely that a 0 could be changed to a 1 as it is that a 1 could be changed to a 0. It’s not so simple with DNA, where an A could be rewritten as a T, C, or G, and the substitutions don’t happen with equal frequency. We’ve written codes to account for that fact, as well as codes to handle the base-pair deletions and swaps that naturally occur as DNA ages.

Nanopore-sequencer transcription errors in DNA

Illustration: Mark Montgomery

Nanopore sequencers read long strings of DNA bases one by one, and because of the speed at which they do so, they will occasionally misread a particular base. Unlike the simple misreading of 1s and 0s, however, the odds of bases being mistaken for one another varies, due to their complex molecular structures and even the orientation the strand is in as it passes through the nanopore.

DNA-based storage, like any other data storage system, requires random access and efficient reading. But the biggest challenge is writing data inexpensively. Synthesizing DNA is still expensive, partly because of the molecule’s sheer complexity and partly because the market is not driving the development of cheaper methods. One possible approach to reduce costs is to prevent errors in the first place. By placing redundancies in the DNA sequences that store data, you can skip expensive after-the-fact corrections. This is common practice in every data storage method, but synthesizing companies currently aren’t equipped to pursue this—their production processes are so automated it would be prohibitively expensive to adjust them to produce these types of redundant strands.

Making DNA-based storage a practical reality will require cooperation among researchers on the frontiers of synthetic biology and coding theory. We’ve made big strides toward realizing a DNA-based storage system, but we need to develop systems to efficiently access the information encoded into DNA. We need to design coding schemes that guard against both synthesis and sequencing errors. And we need to figure out how to do these things cheaply.

If we can solve these problems, nature’s incredible storage medium—DNA—might also store our music, our literature, and our scientific advances. The very same medium that literally specifies who we are as individuals might also store our art, our culture, and our history as a species.

About the Authors

Olgica Milenkovic is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois. Ryan Gabrys is a scientist with the U.S. Navy’s Spawar in San Diego and a postdoc at Illinois. Han Mao Kiah is a lecturer at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and a former postdoc at Illinois. S.M. Hossein Tabatabaei Yazdi is a Ph.D. student working with Milenkovic.

Exabytes in a Test Tube: The Case for DNA Data Storage syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com

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