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anotherhumaninthisworld · 5 months

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hi there!! i was wondering you knew anything about the relationship between robespierre and marat? ive been seeing some information that robespierre wasnt fond (or at least less fond??) of marat than marat was of robespierre, but havent found any other information about it unfortunately. thanks :)!

In total, Marat mentions Robespierre around 90 times in his journals from his debut in September 1789 up until his death in July four years later. The first time he does so (which also happens to be the first connection I’ve been able to find between the two) is already in the second number of l’Ami du Peuple(released September 13 1789) where he writes about a certain ”Robertpierre.” Then one day later, in number 4, he instead mentions a ”Robers-Pierre.” In both these instances, Marat does however appear to just give the exact same summary as three other journals, and there’s value put into it whatsoever.

It would appear Marat never got a hold on how to spell Robespierre’s name properly, as he throughout the rest of his career as a journalist inconsistently shifts between calling him ”Robespierre,” ”Roberspierre” and, in some rare instances, ”Robertspierre.” The next time he mentions him is in number 81 (December 29 1789). The following three times Robespierre is brought up in l’Ami du Peuple are the very first instances of Marat showing his own thoughts on him instead of just giving a neutral summary of things he’s said at the National Assembly:

M. de Robespierre and especially Mr. Charles de Lameth energetically fought against the inconsiderate proposal to give praise to officers, whose conduct has harmed the liberty and security of citizens. l’Ami du Peuple, number 101 (January 18 1790)

M. de Robespierre supports the motion of Mr. de la Salcette, with more or less solid arguments. l’Ami du Peuple, number 104 (January 21 1790)

…to remove from the fatherland its most zealous defenders, [the Municipal Research Committee] pushed its audacity to the point of directing its pursuits against Barnavre, Péthion [sic] de Villeneuve, the Lameths, d'Aiguillon, Roberspierre [sic]..., cherished names of the free France, to which it had added those of La Fayette and Mirabeau. l’Ami du Peuple, number 108 (May 20 1790)

This praising of Robespierre is something Marat would consistently keep up throughout the rest of his journalistic career. Only throughout the rest of 1790, we find him calling him ”the wise Robespierre” (number 156 (July 7), ”the loyal Robespierre” (number 210 (September 3), an orator with ”great principles” and ”excellent views […] [that] we have no doubt he will develop in a way that will cause a sensation.” (number 265 (October 29) and ”[a man] who’s heart always appears to be animated with the purest of civism” (number 320 (December 24), listing him among deputies he considers ”patriotic” (number 156 (July 7), number 188 (August 11), number 210 (September 3), number 277 (November 11), number 288 (November 22), number 292 (November 28) and at one point even playing him on a higher level than so, calling him ”the only deputy who is educated in great principles, and perhaps the only true patriot who sits in the Assembly” (number 263, October 27).

February 2 1791 is the first instance where Robespierre in his turn is recorded to have mentioned Marat’s name. He does so defending the journalist at the Jacobins after an arrest warrant has been issued against him for an article recently published in his paper. Desmoulins’ Révolutions de France et de Brabant, the journal giving the most detailed description of the defence, summarizes it in the following way:

At the same session at the Jacobins, Robespierre, the only member of the National Assembly to whom the severe Marat would not have given the black ball, also took up his defense. He made us aware of the absurdity of the crime that the president of research attributed to the Friend of the People, of getting along with the English. Marat had never ceased to deplore the trade treaty of 1786 with the English, and to vociferate against Pitt, and against the intelligence of the cabinet of S. James, with the Austrian committee of the Tuileries. In favor of Marat was also this thing which militates so strongly for all patriotic writers: if the Friend of the People is extreme and angry, at least it is in the direction of the revolution. On what front did the research committee sign this order against him, under the ridiculous pretext of intelligence with the English, while it at the same time leaves Durosoi, as extreme, as bloodthirsty as Marat, in peace, and so many other friends of the king, the nobility and the clergy, who did not even hide their understanding with the Austrians, with all our enemies, and every day invite them with loud cries to come and slaughter the patriots. There is no reply to this reasoning; so Voidel, who saw his condemnation in everyone's eyes, recognized his sin, and promised to withdraw the order and remove the sentence.

In a speech regarding liberty on the press held on May 11 1791, Robespierre also says that ”if it is true that the courage of writers devoted to the cause of justice and humanity is the terror of the intrigue and ambition of men in authority; the laws against the press must become in the hands of the latter a terrible weapon against liberty,” which according to the by publisher inserted footnote is an allusion to the situation of the journalists Desmoulins and, especially, Marat.

Marat in his turn continued his praising of Robespierre throughout the same year. Besides grouping him together with other men considered patriotic (number 342 (January 16), number 371 (February 14), number 382 (February 25), number 392 (March 7), number 455 (May 11), number 519 (July 15), number 526 (August 1), number 562 (September 30) and calling him things such as ”the loyal Robespierre ”(number 367 (February 8), number 478, number 443 (April 29), number 458 (May 14), (June 3), number 488 (June 13), number 520 (July 16), number 521 (July 17) ”the just Robespierre” (number 409 (March 24) and ”the virtuous Robespierre” number 438 (April 21) he also goes further in placing Robespierre on a higher level than his fellow representatives, frequently going so far as to call him ”the only pure member of the Assembly” (number 414 (March 29), number 462 (May 18), number 472 (28 maj), number 475, May 31, number 504 (June 28), number 510 (July 4), number 511 (July 5). He also starts to frequently refer to Robespierre as ”the Incorruptible”number 458 (May 14), (number 462 (May 18), number 504 (June 28), number 514 (July 8), number 513 (July 13), number 545(September 4), number 551 (September 10) In his Robespierre biography (2014), Hervé Leuwers writesthat, if it was Fréron who coined the nickname, Marat nevertheless did a lot to popularize it. Finally, his number 515 (July 9) Marat dedicates entirely to the ”superb speech” held by Robespierre regarding the flight to Varennes two weeks earlier. His admiration did not go unnoticed by other journalists besides Desmoulins, such as those behind Les Sabbats jacobites, who on April 10 1791 called Robespierre ”the hero of Marat” and those behind Journal générale de France who called him ”the god of Marat, Garat, Carra, Corsas and Marte” on June 13 the same year.

Once Robespierre on September 30 ceases to be a member of the National Assembly, the apperences of his name in l’Ami du peuple do however rapidly decrease, only appearing two more times (number 603 (November 19), number 618, December 6) until Marat temporarily puts it down on December 15.

The first actual meeting between Marat and Robespierre didn’t take place until January 1792, as revealed by the latter ten months later. By then, the two almost lived neighbors since about a month back, Marat having gone to live with the Evrard sisters on 243 rue Saint-Honoré in Decenber, not far from the Duplay house on number 366 on the same street.

One of the most terrible reproaches that people have aimed against me, I do not hide it, is the name of Marat. I will therefore begin by telling you frankly what my contacts with him have looked like. I could even make my profession of faith on his behalf, but without saying more good or more bad than I think, because I do not know how to translate my thoughts to appeal to general opinion. In January 1792, Marat came to see me. Until then, I had not had any kind of either direct or indirect relationship with him. The conversation turned to public affairs, about which he spoke to me with despair. I told him everything that the patriots, even the most ardent ones, thought of him; namely that he himself had put up an obstacle to the good that could be produced by the useful truths developed in his writings, by persisting in eternally returning to extraordinary and violent proposals (such as that of making five to six hundred guilty heads fall), which revolted the friends of liberty as much as the supporters of the aristocracy. He defended his opinion; I persisted in mine, and I must admit that he found my political views so narrow that some time later, when he had resumed his journal, which had been abandoned by him for some time, reporting on the conversation of which I have just described speaking, he wrote in full that he had left me, perfectly convinced that I had neither the views nor the audacity of a statesman; and if Marat's criticisms could be titles of favor, I could still place before your eyes some of his sheets, published six weeks before the last revolution, in which he accused me of feuillantism, because I, in a periodical work, did not say out loud that the constitution had to be overthrown. After this first and only visit from Marat, I found him again at the National Assembly.

In number 648 (May 18) of l’Ami du Peuple, Marat gives his own version of this meeting:

I therefore declare that not only does Roberspierre [sic] not have my pen at his disposal, although it has often served to do him justice; but I protest that I have never had any note from him, that I have never had any direct or indirect relationship with him, that I have never even met him but once; also in this instance, our interview served to give rise to ideas and to manifest feelings diametrically opposed to those that Guadet and his clique attribute to me. The first word that Robespierre addressed to me was the reproach of having myself partly destroyed the prodigious influence that my paper had on the revolution by dipping my pen in the blood of the enemies of liberty, by speaking of rope, of daggers, no doubt against my heart, because he liked to convince himself that these were just empty words dictated by circumstances. Learn, I replied to him immediately, that the influence that my paper had on the revolution was not due, as you believe, to these close discussions in which the vices of the fatal decrees prepared by the Constituent Assembly are methodically developed, but to the terrible scandal that it spread among the public, when I unceremoniously tore the veil which covered the eternal plots hatched against public liberty by the enemies of the fatherland, people conspiring with the monarch, the legislators and the main custodians of authority; but to the audacity with which I trampled underfoot every detracting prejudice; but to the outpouring of my soul, to the impulses of my heart; to my violent protests against oppression, to my impetuous outings against the oppressors; to my painful accents; to my cries of indignation, fury and despair against the scoundrels who abused the trust and power of the people to deceive them, rob them, load them with chains and precipitate them into the abyss. Learn that there has never been a decree attacking liberty and that never an official has allowed himself an attack against the weak and the oppressed, without me having hastened to raise the people against these unworthy prevaricators. The cries of alarm and fury that you take for empty words were the naive expression with which my heart was agitated; learn that if I had been able to count on the people of the capital after the horrible decree against the garrison of Nancy, I would have decimated the barbaric deputies who had issued it. Learn that after the investigation of the Châtelet on the events of October 5 and 6, I would have had the unfair judges of this infamous tribunal perished at the stake. Learn that after the massacre on the Champ-de-Mars, had I found two thousand men animated by the feelings which tore me apart, I would have gone at their head to stab the general in the middle of his battalions of brigands, to burn the despot in his palace and impale our atrocious representatives on their seats as I declared to them at the time. Robespierre listened to me with fear, he turned pale, and remained silent for some time. This interview confirmed for me the opinion that I had always had [sic] of him: that he combined with the knowledge of a wise senator the integrity of a truly good man and the zeal of a true patriot, but that he also lacked the views and audacity of a true statesman.

In 1793, Jacques Roux also claimed to have gone home to Marat the year before and there have received ”a letter for Robespierre and for Chabot, the goal of which was to interest the Jacobin club to propagate an edition of your works.” I can however find no letter from Marat to Robespierre in the latter’s correspondence, nor even a letter to or from Robespierre that so much as mentions Marat (and the same thing goes for Marat’s correspondence). So did Robespierre actually receive this letter, we might assume he didn’t think all that much about it.

Despite Robespierre’s frosty attitude, Marat continued to hold admiration for him when he started up his journal again on April 12 1792, dedicating almost all of number 648 (May 3) and number 660 (May 29) with defending him against girondin attacks, a struggle which he describes as existing ”between the traitor Brissot and the Incorruptible Robespierre” (number 643 April 28 1792).

On September 9, Robespierre held a speech which he ended by recommending voting for Marat and Legendre for the National Convention (he did however deny that be had singled out Marat ”any more particularly than the courageous writers who had fought or suffered for the cause of the revolution” two months later). On September 21 1792, the day after the opening of said Convention, the last number of l’Ami du peuple appears, and a few days later Marat starts a new journal — Journal de la République française (it changed name to Le Publiciste de la République française in March 1793) that would run up until his death in July the following year. In total, Robespierre’s name gets mentioned around 35 times in this journal. As far as I can see, Marat does however appear to have cooled down a bit with his praising, mostly mentioning Robespierre in the context of reciting something he’s said or at tops mentioning him alongside other ”patriotic” deputies. In number 239, released the day before his death, Marat inserts a letter to Robespierre from a certain Labenette, ”orator of the people.”

The fact that Robespierre and Marat didn’t have any contacts with one another was not something that was believed by all contemporaries. Already in 1791, the journal Le Défenseur du Peuple had describedthe former as ”the friend of Marat, who he pretends to doesn’t know.” These allegations got a lot more serious in the fall of 1792, with the two plus Danton being accused of wanting to form a triumvirate, or having arranged the September Massacres together. On September 25 Marat openly denied that any of these allegations aligned with reality, that he had discussed the idea if a dictatorship or triumvirate with Danton and Robespierre, but that both had rejected it:

Certain members of the Paris deputation are accused of aspiring to dictatorship, to triumvirate, to tribunate; This absurd indictment can only find supporters because I am part of this deputation: well! monsieurs, I owe it to justice to declare that my colleagues, notably Danton and Robespierre, constantly rejected any idea of dictatorship, triumvirate and tribunate, when I put it forward; I even had to break several lances with them on this subject.

The very same day, Robespierre made allusions to Marat when regretfully declaring ”it was then that the thoughtless phrases of an exaggerated patriot or the signs of confidence he gave to men whose incorruptibility he had experienced for three years were attributed to us as crimes.”

On October 19 appeared the first number of Lettres de Maximilien Robespierre, membre de la Convention nationale de France, à ses commettants. In number 6, when discussing Marat getting interupted when laying out some own theories on the battalions of Mauconseil to the point that the Jacobins have to move with the agenda due to the tumult, Robespierre writes: ”Whatever the deviations of Marat's imagination, good citizens nonetheless groaned to see personal sentiments make the interests of immocence and oppressed patriotism forgotten, and hateful passions banished from the sanctuary of the laws. dignity, calm and love of humanity.” In number 9 he also writes that ”in his wanderings, Marat often encountered the truth.”

Robespierre also mentioned Marat when the Lettres in January 1793 got renewed for a second edition, starting already in number 1, where he for long defended himself against the girondin Gensonné linking him and Marat together:

What obstinacy to want me to be someone other than myself? It doesn't even matter to you that everyone believes that I named Marat: having been unable to succeed, you have decided to repeat my name so often with his, that I was at least taken for an accessory of this great character, so celebrated in your pages; as if I had not had an existence of my own, several years before you had decided to strip me of it; as if my constituents and my fellow citizens had not been able to judge me by my own actions; while Marat wrote underground, and Brissot still obscurely intrigued, with the henchmen of the old police, his colleagues, and crawled in the antechambers of the men in power. In the past, I still remember, Brissot and a few others had entered into I don't know what conspiracy to make my name almost synonymous with that of Jérôme Pétion; they took so much trouble to put them together. I don't know if it was for love of me or of Pétion: but they seemed to have plotted to send me to immortality, in company with the great Jérôme. I have been ungrateful; and, to punish me, they said: since you don't want to be Pétion, you will be Marat. Well, I declare to you, monsieurs, that I want to be neither. I have the right, I think, to be consulted on this, and you will perhaps not dispose of my being in spite of myself.

It's not that I want to deny Marat the justice that is due to him. In his papers, which are not always models of style or wisdom, he nevertheless stated useful truths, and waged open war against all powerful conspirators, although he may have been wrong about a few individuals. I know that he did not spare you yourselves: but this merit has not erased in my eyes, these extravagant sentences which he sometimes mixed with the healthiest ideas, as if to give to you and to your likes, the pretext of slandering liberty. It was said a long time ago that, in this respect, Marat was the father of the moderates and the feuillans; we could say for the same reason that he is also your boss; and we would be tempted to believe that he only punishes you because he loves you. I bet you love him too, although you pretend to shout very loudly at the slightest correction he gives you. Indeed, what would you be without him? What would become of all your newspapers and all your harangues if he had not written these two or three absurd and bloodthirsty sentences, which you constantly strive to repeat and comment on? You would have perhaps been reduced to becoming patriots, if he had not provided you with the pretext of disguising patriotism as maratism, in order to give to incivism, feuillantism, royalism and rascality, I don't know what air of wisdom and moderation.

It is so convenient for the enemies of liberty to simply appear to be the adversaries of Marat, and to confuse the cause of liberty with the person of an individual, in order to be excused from respecting it. Such was the policy of the first aristocrats, and of the heroes of the intrigue, whose disgraces you will share, after having imitated their exploits. Like them, you want to persuade all of Europe that the Republicans of France, that the partisans of the principles of equality, are only one faction, and that this faction is Marat himself. Thus, thanks to the gift of metamorphoses with which you are eminently endowed, Paris, the Jacobins, the members of the Convention, who do not bend to the views of the intriguers, and Marat are precisely the same thing. All the energetic friends of liberty are, at most, only satellites drawn into the whirlwind of this new star. With this magical name, you claim to overthrow the entire work of our revolution. It is to carry out this great work that you write, that you print, that you speak, that you plot tirelessly: but the revolution will triumph over the name of Marat, as well as over your intrigues; we will do justice to you and to him, by disproving his deviations and by disconcerting your plots. A journalist's sentences have never made a guilty head roll; but the plots of ambition that you seem to forget have caused torrents of human blood to flow. The crimes of tyranny cost humanity more disasters than the most heroic periods of the most atrocious writer. Only you, gentlemen, can give importance to an exaggerated man, much less through your declamations than through your conduct. It would not even be noticed under a wise government. It is only oppression that forces the people to pay less attention to faults that they themselves do not believe, than to the courage of those who unmask their enemies.

He defends himself against the charge of him and Marat being the leaders of a coalition, ”when these deputies, too independent to form a coalition, even with a view to the public good, see every day the coalition of factions.” again in number 3. In number 9, the second to last number, he rhetorically asks whether ”giving ridiculous importance to some inconsistent and bizarre journalist, to charge him with all the iniquities of Israel, and to identify with him all the defenders of freedom?” really is such a good way to ensure tranquility.

Between December 1792 up until the death of Marat, we find him and Robespierre taking part in the same debates at both the Convention and the Jacobin club, sometimes agreeing (December 26, February 21) and sometimes disagreeing (December 16, March 3, June 18) with each another.

On January 4 Robespierre complains that a speech made by Barère regarding the fate of Louis XVI ”contains the most violent diatribes against the patriots” for having stated ”If anything could have made me change my mind [on an appeal to the people], it would be to see the same opinion shared by a man whom I cannot bring myself to name (Marat), but who is known for his bloodthirsty opinions...” A month later, February 11, Marat and Robespierre together calmed down a group of petitioners, disgruntled over not having received a hearing at the Convention. When a representative on February 26 asked ”that Marat be temporarily expelled from the Assembly and be locked up so that it could be examined whether he was crazy” and another one ordered the referral of the denunciation to the ordinary courts, ”Robespierre approaches the president, and there he announces that if the decree passes, Paris will be burning today.”

On 12 April Robespierre spoke against the arrest order issued against Marat the very same day — ”One has requested a decree of accusation be drawn up against the warmest patriots […] Marat spoke with force, precision, and at the same time with moderation. He painted the crimes of our enemies with colors capable of making any man who has any sense of modesty blush.…”

When the indictment against Marat was presented on April 13, Robespierre took to the floor a total of three times to speak against it:

To the question that agitates us, we will not disagree that the man in question excites very strong passions; you are asked if you will decree a representative of the people immediately, or if you will postpone until Wednesday; there is no respect there for the principles, and for what we owe to the character of representative of the people: what, you would send a slanderous report, when nothing is proven, and is it not barbaric to put a representative under accusation without examination; this report is the fruit of passions and liberticidal conspiracies. […]

Yes, it will be proven that this man, whom I have always seen as patriotic, was only attacked to prove that all the Republicans in this Assembly are exaggerated and must suffer the same fate.

…As I see in this whole affair only the developed spirit of the Feuillants, the moderates and all the cowardly assassins of liberty, only a vile intrigue hatched to dishonor patriotism, the departments infested for a long time with the liberticidal writings of royalists, I reject with contempt the proposed decree of accusation.

Marat was acquitted on April 24, and four days later, a motion proposed by him with an amendment from Robespierre was passed at the Jacobin Club.

One day after the murder of Marat, July 14 1793, Robespierre spoke against the idea of granting him a state funeral, arguing that there were much more urgent things that needed to be taken care of before that could happen:

Robespierre: I have little to say to the Society. I would not even have asked to speak had the right to do so not somehow devolved to me at this moment; if I did not foresee that the honors of the dagger are also reserved for me, that priority has only been determined by chance, and that my fall is fast approaching. When a man, deeply sensitive and imbued with a love of the public good, sees his enemies raise their heads with impunity, and already share the spoils of the State, and his friends, on the contrary, frightened by oppression, flee a murderous soil and abandon it to fate, he becomes insensitive to everything, and no longer sees in the tomb anything other than a safe and precious asylum reserved by Providence for virtue. I believed that a session which followed the murder of one of the most zealous defenders of the fatherland, would be entirely occupied with the means of avenging him by serving said fatherland better than before. We haven't talked about it, and what are you occupying yourselves with in this precious time, for the use of which we are accountable? We are dealing with outrageous hyperboles, ridiculous and meaningless figures, which do not provide a remedy to the thing at hand and prevent it from being found. For example, you are seriously asked to discuss the fortune of Marat. Well! What does the fortune of one of its founders matter to the Republic? Is it a memoir that we are going to occupy ourselves with, when it is still a question of fighting for it? One is speaking of the honors of the Pantheon. And what are these honors? Who are those who lie there? With the exception of Le Peletier, I can’t see a single virtuous man there. Is it next to Mirabeau we will place Marat? Next to this intriguing man whose means were always criminal; this man who only earned his reputation through profound villainy? Here we have are the honors requested for the Friend of the People.

Bentabole: Yes, and he will obtain them in spite of those who are jealous of him.

Robespierre: Let us occupy ourselves with the measures which can still save our fatherland; let's make the effect of Pitt's guineas null. Let's bring the Cobourg and the Brunswick back to their territories. It is not today that we must show the people the spectacle of a funeral ceremony, but when finally victorious, the strengthened Republic will allow us to take care of its defenders; all of France will then ask for it and you will undoubtedly grant Marat the honors that his virtue deserves, that his memory demands. Do you know what impression the spectacle of funeral ceremonies attaches to the human heart! They make the people believe that the friends of liberty are thereby compensating themselves for the loss they have caused, and that from then on they are no longer required to avenge it; satisfied with having honored the virtuous man, this desire to avenge him dies in their hearts, and indifference succeeds enthusiasm and his memory runs the risk of oblivion. Let us not stop seeing what can still save us. The assassins of Marat and Peletier must come and atone on the Place de la Révolution for the atrocious crime of which they are guilty. It is necessary that the perpetrators of tyranny, the unfaithful representatives of the people, those who display the banner of revolt, who are convinced that they are sharpening the daggers on their heads every day, of having murdered the fatherland and a few of its members; it is necessary, I say, that the blood of these monsters responds to us and avenges us for that of our brothers which flowed for liberty, and which they shed with such barbarity. We must share the most painful burdens of the State; one must instruct all the people and gently lead them back to their duties; the other must render them exact justice: one must make food flow everywhere; the other deals exclusively with agriculture and the means of multiplying its relations; another must make wise laws; someone else must raise a revolutionary army, exercise and harden it, and know how to guide it in battle. Each of us must, forgetting ourselves at least for a while, embrace the Republic and devote ourselves unreservedly to its interests. The municipality must rule out, for the moment, a funeral celebration, which at first seemed dear to our hearts, but whose effects, as I have demonstrated, can become disastrous.

The following day, July 15, Robespierre asked that Marat’s printing presses be obtained by the Jacobins, a request a different member had already made the day before. A week later, July 22, the club tasked Robespierre, Desmoulins, Dufourny and Le Peletier’s brother with writing an adress to the French people about the murder. Said adress was printed and read aloud at the club four days later, obviously deploring of the event and praising Marat.

On August 5, Robespierre denounced Jacques Roux and Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc as ”two men paid by the enemies of the people, two men that Marat denounced [that] have succedeed, or think they have succeeded this patriot writer.” Three days later, August 8, Simonne Evrard, ”the widow Marat” presented herself before the Convention and held a long speech defending her dead fiancé’s memory, that in her view had gotten hijacked by ”scroundel writers” and in particular the two men already denounced by Robespierre. After her speech was finished, Robespierre again took to the floor to demand that the speech be printed and ”that the Committee of General Security be required to examine the conduct of the two mercenary writers denounced to it; the memory of Marat must be defended by the Convention and by all patriots.” Indeed, Roux and Leclerc would soon thereafter find themselves imprisoned, the former in September 1793, the latter in April 1794. How much of this was Robespierre being genueinly concerned for Marat’s memory and how much it was him using said memory to rid himself of a political rival I will leave unsaid…

On November 23, when Robespierre gives clarifications regarding the CPS changing the general in charge of the taking of Toulon, he says that it was on the recommendation of Marat that the new general had been promoted to rank of brigade leader. ”Marat could have been wrong, but his recommendation was a very favorable presumption in favor of an individual; he has always justified it since.” On 10 January 1794 he exclaims that ”my dictatorship is that of Le Peletier, of Marat. Or I don’t mean that, I don't want to say that I resemble them: I'm neither Marat nor Pelletier; I am not yet a martyr of the Revolution; I have the same dictatorship as them, that is to say the daggers of tyrants.” In an undelivered speech written shortly thereafter he again describes Marat and Le Pelerier as martyrs and Leclerc and Roux as”mercenary writers, daring to usurp the name of Marat, to desecrate it.”

Finally, on 9 thermidor, we find the following two claims made against Robespierre that involves Marat. (1, 2) I will leave them as they are as it’s very hard to know if they’re legit or not:

Dubois-Crancé: I must pay tribute to the sagacity of Marat: at the time of the judgment of the tyrant Capet, he said to me, speaking of Robespierre: ”You see that rascal? That man is more dangerous for liberty than all the allied despots.”

Collot d’Herbois: I am going to cite a fact which will prove that Robespierre, who for some time spoke only of Marat, always hated this constant friend of the people. At Marat's funeral, Robespierre spoke for a long time on the platform that had been set up in front of the Luxembourg, and the name of Marat did not come out of his mouth once; Can the people believe that a person loves Marat when he angrily declares that he doesn’t want to be assimilated to him? No, although these hypocrites talked incessantly about Marat and Challier, they loved neither of the two.

Alphonse Esquiros, who tracked down Marat’s younger sister Albertine for an interview in the 1830s or 1840s, reported that it was ”with bitterness” she spoke of Robespierre. ”There was nothing in common, she added, between him and Marat. Had my brother lived, the heads of Danton and Camille Desmoulins would not have fallen.”

Robespierre’s little sister Charlotte (who Albertine despised) did in her turn write the following regarding the relationship in her memoirs (1834). This anecdote is however suspeciously similar to the meeting Marat and Robespierre describe as having happened in January 1792, in which Charlotte impossibly could have taken part, still not having gone to Paris by then:

I have often heard my brother’s name attached to that of Marat, as if the way of thinking, the sympathies, the acts of those two men were the same, as if they had acted in concert. It is thus that the portraits and busts of Voltaire and Rousseau are placed side by side, as if those two great writers had been the best friends in the world when they were alive, while in truth they found each other insufferable. I do not claim to discount Marat’s merit, nor make an attempt on the purity of his devotion and of his intentions. Some have dared to say that he was in the pay of foreigners; but have they not said that of my brother? The field of the absurd is immense and limitless. Have they not said of Maximilien Robespierre that he had asked the young daughter of Louis XVI in marriage? After such an accusation nothing should be surprising anymore; more burlesque and impossible assertions must be expected; it is the nec plus ultra of inanity. To return to Marat, I will dare to affirm that he was not an agent of foreigners, as it has pleased some to say; Marat had felt the infamies of the Ancien Régime and the poverty of the people strongly; his fiery imagination and his irascible temperament had made him an ardent, and too often even imprudent, revolutionary; but his intentions, I repeat, were good. My brother disapproved of his exaggerations and his rages, and believed, as he said many times to me, that the course adopted by Marat was more detrimental than useful to the revolution. One day Marat came to see my brother. This visit surprised us, for, usually, Marat and Robespierre had no rapport. They spoke first of affairs in general, then of the turn the revolution was taking; finally, Marat opened the chapter on revolutionary rigors, and complained of the mildness and the excessive indulgence of the government. “You are the man whom I esteem perhaps the most in the world,” Marat said to my brother, “but I would esteem you more if you were less moderate in regard to the aristocrats.” “I will reproach you with the contrary,” my brother replied; “you are compromising the revolution, you make it hated in ceaselessly calling for heads. The scaffold is a terrible means, and always a grievous one; it must be used soberly and only in the grave cases where the fatherland is leaning toward its ruin.” “I pity you,” said Marat then, “you are not at my level.” “I would be quite grieved to be at your level,” replied Robespierre. “You misunderstand me,” returned Marat, “we will never be able to work together.” “That’s possible,” said Robespierre, “and things will only go the better for it.” ”I regret that we could not come to an understanding,” added Marat, “for you are the purest man in the Convention.”

#robespierre #marat #jean paul marat #maximilen robespierre #frev #frev friendships #ask #unrelated but the relationship between marat’s little sister and fiancée really was the polar opposite to robespierre’s counter parts…

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acrossthewavesoftime · 1 year

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I was tagged by the lovely @echo-bleu! These are all from different things, some short, some approaching novel-length; some are experimental one-shots, others committed projects, some in German, some in English. I also tried to select pieces with different tones and emotions, enjoy!

I'm tagging whoever would like to participate!

Rules: Pick five fragments from your unfinished WIPs and then tag five people to keep it going. Let’s have fun with it and help each other shape those fragments into published fics!

Number 1: present-day- Zwist mit einem Zeitreisenden Weihnachten hatte, dem vorhergehenden Stress um Baum, Braten und Verwandtschaft zum Trotz, immer etwas Entschleunigendes, Nostalgisches. Doch dieses Jahr, als sie die Tür schloss und ihren mit Geschenken gefüllten Rollkoffer hinter sich her durch den grauen Schneematsch zum Bahnhof zog, zweifelte Sophie zum ersten Mal daran, ob sich dieses Weihnachtsgefühl auch in diesem Jahr einstellen würde. In Gedanken hing sie immer noch bei ihrem absolut unsinnigen Streit mit La Fayette fest. So überflüssig, so nichtig— nun gut, er konnte sehr anstrengend sein, aber vielleicht war es ja auch der vorweihnachtliche Stress ihrerseits gewesen, der die Sache nicht unbedingt besser gemacht hatte. Und es war ja auch schwierig; er dachte wohl, sie ob seines Alters ein bisschen belehren und beschützen zu müssen, und mit ihr verhielt es sich umgekehrt ja nicht unähnlich. Vielleicht hätte sie, gerade an Weihnachten, einfach nachgeben sollen. Die Zugfahrt tat ihr übriges, um Sophies Stimmung noch weit unter de Gradzahl der frostigen Außentemperaturen abzukühlen, als im alljährlichen DB-Winterchaos die allstündige Regio zunächst ausfiel, und der Nachfolgezug entsprechend sardinenbüchsenartig überbelegt war. Noch eingeklemmt zwischen einem Weihnachtsbaum und einem ziemlich verschwitzten Herrn im Nadelstreifenanzug, dessen Deo sein 24-Stunden-Versprechen offensichtlich nicht erfüllte, hing Sophie dem Gedanken an La Fayette nach.

Number 2: 1787: Mary Baddeley A lot of dissuading had gone on, such was the talk at least that emerged from Portland Place, from Mrs. Carter, who had come to take her tea at Paddington once or twice, bemoaning her charge’s prodigious obstinacy in that matter, or John, who, a frequent visitor to Henry’s other house, being a fond comrade of the Clinton children who enjoyed the idea of a little brother, reported: “Papa and Gussie have been shouting again,” he would say, or, “Mrs. Carter was very cross, because another letter from Gussie’s Mr. Dawkins was discovered in the mail.” It appeared that particularly Billy and Harry would speak freely in John’s presence, and include them in their gentlemanly talks. “Billy says that if Gussie won’t quit her Mr. Dawkins, papa will combust,” was one of the more concerning news brought home from Portland Place. “Harry says that he thinks Gussie considers it permissible to marry for love alone because papa loves you, and you didn’t have a penny when he met you.” She had asked herself that question before, but never had dared to outright ask Henry if it were true, though it likely was. The whole business of Gussie’s Mr. Dawkins could not have come at a more inopportune time; she did not grudge the girl her fancy, but she should have liked to have a stern conversation with the coddled, fanciful youth, whose station in life and unfortunate plans reminded her keenly of her own at that age.

Number 3: 1760s: William Howe His heart beat faster with every pass of his horse’s hoofs that carried him closer to Frances Conolly. He was in love, and not denying or blind to his emotions, but let the gladness and elation at the mere thought of him inflame his body and soul, for such happiness as this he had never known before: Frances—! Frances! His heart wanted to shout her name out into the world: everyone should know that she was the sole star in his sky, his reason to walk and talk and live and breathe—! But— He took up the reins, and his horse slowed first to a trot, then to a walk. Did she feel the same? She did, he was certain, for it was writ in her smile and her embraces, furtively given when her mother and brother were not looking; and yet the next instant, he was not, for how could a lady so near perfection as Fanny like a man of his sort?

Number 4: [AU] 1714: Willemina Willemina made a face. “So you do not wish to marry my grandson?” Not knowing what to say, Willemina shook her head. “It should be an honour to any girl, to be wed to a Prince du Sang,” Madame d’Orléans remarked, and turned to Willemina, her voice now much altered: “you really don’t want him?” Again, Willemina shook her head; the familiarity of the, though somewhat bloated features gave her some semblance of security in admitting it. “Can’t fault you for that,” she laughed, “he is but a boy, and shy and pious in the extreme; I doubt he should ever make a good husband; he was born to be an abbot. Besides, I don’t think it is right to marry them so young,” she added, and her jovial features grew grim. “Very unpromising for happiness, if you ask me. How old are you?" “Thirteen, Madame.” “Thirteen, Madame,” her elderly relation repeated and whistled through her teeth, “more than half a child still, and not able to bear an heir any time soon.” Although Madame’s frankness was quite shocking to Willemina, who was used to the delicacy which had to be employed around her mother, it was refreshing also. “You know that I owe your father a debt I never had the opportunity to settle,” Madame grinned mischievously.

Number 5: 1693: Mary II “I think about how it would be sometimes, if you were plain Mynheer Nassau, and I a burgher’s wife,” she smiled and came to rest close beside him so that their bodies were pressed firmly against another, almost as if they were one and the same being. “I would go to the market and dust your pictures, and you would be unconcerned with politics, and read about the plights of greater men in the papers for amusement— and we would be home,” she added wistfully, regarding him with a hint of tears in her serious dark eyes. “But your home is England,” he attempted to soothe her, recalling how sixteen years ago, he had taken a much younger, sullen and despondent Mary to the Low Countries, where she had wept for the court of Charles, and the familiarity of London. “I cannot claim it to be anymore, for I think I have been away too long. How I wish to be at our little house at Loo now— just you and I, and Bentinck, if it pleases him to visit.” He could not help but smile, and pressed a kiss to her forehead. “And we shall be again.” “It would be better for your asthma also.” Concerned, her hand came to rest upon his breast, feeling it rise and fall with some strain brought on by the close, heated confinement of the ball. “No, I care not about that; I am happiest wherever I am, as long as I have my Marie beside me.” “My poor dear soul, and that when I do so little, ‘tis nothing I do, and you do everything; the entire kingdom resting upon your shoulders, and I could not even give you a child—” “No, Marie,” he interrupted her, unwilling to hear talk so badly and most unjustly about herself, “without you, I would be nothing: the kingdom would be nothing. I could not bear to live without you,” he breathed, and took her face between his hands. “Nor I without you.” They held each other close, the muffled sounds of distant merriment continuing without them but the faint reminder of a world beyond their bedroom. “Now,” broke he the silence between them and placed a kiss upon her lips, “I believe that there was something forgot today, among the celebrations on my account.” “’Tis the day we was wed,” Mary replied solemnly, “I remember it all; you were so dour, and I afraid of you, and of going out of England; the King made jests all night, drunk as he was, and my father abstained from the ceremony; my stepmother was heavy with child, and Anne abed with the smallpox— and among it all were we.” “I recall I came to bed late, and quite drunk. I have rued it many a time.” “And I that I behaved so ill to you those weeks before; I had thought—” “That I might refuse at the last moment, were I to find you displeasing? You were so young, and alone in your fears; I know that now.” “O Willem,” she embraced him, and he pulled her even closer, if that were at all possible. “I wish I had held you that night as I hold you now,” said he and cradled her against his stirring bosom overflowing with all the love he felt for her, “it was a day lost, as is each day without you.”

#ask game #ask reply #tag game #echo bleu #r writes

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aurianneor · 8 days

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Police, Army

The gendarmes and the military promise “devotion to the public good and to comply with orders received only in strict respect for the human person, and undertake only to make legitimate use of force”. They do not take oaths from those in power.

Décret n° 2013-874 du 27 septembre 2013 relatif à la prestation de serment des militaires de la gendarmerie nationale: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000027996846#:~:text=Je%20promets%20de%20faire%20preuve,’exercice%20de%20mes%20fonctions.%20%C2%BB

The police and gendarmerie are “at the service of republican institutions and the population”: https://www.devenirpolicier.fr/sites/default/files/2021-02/code-deontologie-police-gendarmerie-2021.pdf

Code de déontologie de la Police nationale et de la Gendarmerie nationale:

Manif des policiers: “Je suis gilet jaune” “on choisit le peuple”: https://youtu.be/ZOGojKoJzPA

Message d’Anonymous aux Force de l’Ordre: https://youtu.be/ru2kYRn1ugM

Article 35 déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1793: https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/les-constitutions-dans-l-histoire/constitution-du-24-juin-1793

“When the government violates the rights of the people, insurrection is, for the people and for each portion of the people, the most sacred of rights and the most indispensable of duties.” Article 35 of the constitution of June 24, 1793

Call of June 18, 1940, General De Gaulle: https://youtu.be/fo4yqbVPtxw

On July 15, 1789, General La Fayette took command of the National Guard and, two days later, invited his troops to display a tricolor cockade: https://www.herodote.net/La_Fayette_1757_1834_-synthese-194.php

GILETS_JAUNES – Message d’un militaire à ses frères d’armes: https://youtu.be/bpQCr5dJ2xk

Gen. Mark Milley: ‘We Take an Oath to the Constitution, Not an Individual’: https://youtu.be/nMaI1Hg8dl8?feature=shared

READ: The Full Statement From Jim Mattis, a US general who defends the constitution against the president, for people’s rights: https://www.npr.org/2020/06/04/869262728/read-the-full-statement-from-jim-mattis?utm_campaign=storyshare&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social

VIDEO. Abandon, impuissance, déclassement : regardez en avant-première le documentaire “Police, à bout de souffle”: https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/manifestation-des-policiers/video-abandon-impuissance-declassement-regardez-en-avant-premiere-le-documentaire-police-a-bout-de-souffle_3424853.html#xtor=CS2-765-[autres]-

Dear friends, The UN could annually update a country indicator on popular initiative referendums to solicit States and encourage their action in favor of direct democracy. Please read and promote this petition: http://chng.it/TXCknMhm (https://sdgactionawards.org/initiative/575

----------------------------------------------------------------

The moral compass: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-moral-compass/

When might is right: https://www.aurianneor.org/when-force-is-right/

Police and justice for the people: https://www.aurianneor.org/police-and-justice-for-the-people/

Ecoterrorism: https://www.aurianneor.org/ecoterrorism/

Call to people who are not subject to repression: https://www.aurianneor.org/call-to-people-who-are-not-subjected-to/

Illegitimate authorities: https://www.aurianneor.org/illegitimate-authorities/

Conditional military assistance: https://www.aurianneor.org/conditional-support/

European defense: https://www.aurianneor.org/european-defense/

Le référendum est une arme qui tue la violence: https://www.aurianneor.org/le-referendum-est-une-arme-qui-tue-la-violence-oui/

The Good tyrant ?: https://www.aurianneor.org/the-good-tyrant-tyranny-can-legally-exist-in-a/

Tomorrow – Chap 4: La démocratie: https://www.aurianneor.org/tomorrow-chap-4-la-democratie-the-panama/

Solidarité Hélvétique: https://www.aurianneor.org/solidarite-helvetique-democratie-semi-directe/

Banca: https://www.aurianneor.org/banca-the-merchant-of-venice-william/

Voix: https://www.aurianneor.org/voix-alimentation-la-ruche-qui-dit-oui/

Cicéron, De la République: https://www.aurianneor.org/la-liberte-ne-consiste-pas-a-avoir-un-bon-maitre/

“A multitude is a better judge of many things than any individual”: https://www.aurianneor.org/via-httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv-ar8s6vircwm/

Why Are Their Bribes So Small?: https://www.aurianneor.org/why-are-their-bribes-so-small-the-rate-of-return/

What kind of democracy do we want?: https://www.aurianneor.org/what-kind-of-democracy-do-we-want-a-multitude-is/

Oui au Référendum d’initiative populaire: https://www.aurianneor.org/oui-au-referendum-dinitiative-populaire-petition/

Drugs: https://www.aurianneor.org/drugs/

Polissé: https://www.aurianneor.org/polisse/

Police, Armée: https://www.aurianneor.org/police-armee-manif-des-policiers-je-suis-gilet/

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todaysdocument · 3 years

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Roll Call Tally on the Expulsion of Preston Brooks, 7/14/1856

After Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner nearly to death with a cane in the Senate chamber, the House voted on whether to expel him from Congress. They failed to reach the two-thirds majority needed.

Series: General Records, 1791 - 2010

Record Group 233: Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789 - 2015

Transcription:

July 14. 1856

On LD Campbells 1st Resn from Sel Com

THIRTY-FOURTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

335

[column one]

YEA | NAMES. | NAY.

|William Aiken...S.C. | 1

1 | Charles J. Albright...Ohio. |

| James C. Allen...Ill. | 2

2| John Allison...Penn. |

3 | Edward Ball...Ohio |

4 | Lucian Barbour...Ind. |

|David Barclay [struck through] |

| William Barksdale...Miss. | 3

| P.H. Bell...Texas. | 4

5 | Henry Bennett...N.Y. |

| Hendley S. Bennett...Miss. | 5

6 | Samuel P. Benson...Me. |

7 | Charles Billinghurst...Wis |

8 | John A. Bingham...Ohio |

9 | James Bishop...N.J. |

10 | Philemon Bliss...Ohio |

| Thomas S. Bocock...Va. | 6

| Thomas F. Bowie...Md. | 7

| William W. Boyce...S.C. | 8

11 | Samuel C. Bradshaw...Penn. |

| Lawrence O'B. Braneh...N.C. | 9

12 | Samuel Brenton...Ind. |

| Preston S. Brooks [struck through]...S.C. |

13 | Jacob Broom...Penn. |

14 | James Buffinton...Mass. |

15 | Anson Burlingame...Mass. |

| Henry C. Burnett...Ky. | 10

| John Cadwalader...Penn. | 11

16 | James H. Campbell...Penn. |

|John P. Campbell [struck through]...Ky. |

17 | Lewis D. Campbell...Ohio |

| John S. Carlile...Va. | 12

| Samuel Caruthers [struck through]...Mo. |

| John S. Caskie...Va. | 13

18 | Calvin C. Chaffee...Mass. |

| Thomas Child, jr [struck through] ...N.Y. |

19 | Bayard Clarke...N.Y. |

20 | Ezra Clark, jr...Conn. |

21 | Isaiah D. Clawson...N.J. |

| Thomas L. Clingman...N.C. | 14

| Howell Cobb...Ga. | 15

| Williamson R.W. Cobb...Ala. | 16

22 | Schuyler Colfax...Ind. |

23 | Linus B. Comins...Mass. |

24 | John Covode...Penn. |

| Leander M. Cox...Ky. | 17

25 | Aaron H. Cragin...N.H. |

| Burton Craige...N.C. | 18

| Martin J. Crawford...Ga. | 19

| Elisha D. Cullen [struck through]...Del. |

26 | William Cumback...Ind. |

27 | William S. Damrell...Mass. |

| Thomas G. Davidson...La. | 20

| H. Winter Davis...Md. | 21

28 | Timothy Davis...Mass. |

29 | Timothy C. Day...Ohio. |

30 | Sidney Dean...Conn. |

| James W. Denver...Cal. | 22

31| Ale["xander" struck through] De Witt...Mass. |

[Column Two]

YEA. | NAMES. | NAY.

32 | John Dick...Penn. |

33 | Samuel Dickson...N.Y. |

34 | Edward Dodd...N.Y. |

| James F. Dowdell...Ala. | 23

35 | George G. Dunn...Ind. |

36 | Nathaniel B. Durfee...R.I. |

37 | John R. Edie...Penn. |

| Henry A. Edmundson [struck through] ...Va. | 1

38 | Francis S. Edwards...N.Y. |

| John M. Elliott...Ky. | 24

39 | J Reece Emrie...Ohio. |

| William H. English...Ind. | 25

| Emerson Etheridge...Tenn. | 26

| George Eustis, jr...La. | 27

| Lemuel D. Evans...Texas. | 28

| Charles J. Faulkner...Va. | 29

| Thomas T. Flagler [struck through]...N.Y. |

| Thomas B. Florence...Penn. | 30

| Nathaniel G. Foster...Ga. | - 31

| Henry M. Fuller [struck through] ...Penn. |

| Thomas J. D. Fuller [struck through] ...Me. |

40 | Samuel Galloway...Ohio. |

41 | Joshua R. Giddings...Ohio. |

42 | William A. Gilbert...N.Y. |

| William O. Goode...Va. | 32

43 | Amos P. Granger...N.Y. |

| Alfred B. Greenwood...Ark. | 33

44 | Galusha A. Grow...Penn. |

| Augustus Hall...Iowa. | 34

45 | Robert B. Hall...Mass |

46 | Aaron Harlan...Ohio. |

| J. Morrison Harris...Md. | 35

| Sampson W. Harris...Ala. | 36

| Thomas L. Harris...Ill. | 37

| John Scott Harrison...Ohio. | 38

47 | Solomon G. Haven...N.Y. |

| Philemon T. Herbert...Cal. |

48 | John Hickman...Penn. |

49 | Henry W. Hoffman...Md. |

50 | David P. Holloway...Ind. |

51 | Thomas R. Horton...N.Y. |

52 | Valentine B. Horton...Ohio. |

| George S. Houston...Ala. | 39

53 | William A. Howard...Mich. |

54 | Jonas A. Hughston...N.Y. |

| Joshua H. Jewett...Ky. | 40

| George W. Jones...Tenn. | 41

| J. Glancy Jones...Penn. | 42

| Lawrence M. Keitt...S.C. | 43

| John Kelly...N.Y. | 44

55 | William H. Kelsey...N.Y. |

| Luther M. Kennett...Mo. | 45

| Zedekiah Kidwell...Va. | 46

56 | Rufus H. King...N.Y. |

57 | Chauncey L. Knapp...Mass. |

58 | Jonathan Knight...Penn. |

59 | Ebenezer Knowlton...Me. |

60 | James Knox...Ill. |

61 | John C. Kunkel...Penn. |

[Column Three]

YEA. | NAMES. | NAY.

| William A. Lake...Miss. | 47

62 | Benjamin F. Leiter...Ohio. |

| John Letcher...Va. | 48

| James J. Lindley...Mo. | 49

| John H. Lumpkin...Ga. | 50

| Daniel Mace [struck through] ...Ind. |

| Alexander K. Marshall...Ky. | 51

| Humphrey Marshall...Ky. | 52

| Samuel S Marshall...Ill. | 53

63 | Orsamus B. Matteson...N.Y. |

| Augustus E. Maxwell...Fla. | 54

64 | Andrew Z. McCarty...N.Y. |

| Fayette McMullin...Va. | 55

| John McQueen...S.C. | 56

65 | James Meacham...Vt. |

66 | Killian Miller...N.Y. |

| Smith Miller...Ind. | 57

| John S. Millson...Va. | 58

67 | William Millward...Penn. |

68 | Oscar F. Moore...Ohio. |

69 | Edwin B. Morgan...N.Y. |

70 | Justin S. Morrill...Vt. |

71 | Richard Mott...i o |

72 | Ambrose S. Murray...N.Y. |

73 | Matthias H. Nichols...Ohio |

74 | Jesse O. Norton...Ill. |

75 | Andrew Oliver...N.Y. |

| Mordecai Oliver...Mo. | 59

| James L. Orr...S.C. | 60

76 | Asa Packer...Penn. |

| Robert T. Paine [struck through] ...N.C. |

77 | John M. Parker...N.Y. |

78 | John J. Pearce...Penn. |

79 | George W. Peek...Mich. |

80 | Guy R. Pelton...N.Y. |

81 | Alexander C.M. Pennington. N.J. |

82 | John J. Perry...Me. |

83 | John U. Pettit...Ind. |

| John S. Phelps...Mo. | 61

84 | James Pike...N.H. |

| Gilchrist Porter...Mo. | 62

| Paulus Powell...Va. | 63

85 | Benjamin Pringle...N.Y. |

86 | Samuel A. Purviance...Penn. |

| Richard C. Puryear...N.C. | 64

| John A. Quitman...Miss. | 65

| Edwin G. Reade...N.C. | 66

| Charles Ready...Tenn. | 67

| James B. Ricaud...Md. | 68

| William A. Richardson [struck through] ...Ill. |

87 | David Ritchie...Penn. |

| Thomas Rivers...Tenn. | 69

88 | George R. Robbins...N.J. |

89 | Anthony E. Roberts...Penn |

90 | David F. Robison...Penn. |

| Thomas Ruffin...N.C. | 70

| Albert Rust...Ark. | 71

[Column Four]

YEA. | NAMES. | NAY.

91 | Alvah Sabin...Vt. |

92 | Russell Sage...N.Y. |

| John M. Sandidge...La. | 72

93 | William R. Sapp...Ohio. |

| John H. Savage...Tenn. | 73

94 | Harvey D. Scott...Ind. |

| James L. Seward...Ga. | 74

95 | John Sherman...Ohio. |

| Eli S Shorter...Ala. | 75

96 | George A. Simmons...N.Y. |

| Samuel A. Smith...Tenn. | 76

| William Smith...Va. | 77

| William R. Smith...Ala. | 78

| William H. Sneed...Tenn. | 79

97 | Francis E. Spinner...N.Y. |

98 | Benjamin Stanton...Ohio. |

| Alexander H. Stephens...Ga. | 80

| James A. Stewart...Md. | 81

99 | James S.T. Stranahan...N.Y. |

| Samuel F. Swope...Ky. | 82

| Albert G. TAlbott...Ky. | 83

100 | Mason W. Tappan...N.H. |

| Miles Taylor...La. | 84

101 | James Thorington...Iowa. |

102 | Benjamin B. Thurston...R.I. |

103 | Lemuel Todd...Penn. |

104 | Mark Trafton...Mass |

| Robert P. Trippe...Ga. | 85

105 | Job R. Tyson...Penn. |

| Warner L. Underwood...Ky. | 86

106 | George Vail...N.J. |

| William W. Valk [struck through] ...N.Y. |

107 | Edward Wade...Ohio. |

108 | Abram Wakeman...N.Y.

109 | David S. Walbridge...Mich. |

110 | Henry Waldron...Mich |

| Percy Walker...Ala. | 87

| Hiram Warner...Ga. | 88

111 | Cadwalader C. Washburne, Wis. |

112 | Ellihu B. Washburne...Ill. |

113 | Israel Washburn, jr...Me. |

| Albert G. Watkins...Tenn. | 89

114 | Cooper K. Watson...Ohio.|

115 | William W. Welch...Conn. |

116 | Daniel Wells, jr...Wis. |

| John Wheeler...N.Y. | 90

117 | Thomas R. Whitney...N.Y. |

118 | John Williams...N.Y. |

| Warren Winslow...N.C. | 91

119 | John M. Wood...Me. |

120 | John Woodruff...Conn. |

121 | James H. Woodworth...Ill. |

| Daniel B. Wright...Miss. | 92

| John V. Wright...Tenn. | 93

| Felix K. Zollicoffer...Tenn. | 94

[end columns]

MAY 21, 1856

NATHANIEL P. BANKS, JR., of Massachusetts, Speaker.

ex [sideways]

Y 121

N 95

#archivesgov #July 14 #1856 #1800s #antebellum #slavery #Kansas-Nebraska Act #violence #U.S. Congress #Senate

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kheirfakhreldin · 4 years

Text

Summary of Franklin D. Cossitt’s Claim by the Southern Claims Commission for His Losses During the Civil War, December 4, 1876.

No. 20.459, 43.163,

CLAIM of Franklin D. Cossitt

Fayette Co.,

Tennessee

SUMMARY REPORT.

Amount Allowed $14,102.00

SUBMITTED TO CONGRESS

December 4, 1876

BY THE

COMMISSIONER OF CLAIMS

UNDER

Act March 3D, 1871

No. 20459

The Claim of Franklin D. Cossitt, of Fayette Co., in the State of Tennessee

42 items. Amount of claims as per 1862. Statement in petition—hereto

Nov & Dec. annexed in detail.

Amount claimed: 31620.00

Amount allowed: 14102.17

Amount disallowed: 17516.83

Mr. Cossitt was a native of Connecticut. At the age of fifteen he went to Tenn. He there became a merchant & planter. He owned four plantations, vis, “Myrick”, “Urquhart”, “Sykes”, and “Adams,” and 127 slaves. He never held any civil or military office in the Confederacy & it does not appear that he ever gave any aid or comfort to the Confederacy. In the summer of 1862 he went to Bolivar where Generals Grant & McPherson were camped with their Army & told them that the Confederate forces did not amount to much & that they would have no difficulty in coming into and taking possession of the country. They had supposed that the Confederate force was large. The next day Genl. McPherson came to La Grange & took possession of the country. In Exhibit No. 2, Genl. McPherson, under date of Nov. 13, 1862 says “Mr Cossitt has rendered good service at different times & deserves compensation for articles taken from him.” Genl. McPherson also under date of Nov. 5 ’62 “certifies that Mr. Cossitt has shown himself a good loyal man & has rendered important services to the Federal cause” &c.—

Genl. Hamilton, who for 6 weeks in Oct & Nov. ’62 had his headquarters at his house, says—“I have known Mr. Cossitt since Nov. ’62,—have at all times found him a reliable & thoroughly loyal Union man, from whom I have received much useful information at times & have always found his sympathies with the Union Gov’t & Armies.”—Genl. Hurlbut, under date of Nov. 18, ’62 says—“Mr Cossitt has been known to me since June last as a reliable Union man,--I became acquainted with him at La Grange on the first occupation of that place by Union troops. I have reason to believe that he has always been loyal to the Gov’t & have received from him valuable information.”

Genl. Hurlbut was examined orally before us & his evidence is very full & satisfactory to prove claimant’s loyalty. We deem it sufficient to refer to it.—Many other papers are filed to show that other officers of our Army in 1862 regarded him as loyal.—He was threatened and molested by the rebels, & in April 1863 was obliged to leave. He went to Chicago where he has since resided. In regard to the necessity of his leaving Genl. Hurlbut says—“his life would not have been worth a straw outside of the range covered by the U. S. troops.” In June 1862 he was extracted by Genl. Sherman with the charge and repair of trestle work, which service he faithfully performed. See Genl. Sherman’s letter. Exhibits 6 & 7.—

Loyalty fully proved.—

As to the taking of the property. Genl. Hamilton encamped on the Myrick place with a large body of troops in Oct. ’62 & staid about 7 weeks.—At the same time Genl. McPherson with a still larger body of troops camped on the Urquhart place. The first 11 items & the items from 26 to 42 inclusive were all taken from the Myrick place, by the troops of Genl. Hamilton in Nov. 1862. Items 1 to 11 are shown by the evidence of Mr. Myrick, the superintendent of the Myrick place, also in part by Mr. Cossitt, & by the papers filed in the case which fully corroborate the testimony. Items 26 to 42 are proved by receipts by receipts given at the time and which are proved & filed in the case. But a small part of the property taken from the Myrick place was receipted for. Exhibit 1 is a statement drawn up by Mr. Cossitt in Nov. ’62 from the declarations made by Mr. Myrick at the time. The Myrick place contained about 1000 acres of cultivated land.

1862

1st to 30th Nov.

1 10 mules. 1500.—

2 90,000 lbs. fodder. 900.—

3 10 stacks, 15000 lbs. hay. 150.—

4 2625 bu. corn, taken from field. 2100.—

5 1125 bu. corn, taken from cribs. 1125.—

6 150 bu. sweet potatoes. 150.—

7 150 fat hogs, 150 lbs. ea. 2250.—

8 17 beef cattle. 714.—

9 250 lbs. brown sugar. 40.—

10 1/2 bbl. 20 galls. molasses. 20.—

11 100 stock hogs. 500.—

[Above amounts taken by Gen. C. S. Hamilton, U. S. vols. from “Myrick’s Place”]

12 63 stacks, 94500 lbs. fodder. 945.—

13 46 stacks, 46000 lbs. hay & pea vines. 460.—

14 7 stacks, 7000 lbs hay & pea vines. 70.—

15 400 acres corn, 10,000 bu. 8000.—

16 16 mules. 2400.—

17 150 fat hogs, average 150 lbs. 2250.—

18 100 stock hogs, average 150 lbs. 500.—

19 66 cattle, cows & calves, 50 cattle. $2000. 10 cows. $300. 6 calves. $60.}2360.—

20 25 bu. corn meal. 25.—

21 2 sacks salt. 20.—

22 13 bags, 13 bu. dried peaches. 13.—

23 1200 bu. sweet potatoes. 1200.—

24 17 sets [qeer? geer? green?]. 85.—

Total: $27,777.

[Above was taken from “Urquhart Plantation” by Gen. J. B. McPherson, from 1st to 13. Nov./1862]

(See Exhibit #2.)

Subtotal: 27,777

1862 Nov. 7

25 19 mules.

26 2 loads, 30 bu. corn.

27 2 loads, 2000 lbs. fodder.

[Above taken by Lt. Conynham [Cunningham?], Actg. Q. Mr., 16th Iowa Vols., under command Gen. J. McArthur, 6th Divis, Army of Tenn. See exhibit No 4]

28 3 loads, 4500 lbs. hay. 45.—

29 7 loads, 7000 lbs. fodder. 70.—

30 8 loads, 200 bu. corn. 200.—

[Above taken by Capt. E. D. Ostrand, Comdg. Co. “A”, 4 Ills. Cavy. See exhibits 5 & 6]

31 2 loads, 30 bu. corn. 30.—

[Taken by Lieut. Jones, Q. M. 16 Wis. Vols. See Exhibit No 7]

32 255 bu. corn. 255.—

33 1600 lbs. fodder. 16.—

[Taken by J. F. Stouffer, wagon master, 2 Iowa Cavy. See Exhibit No 8]

34 4 loads, 1200 lbs. fodder. 12.—

35 5 loads, 75 bu. corn. 75.—

[Taken Nov. 6. 7. 8. 10. & 12 Nov. 1862 by B. S. Williams Lt. & A. R. Qr. Mr. 8th Wis. Vols., Col. J. M. Loomis, Comdg 2 Brig. 2 Div. Army of Tenn. See Exhibits 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. & 14.]

36 4 loads, 1200 lbs. fodder. 12.—

37 3 loads, 45 bu. corn. 45.—

Subtotal: $31,437.—

38 300 lbs. hay. 3.—

[Taken Nov. 6, 7, & 10, 1862 by Lt. Spring, Qr. Mr. 26th Ills. Infy. Command of Col. J. M. Loomis, 2d Brig. 2 Div. Army of Tenn. See Exhibits 15, 16 & 17]

39 2 loads, 30 bu. corn. 30.—

[Taken by R. Kennedy, Qr. Mr. 13 Iowa Infy as per certificate of Leslie Bassett, 1st Lt. Co. “K,” 13th Iowa Infy. See Exhibit No 18]

40 10 loads, 80 bu. corn. 80.—

41 2 stacks, 3000 lbs. hay. 30.—

[Taken by Enos P. Searls, wagon master, 5th O. V. C. See Exhibit 19]

42 1 steer. 40.—

[Taken by Lt. Joshua Ricketts, Co. “C”. Eng. Reg. of the West. See Exhibit No. 20]

Total: $31,620.—

The other items from the Urquhart place are proved and therefore are allowed, except item 22 & a part of No. 23 of which the Estimate is too large.—The prices of pork & beef were very low in Nov. ’62.—

We allow as follows:—

Items 1. 16. & 25 For mules—$4000.00 & reject the rest.

2 For fodder—562.50 & reject the rest.

3 For hay—105.00 & reject the rest.

4 2625 bus corn in field—1050.00 & reject the rest.

5 1125 bus corn in cribs 562.50 & reject the rest.

6 150 bus potatoes—75.00 & reject the rest.

7 150 fat hogs—750.00 & reject the rest.

8 17 Beeves—340.00 & reject the rest.

9 250 lbs Sugar—17.00 & reject the rest.

10 1/2 bbl. Molasses—10.00 & reject the rest.

11 100 stock hogs—200.00 & reject the rest.

12 63 stacks of fodder—309.37 & reject the rest.

13 46 stacks of Hay & pea vines} 140.00 & reject the rest.

14 7 stacks of Hay}

15 400 acres of standing corn 3200.00 & reject the rest.

16 Included in item 1

17 150 fat hogs (Urquhart)—750.00 & reject the rest.

18 100 stock hogs (Urquhart)—200.00 & reject the rest.

19 66 head of cattle—980.00

20 25 bus corn meal—25.00

Amount carried over $13276.37

Amt. brot. forward—$13276.37

21 2 sacks salt—$10.00

22 13 bags dried peaches—

22 1200 bus sweet potatoes—300.00—

24 17 setts of Gear—85.00

25 Included in item 1.—

26 30 bus corn—15.00

27. 28. 29 Hay & fodder (receipts) 25.20

30. 31. 32 Corn as per receipts—202.50

33. 34. Fodder as per receipts—21.00

35 Corn as per receipts—37.50

36. 37. 38 Hay, corn, fodder as per receipts—33.60

39. 40 Corn as per receipts—55.00

41 Hay as per receipts—21.00

42 A steer—20.00

$14,102.17

Making in all fourteen thousand one hundred and two dollars and seventeen cents—and rejecting the rest of the claim.

A. O. Aldis

J. B. Howell

O. Ferriss

Commissioners of Claims

On the hearing Col. McAllister of Counsel for Clmt. moved that an item for 6375 bus. of corn taken from the field on the Myrick place be added to the petition & claim, as that amt. at 25 bus per acre would be equal to the “255 acres corn gathered” named in No. 1 (2 by Audem) which was filed when the petn. was, & is referred to in it.—But many other items in Exhibit 1 are not included in the petn., & unless specially named in the petn. can not be considered as a part of it. The exhibit is referred to as proof of the items of claim stated in the petn., but not as being intended to present other claims than those named in the petn.—Again the claim now is for 6375 bus corn taken from the field, while the Exhibit speaks only of “255 acres corn gathered.”—So the “45 acres gathered” agrees exactly with item 5. at 25 bus per acre.—We have no doubt that the Army took as much corn from the Myrick place as is charged in items 5 & 6 & in the items from 26 to 41 for which receipts were given & so allow. For corn in cribs in Nov. ’62 we have always allowed 50 cents per bus, & we do so here though the receipts estimate it only at 25 cents. Mr. Cossitt is entitled to that fair price which in all other cases has been allowed claimants. For corn in the field we allow 40 cents per bus., about the difference the clmt. makes in his charges.— The Urquhart place contained 1600 acres of which about 1000 acres were cultivated. The witnesses say there were about 600 acres in corn, & that deducting what was trodden down by the Army there were at least 400 acres gathered by the troops.

Exhibit No. 2 (marked 2A by Mr. Audem) is a paper which clmt. drew up from a statement made at the time by Gilchrist, the Supt. Of the Urquhart place under Myrick, & which he then presented to Genl. McPherson, who then, Nov. 13, 1862 referred it to Qr. Mr. Burr for investigation saying—“Mr. Cossitt has rendered good service at different times & deserves compensation for the articles taken & damages done him. This contemporary claim made & thus certified by Genl. McPherson is entitled to much weight as evidence. It is sustained by the testimony of his foreman Wm. Cossitt, a colored man, and to some extent by Mr. Myrick who had a general supervision of the place tho residing 6 miles off. The other papers strengthen the proof of the claim. We are satisfied that the “400 acres of corn” claimed in Exhibit 2 must have yielded to our troops at least 10,000 strong who were camped on the place for several weeks at least 8000 bus of corn & for which as taken from the field we allow $3200.00

The items from 12 to 25 inclusive were all taken from the Urquhart place & are all named in Exhibit 2 except the item 25 for 19 mules.

As to item 1 for 10 mules taken from the Myrick place it is fully proved by Myrick, & Cossitt & is in Exhibit No. 1.—

As to items 16 for 16 mules, & 25 for 19 mules all taken from the Urquhart place: in all 35 mules. There is no proof that these mules were taken from any other place than the Urquhart place. There were mules on the Sykes place but there is no proof whatever as to their taking. These two items make up 35 mules, & that is just the number mentioned in Exhibit No. 3, the paper given by Genl. McPherson.—In that paper he says—“Mr Cossitt has permission to retain for the present the 3 mules which he obtd. From the Qr. Mr. Dept. He has had 35 mules taken from him by our Army & the above 3 mules are required by him to secure his crops.”—The clmt. assumes that the 35 mules do not include the 10 taken from the Myrick place. But we think this statement, made on the 20th Nov., after all the mules had been taken, was made at an interview between clmt. & Genl. McPherson, & referred to all the mules taken from clmt. whether from the Myrick, the Urquhart or any other place.—Clmt.’s object was to keep the three by showing how many had been taken & that none were left;—and without reference to any particular plantation.

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scotianostra · 5 years

Photo

On March 22nd 1421, Scottish and French troops under the Earl of Buchan defeated English forces at Bauge in Anjou, France. It was this battle that gave rise to the well known quote "Verily, the Scots are well-known as an antidote to the English."

If asked to name some of the greatest and most devastating military defeats of the English by the Scots, most people would say Bannockburn and Stirling Bridge, some of you who read my posts here might argue that Roslin or Lochmaben should be mentioned, how many though would say Bauge?

Ah! but it was a French battle, you might say, it is true it was fought on French soil, but it is also know that the majority of the soldier who fought against the English that day in March 1421 were Scottish, it would result in the death of the heir presumptive to the crown of England, and many of their nobles, much like Flodden did us, but on a bit smaller scale.

So few people know about it, however, largely because English historians tend to concentrate on Crecy and Agincourt rather than the numerous defeats the English suffered during the 100 years war that in fact actually lasted for 116 years. It is also yet another example of how Scottish history has not been taught to Scots.

In 1418 the French Dauphin called on his Scottish allies for assistance in his efforts to curtail Henry V of England's attempts to conquer France. The Dauphin is a name given to the eldest son of the King of France, usually he was heir to the throne, you have probably heard it most in my posts when posting about Mary Queen of Scots, who married François II. The reason it was the Dauphin and not the King who made the call was because King Charles' VI was suffering from bouts of insanity which were becoming more frequent and of longer duration.

I've covered some of these complicated battles before, the reason I say they were complicated is due to the fact that the Scottish King, James I was fighting with the English, he had been "sold" actually on this day in 1406, I will delve into this deeper in my post regarding this later today.

Back to Baugé. There had been no large battles between the Scots and the English since the Battle of Homildon Hill, or Humbleton Hill, in 1402, the Duke of Albany was running things in Scotland and maybe he thought that his troops needed a wee bit practice, maybe he thought they needed a wee holiday on the continent, either way he sent around 6,000 men including men at arms, spearman and archers to serve alongside the remaining French royal army, which had been depleted, for reasons of their own involving a civil war and defeats to England.

They were under the command of Albany’s son, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Archibald Douglas, the Earl of Wigtoun or Wigtown. It was Buchan who would take overall command of the army which was joined by the small local forces of Gilbert La Fayette or Lafayette, the Marshal of France. Scots thus made up 80 to 90 per cent of the army that would win a great victory.

We actually know more about the Battle of Baugé than we do about many of the conflicts of that era involving Scotland, because four different chroniclers have given us contemporary accounts of the battle. They differ on several aspects, such as the numbers involved, but all agree that the Scots army, assisted by a small number of French troops, inflicted a devastating defeat on the English army.

The Scottish troops, perhaps because they had not been used as a self-contained army, but to reinforce the Valois army at various places, had unfortunately gained a poor reputation among their hosts. It had been reported that they consumed far too much mutton and certainly far too much wine for French tastes, but no one, especially the Dauphin, doubted their ability to fight.

It is impossible to be sure of the exact numbers of men in either of the armies present at Baugé. Estimates of the size of the Franco-Scottish army vary least, ranging from 5,000 to 7,000, with 6,000 most likely.

The Scots made up by far the largest part of this army, although exactly how many Scots were present is again unclear, although Buchan and Wigtown had returned to Scotland during 1420 to recruit more men, dysentery and other illness was rife at the time, you know how dodgy foreign food can be!

The size of the English army led by Henry V brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence is much less certain. A number of sources give figures for the size of the army at the start of the expedition. The Scottish chronicle Liber Pluscardensis gives a figure of 10,000 men, which French sources give figures that range from 4,000 up to 12,000. The French chronicle of Juvénal may be most accurate, giving Clarence around 6,000-7,000 men at the start of his expedition, including 1,200 nobles, who would have made up the bulk of the men actually involved in the battle.

Clarence led raids through the Anjou and Maine, meeting little resistance, and by Good Friday, 21 March 1421, the English army had made camp near the little town of Vieil-Baugé. The Franco-Scots army of about 5000 also arrived in the Vieil-Baugé area to block the English army´s progress. It was commanded by the Earl of Buchan and the new Constable of France, the Sieur de Lafayette; however, the English forces were dispersed, and significantly many of the English archers had ridden off in search of plunder or forage. On Easter Saturday, one of these foraging groups captured a Scots man-at-arms who they brought before the Duke of Clarence. Clarence was keen to engage the enemy; however, he had a problem: the following day was Easter Sunday, one of the most holy days in the Christian calendar, when a battle would be unthinkable. A two-day delay was also deemed as out of the question. According to the chronicles of Walter Bower both commanders agreed to a short truce for Easter. However this was ignored.

It seems that Clarence did not realise how big the Franco-Scottish army was as he decided to rely on the element of surprise and attack immediately. He discounted the advice of his lieutenants Huntingdon and Gilbert Umfraville to consolidate his own force and position; instead he ordered the Earl of Salisbury to round up all the archers and follow him as soon as possible. Clarence then with only about 1500 men-at-arms available, and virtually no archers, charged the Franco-Scottish lines. The Scots rallied hastily, and battle was joined at a bridge which Clarence attempted to cross. A hundred Scottish archers, under Sir Robert Stewart of Ralston, reinforced by the retinue of Hugh Kennedy, held the bridge and prevented passage long enough for the Earl of Buchan to rally the rest of his army.

When Clarence forced his way across finally, he met with the main body of the Franco-Scottish army; the men-at-arms were dismounted and were well defended by the Scottish archers. In the ensuing melée, John Carmichael of Douglasdale broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. There are several versions of how Clarence met his death, but, according to Bower, the Scottish knight John Swinton wounded the prince in his face, but it was Alexander Buchanan who is credited with killing the Duke with his mace and holding the dead Duke´s coronet aloft on his lance in triumph. Another version stated that a Highlander, Alexander Macausland of Lennox, was responsible for Clarence´s demise, whereas a French chronicler Georges Chastellain has the Duke killed by a Frenchman, but they would eh!

Later on in the day, probably in the evening, decisive action was taken by Salisbury, who, having succeeded in rounding up the English archers, used some of them to rescue what was left of the English force and retrieve some of the bodies of the fallen, including that of Clarence.

The battle of Baugé was a rout in which the Franco-Scots did not lose any man of importance, whereas Henry V lost some of his most senior commanders plus the heir to the throne of England and commander of his forces in France. On hearing of the Scottish victory, Pope Martin V passed comment by reiterating a common mediaeval saying, that "Verily, the Scots are well-known as an antidote to the English." However, the Scots allowed the remains of the English army, led by Salisbury, to escape, and so missed an opportunity to remove the English from France. But it did secure the reputation of the Scottish army in France.

The Dauphin was able to exploit the victory at Baugé, by announcing his intention to invade English-held Normandy He made Archibald Douglas, Earl of Wigtown, the count of Longueville and lord of Dun-le-roi. Sir John Stewart of Darnley received the lands of Aubigny-sur-Nere and Concressault. The Earl of Buchan was made Constable of France.

In 1422 the Dauphin created the "hundred men-at-arms of the King´s bodyguard", known as the "Hundred Lances of France", to supplement the 24 archers of the Garde Ecossaise. The Hundred Lances eventually became the company known as the Gendarmerie of France, who distinguished themselves at Fontenoy in 1745. John Carmichael was elected bishop of Orléans in 1426, and was one of the 6 bishops to attend the coronation of the Dauphin as Charles VII in 1429 at Rheims. Hugh Kennedy, known to the French as Canede, was granted the right to quarter his coat of arms with the fleur-de-lis of France.

If you want to find out what battles Scotland was involved in through the centuries check out this link to wiki here https://en.wikipedia.org/…/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ki…

#Scotland #France #england #hundred years war #Auld Allience #history

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blackkudos · 6 years

Text

Medgar Evers

Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963) was an American civil rights activist from Mississippi who worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi and to enact social justice and voting rights. He was murdered by a white supremacist and Klansman.

A World War II veteran and college graduate, he became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. He became a field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Following the 1954 ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers worked to gain admission for African Americans to the state-supported public University of Mississippi. He also worked on voting rights and registration, economic opportunity, access to public facilities, and other changes in the segregated society.

Evers was murdered by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens' Council, a group formed in 1954 to resist integration of schools and civil rights activity. As a veteran, Evers was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. His murder and the resulting trials inspired civil rights protests, as well as numerous works of art, music and film. All-white juries failed to reach verdicts in the first two trials of Beckwith. He was convicted in a new state trial in 1994, based on new evidence.

Myrlie Evers, widow of the activist, became a noted activist in her own right, serving as national chair of the NAACP. His brother Charles Evers was the first African-American mayor elected in Mississippi in the post-Reconstruction era when he won in 1969 in Fayette.

Early life

Evers was born July 2, 1925, in Decatur, Mississippi, the third of the five children (including older brother Charles Evers) of Jesse (Wright) and James Evers. The family included Jesse's two children from a previous marriage. The Evers family owned a small farm, and James also worked at a sawmill. Evers walked twelve miles to attend segregated schools, and earned his high school diploma.

Evers served in the United States Army during World War II from 1943 to 1945. He was sent to the European Theater and he fought in the Battle of Normandy in June 1944. After the end of the war, Evers was honorably discharged as a sergeant.

In 1948, Evers enrolled at Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (a historically black college, now Alcorn State University) majoring in business administration. He also competed on the debate, football, and track teams, sang in the choir, and was junior class president. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1952.

On December 24, 1951, he married classmate Myrlie Beasley. Together they had three children: Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers.

Activism

The couple moved to Mound Bayou, Mississippi a town developed by African Americans, where Evers became a salesman for T. R. M. Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. Howard was also president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL); Evers helped organize the RCNL's boycott of gasoline stations that denied blacks the use of the stations' restrooms. Evers and his brother Charles also attended the RCNL's annual conferences in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1954, which drew crowds of ten thousand or more.

In 1954, Evers applied to the segregated University of Mississippi Law School, but his application was rejected because of his race. He submitted his application in concert with the NAACP as a test case. That year the US Supreme Court had ruled that segregation of public schools (which included state universities) was unconstitutional.

On November 24, 1954, Evers was named the NAACP's first field secretary for Mississippi. In this position, he helped organize boycotts and set up new local chapters of the NAACP. He was involved with James Meredith's efforts to enroll in the University of Mississippi in the early 1960s. Evers also helped Dr. Gilbert Mason, Sr., organize the Biloxi wade-ins, protests against segregation of public beaches on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. In addition, Evers also helped integrate Jackson's privately owned buses and was trying to integrate the public parks, led voter registration drives, and used boycotts to integrate Leake County schools and the Mississippi State Fair.

Evers' civil rights leadership and investigative work made him a target of white supremacists. The White Citizens' Council was founded in Mississippi, with numerous local chapters, to resist integration of schools and civil rights goals. In the weeks before Evers' death, the leader encountered new levels of hostility. His public investigations into the 1955 lynching of teenaged Emmett Till and his vocal support of Clyde Kennard had made him a prominent black leader. On May 28, 1963, a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the carport of his home. On June 7, 1963, Evers was nearly run down by a car after he emerged from the NAACP office in Jackson.

Assassination

Medgar Evers lived with the constant threat of death upon him, living in an area with a heavy Ku Klux Klan and white supremacist population in the areain which he both lived and advocated. The risk had grown so great in the time before his death that Evers and his wife Myrlie had trained their children on exactly what to do if their was a shooting, bombing, or other kind attack on their lives. Evers, who was regularly followed home by at least two FBI cars and one police car, arrived at his home on the morning of his death without an escort, with none of his usual protection for reasons unspecified by the FBI or local police. Many believe that many members of the police force at the time were members of the Klan.

In the early morning of June 12, 1963, just hours after President John F. Kennedy's nationally televised Civil Rights Address, Evers pulled into his driveway after returning from a meeting with NAACP lawyers. Evers family had worried for his safety the day of his assassination, and Evers himself had warned his wife that he felt himself in a greater danger than usual. When he arrived home, Evers' family was waiting for him, and his children exclaimed to his wife, Myrlie, that he had arrived. Emerging from his car and carrying NAACP T-shirts that read "Jim Crow Must Go", Evers was struck in the back with a bullet fired from an Enfield 1917 rifle; the bullet ripped through his heart. Initially thrown to the ground by the impact of the shot, Evers rose and staggered 30 feet (9.1 meters) before collapsing. His wife Myrlie was the first to find him outside of their front door. He was taken to the local hospital in Jackson, Mississippi where he was initially refused entry because of his race. His family explained who he was and he was admitted; he died in the hospital 50 minutes later. Evers was the first African American to be admitted to an all white hospital in Mississippi, an ironic final achievement for the dying activist.

After Evers was assassinated, an estimated 5,000 people marched from the Masonic Temple on Lynch Street to the Collins Funeral Home on North Farish Street in Jackson, Mississippi. Allen Johnson, Reverend Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders led the procession. Outraged at the death of one of the most loved Mississippi civil rights leaders, the protests quickly got out of hand. The Mississippi police were prepared for the assault, with riot gear and rifles waiting for the protesters were they to turn violent. While tensions flared initially in the stand off, and in many similar ones around the state, leaders of the movement were able to reel in their followers and maintain a nonviolent atmosphere.

Mourned nationally, Evers was buried on June 19 in Arlington National Cemetery, where he received full military honors before a crowd of more than 3,000.

On June 21, 1963, Byron De La Beckwith, a fertilizer salesman and member of the White Citizens' Council (and later of the Ku Klux Klan), was arrested for Evers' murder. District Attorney and future governor Bill Waller prosecuted De La Beckwith. All-white juries twice that year - February and April 1964 - deadlocked on De La Beckwith's guilt and failed to reach a verdict. At the time, most blacks were disenfranchised by Mississippi's constitution and voter registration practices; this meant they were also excluded from juries, which were based on registered voters.

Myrlie Evers never gave up the fight for a conviction of her husbands murderer, and waited until a new judge had been assigned in the county before taking action to take her case against De La Beckwith back into the courtroom. In 1994, De La Beckwith was prosecuted by the state based on new evidence. Bobby DeLaughter was the prosecutor. During the trial, the body of Evers was exhumed from his grave for an autopsy. De La Beckwith was convicted of murder on February 5, 1994, after having lived as a free man for much of the three decades following the killing. (He had been imprisoned from 1977 to 1980 on separate charges: conspiring to murder A.I. Botnick.) In 1997,De La Beckwith appealed his conviction in the Evers' case, but the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld it. He later died at age 80 in prison in January 2001.

Legacy

Evers was memorialized by leading Mississippi and national authors, both black and white: Eudora Welty, James Baldwin, Margaret Walker and Anne Moody. In 1963, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. In 1969, Medgar Evers College was established in Brooklyn, New York, as part of the City University of New York.

Evers's widow, Myrlie Evers co-wrote the book For Us, the Living with William Peters in 1967. In 1983, a movie was made based on the book. Celebrating Evers's life and career, it starred Howard Rollins Jr. and Irene Cara as Medgar and Myrlie Evers, airing on PBS. The film won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Adapted Drama.

In 1969 a community pool in the Central District neighborhood of Seattle, WA was named after Evers, honoring his life.

On June 28, 1992, the city of Jackson, Mississippi, erected a statue in honor of Evers. All of Delta Drive (part of U.S. Highway 49) in Jackson was renamed in Evers' honor. In December 2004, the Jackson City Council changed the name of the city's airport to "Jackson-Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport" (Jackson-Evers International Airport) in his honor.

His widow Myrlie Evers became a noted activist in her own right, eventually serving as chairperson of the NAACP. Medgar's brother Charles Evers returned to Jackson in July 1963 and served briefly with the NAACP in his slain brother's place. He remained involved in Mississippi civil rights activities for many years, was the first African-American mayor elected in the state in 1969, and resides in Jackson.

On the 40-year anniversary of Evers' assassination, hundreds of civil rights veterans, government officials, and students from across the country gathered around his grave site at Arlington National Cemetery to celebrate his life and legacy. Barry Bradford and three students—Sharmistha Dev, Jajah Wu and Debra Siegel, formerly of Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois—planned and hosted the commemoration in his honor. Evers was the subject of the students' research project.

In October 2009, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, a former Mississippi governor, announced that USNS Medgar Evers (T-AKE-13), a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship, would be named in the activist's honor. The ship was christened by Myrlie Evers-Williams on November 12, 2011.

In June 2013, a statue of Evers was erected at his alma mater, Alcorn State University, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his death. Alumni and guests from around the world gathered to recognize his contributions to American society.

Evers was honored in a tribute at Arlington National Cemetery on the 50th anniversary of his death. Former President Bill Clinton, Attorney General Eric Holder, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, Senator Roger Wicker and NAACP President Benjamin Jealous all spoke commemorating Evers. Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams, spoke on his contributions to the advancement of civil rights:

"Medgar was a man who never wanted adoration, who never wanted to be in the limelight. He was a man who saw a job that needed to be done and he answered the call and the fight for freedom, dignity and justice not just for his people but all people."

He was identified as a Freedom hero by The My Hero Project.

In 2017, the Medgar and Myrlie Evers House was named as a National Historic Landmark.

In popular culture

Musician Bob Dylan wrote his 1963 song "Only a Pawn in Their Game" about the assassination. Nina Simone wrote and sang "Mississippi Goddam" about the Evers case, and Phil Ochs wrote the songs "Another Country" and "Too Many Martyrs" (also titled "The Ballad Of Medgar Evers") in response to the killing. Matthew Jones and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Freedom Singers recorded the latter song. Eudora Welty's short story "Where is the Voice Coming From", in which the speaker is the imagined assassin of Medgar Evers, was published in The New Yorker in July 1963.

The film Ghosts of Mississippi (1996) directed by Rob Reiner, tells the story of the 1994 trial of Beckwith, in which prosecutor DeLaughter of the Hinds County District Attorney's office secured a conviction in state court. Beckwith and DeLaughter were played by James Woods and Alec Baldwin, respectively; Whoopi Goldberg played Myrlie Evers. Evers was portrayed by James Pickens Jr. The film was based on a book of the same name.

Robert DeLaughter wrote a first-person narrative article entitled "Mississippi Justice" published in Reader's Digest, and a book, Never Too Late: A Prosecutor's Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers Case (2001), based on his experiences.

Wadada Leo Smith's album Ten Freedom Summers contains a track called "Medgar Evers: A Love-Voice of a Thousand Years' Journey for Liberty and Justice".

The 2016 documentary I am not your Negro describes the author James Baldwin's reaction to Evers' assassination.

Wikipedia

#Medgar Evers #07-02 #06-12

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jaimeariansencespedes · 3 years

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ENE 06 – UN DIA COMO HOY - (AÑO 1838) – UN DIA COMO HOY, SAMUEL MORSE, REALIZA LA PRIMERA DEMOSTRACIÓN PÚBLICA DEL TELEGREFO ELECTRICO.

Samuel Finley Breese Morse, nació en Boston, el 27 de abril de 1791 y falleció en Nueva York, el 2 de abril de 1872, fue un inventor y pintor estadounidense que, junto con su asociado Alfred Vail, inventó e instaló un sistema de telegrafía en Estados Unidos, el primero de su clase. Se trataba del telégrafo Morse, que permitía transmitir mensajes mediante pulsos eléctricos cifrados en el código Morse, también inventado por él.

El 1 de enero de 1845, Morse y Vail inauguraron la primera línea telegráfica de Estados Unidos entre Washington y Baltimore, que utilizaba su sistema de telegrafía.

Samuel Morse nació en Charlestown, un vecindario del área urbana de Boston. Era el primer hijo del geógrafo y pastor Jedidiah Morse (1761-1826) y de Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766-1828). Dio inicio a sus estudios en la Phillips Academy de Andover, de donde pasó al Yale College, formándose en filosofía religiosa, matemática y veterinaria equina. Y también estudió electricidad con Benjamin Silliman y Jeremiah Day. Se mantuvo financieramente con la pintura. En 1810, se graduó con honores Phi Beta Kappa.

En sus años de estudiante descubrió su vocación por la pintura y decidió dedicarse a ella, pero también le atraían los recientes descubrimientos y experimentos respecto a la electricidad. Por una temporada, trabajó en Boston para un editor y posteriormente viajó a Inglaterra para estudiar dibujo en Londres, y pasó a ser un reconocido pintor de escenas históricas, cuyo cuadro más célebre es el retrato de La Fayette (1825). De regreso a Nueva York, se había convertido uno de los retratistas más importantes del país, y formaba parte de los grupos intelectuales más distinguidos. En 1826 fue uno de los fundadores y primer presidente de la Academia Nacional de Dibujo.

A los 27 años conoció a Lucrecia Walker, una bella y culta joven de la que se enamoró. La pareja se casó y tuvieron cuatro hijos, pero siete años después al poco de nacer el cuarto, su mujer murió, dejando desconsolado al inventor. A pesar de ser un genio, no llegó a ganar mucho dinero como pintor y durante esos años malvivía con sus escasos ingresos. En ocasiones, llegaba a pasar días sin comer, en lo que esperaba el pago por algún cuadro o lección de pintura.

En 1840 había perfeccionado ya su código de señales, que a base de puntos y rayas llegó a conocerse y usarse mundialmente como "Código Morse".

Intentó implantar líneas telegráficas primero en Estados Unidos y luego en Europa pero ambos intentos fracasaron. Por fin, Morse consiguió que el Congreso de su país aprobara un proyecto de ley para proporcionar 30.000 dólares asignados a la construcción de una línea telegráfica de 60 km. Varios meses después el proyecto fue aprobado, y la línea se extendería a lo largo de 37 millas entre Baltimore y Washington.

Realizó una impresionante demostración el 1 de mayo de 1844, cuando las noticias de la nominación del Partido Whig de Henry Clay para Presidente, fue telegrafiada desde su Convención en Baltimore al Capitolio en Washington.

El 24 de mayo de 1844, Morse transmitió el mensaje que se haría tan famoso: "Que nos ha forjado Dios" (traducción literal) o también: "Lo que Dios ha creado" ("What hath God wrought", una cita bíblica, desde la cámara de la corte suprema en el sótano del Capitolio en Washington, D.C. a Baltimore, Maryland. A pesar de lo notable de su trabajo, Morse debió enfrentarse a la oposición de supersticiosos que culpaban a su invento de todos los males. Además, el invento estaba siendo desarrollado simultáneamente en otros países y por otros científicos, por lo que Morse se vio envuelto en largos litigios para obtener los derechos de su sistema. Estos derechos le fueron finalmente reconocidos en 1854 por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos.

Con su invento, Morse ganó una gran fortuna con la que compró una extensa propiedad, y en sus últimos años se dedicó a hacer obras filantrópicas, aportando sumas considerables a escuelas como Vassar College y la Universidad de Yale además de otras asociaciones misioneras y de caridad.

Morse falleció de neumonía el 2 de abril de 1872, a los 80 años, en su casa del número 5 de la Calle 22 Oeste de Nueva York, y fue sepultado en el Cementerio de Green-Wood, en Brooklyn. El Mundo en Movimiento – [email protected]

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revolutionary-pirate · 6 years

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At @gene-ious ‘s request I present you with:

Journal of a march, a battle, and a waterfall,: Being the version elaborated by James McHenry from his diary of the year 1778

for your reading pleasure.

[As found in The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence pg. 459-469]

Valley Forge -- 18 June Early this morning by intelligence from McLane, Sir Henry Clinton and the British army evacuated Philadelphia and took post on the Jersey side. Everything being arranged for our march -- a division under General Lee proceeded towards the Delaware in the evening.

19th. The whole army in motion. --March to Norringtown Township. Encamp on Stony run. Head Quarters at a Doctor Shannons. A good farm house -- good cheer -- and a pretty situation. A letter from Genl. Dickinson to his Excellency--The enemy, the General writes, at Eyres Town, three miles below Montholly.--The militia collecting to give them opposition. Some little skirmishing--The enemy repairing a bridge which our people had broke down.

20th. March at 4 o’clock in the morning. -- hault at Mordecai Moors, about 7 miles from Shannons, and 22 miles from Philadelphia.--A beautiful country & Every where the marks of industrious & happy inhabitants. In going to Moors, we cross the Skippach and North Wales road.-- The army encamps for the night 8 miles from Moors and 25 from Philadelphia. Head Quarters at a Jonathan Fells. A rainy evening. Let me see, what company have we got within doors.--A pretty, full-faced, youthful, playfull lass.--The family quakers, meek and unsuspicious.--Hamilton, thou shalt not tread on this ground--I mark it for my own. Enter not this circle. --The pretty girl gives me some excellent milk, and sits and chats with me till bedtime.--She was too innocent a subject for gallantry, so I kissed her hand--telling her that we should be all gone before she got up--but not to forget that one man is often more dangerous to a woman than a whole army. In the morning, as we were about to move, we were stopped by a deputation from the Seneca, Tuscorora, and Oneida Indians, who requested an audience of the Genl. Their speaker informed the General that the Indians which he represents are not at war with the Americans, but that this circumstance did not prevent him from trusting himself with his enemy when in search of the warrior Astiarix, whom he understood was a prisoner with the Americans. As he came upon a peaceful errand, he had relied upon protection, and he had got it. As he came to seek his friend and warrior, he was sure that the great American warrior would not withhold his friend whom he sought. They were both great warriors and must know each other and must both be inspired by the same generous sentiments. I ask nothing, but Astiarix, and I do not ask him but upon such conditions as you may impose. We are willing to deliver up one of your chiefs in his stead, or to ransom him with our property. You can ask no more. But if this will not do, and you should have doomed Astiarix to die, I am sure he will not forget the nation to which he belongs, nor his great deeds in battle. You may torment him--but he will always be Astiarix and his nation will never forget his ashes, nor forgive the hand which scatters them to the winds. His Excellency replied to this bold and animated speech through the interpreter--that he did not know anything of the warrior, Astiarix--that perhaps he might be in Virginia--that is a prisoner, his life was safe:--that he was sorry to be at war with the Senecas, Tuscororas & Onedas, and that he wished to bury the hatchet, &c. &c. --He then desired the Indians to observe the army (which was drawn up and ready to march)-- suggesting that if peace could not be made upon reasonable terms with the Indians, he must send these men, pointing to the troops, to make it.-- The Indians then took leave, and the army took up its line of march.

10 o’clock. Additional waggons ordered for the tents which were weat and heavier in consequence. A rapid morning’s march. The head excessive.--Some of the soldiers die suddenly. Reach Coryels Ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side. The General crosses--with the spare baggage and artillery. Headquarters at one Holcombs in the Jersey. Here are some charming girls--But one of the drums of the guard more a favorite than Hamilton. Division of Lee and Wayne 4 miles in advance of Coryels. General Arnold advises that the Enemy’s advanced guard commanded by Gen. Leslie consists of 2,000--main body 5,000--rear guard 2,000--under Knyphausen. Their shipping below Rudy Island.

22d. Gen. Dickinson writes that the enemy advance--That he is at the draw bridge 4 miles below Trenton, and preparing for a vigorous defense of that post.-- The enemy’s superiority in horse making it impossible for our handful of cavalry to stand their ground. Genl. du Portail, Engineer, ordered forward to reconnoiter a position near Princetown. Sourland hills and Rocky hill reported by the Engineer. The nearest part of the former chain of hills 5 miles distant from Princetown--running in the direction of North by East. Rocky hill has the advantage in point of water.--The roads of retreat from Sourland must be opened towards Aimwel road--the country rocky and difficult. The army crosses Coryels. General Lee reconnoiters a position about 6 miles from the ferry.

23d. The army takes the road from the Stone Schoolhouse to Rocky hill. Hault near Sourland heights--Hopewell. 4 miles from Princetown. Rocky hill reconnoitered. A good position relative to Kingston in case that should be the enemy’s route. The Millstone river unfordable--steep craggy ground under the right flank.--The order of march--3 o’clock. 600 men detached under Col. Morgan to hand on the enemy in conjunction with the militia.

24. In consequence of intelligence from Gen. Dickinson we remain on the ground we took yesterday--The day spend in digesting intelligence and in decyphering the enemy’s intentions. 1400 picked men ordered to march towards the enemy under Brigadier General Scott. General Arnold orders Jackson’s detachment to cross the Deleware. Gen. Cadwallader endeavors to induce the Philadelphia Volunteers to march with him to the enemy’s rear. The seventh day since the evacuation of Philadelphia and the enemy tent near Allen’s Town. This gives rise to a conjecture that their slow movement is not the consequence of obstructions--broken bridges &c., but that it proceeds from a desire to give us battle. I don’t think so. Gen. Dickinson writes that the enemy failed in an attempt to rebuild a bridge 4 miles from Trenton, owing to the fire of his militia. --A Council of war.--The majority against putting the enemy in a situation which might bring on a general engagement.--The General however determines to attack.

25th. March to Rocky hill. Cross the Millstone by a bridge, and hault at Kingston. Breakfast at Mrs. Berians--good tea and agreeable conversation. A dinner in the woods.--The General receives advice that the English right column marched from Imleys Town by the road to Monmouth court house. The Marquiss de la Fayette is detached to support Scott, with 2000 men--with orders to take command of the whole detached troops. The young Frenchman in raptures with his command and burning to distinguish himself moves towards the enemy who are in motion. It is night before the main body of our army marches, and then only to Laurens’s, 4 miles from Kingston.

26. March to Cranberry, and hault 7 miles from Laurence’s farm.--A heavy rain. The armies at no great distance from each other. Our troops anxious to engage.--The enemy encamped at Monmouth court house in two lines, and in a strong position.

27. March early in the morning 6 miles on the road to English Town.--The enemy still on the ground at Monmouth. The Marquiss files off by the left of English Town to push us in a situation to co-operate. Major Gen. Lee thinks himself overlooked as being an old officer, in the commands being given to the Marquiss. To prevent disunion, Lee is detached with 2 brigades to join the Marquiss, and as senior officer to the command. His detachment consists of 5,000 men, four-fifths of whom were picked for this service. Morgan hovering on the enemy’s right flank, and the militia under Gen. Dickinson on their left. Their right stretched about one mile and a half beyond Monmouth court house--in the parting of the roads leading to Shrewsberry and Middletown--and their left along the road from Allen Town to Monmouth about 3 miles on this side the court house. Their right flank skirted by a small wood--their left by a thick forest & morass running towards their rear. And their front covered by a wood and for a considerable extent to the left with a morass. Tonight Gen. Lee receives orders to attack as soon as they begin their march.

28th. The Baron Steuben and Col. Laurens reconnoitre, find the encampment up, and their rear formed at the court house. They appear ready to march. Gen. Lee informed of this by Col. Laurens. Gen. Lee moves his men to the attack--but is repulsed and retreats.

Detail of the Engagement. The enemy advanced two regiments by files into the woods near the court house--these being reported to Genl. Lee as heavy columns he immediately ordered a hault and Varnum’s Brigade to repass a bridge which they had just crossed. The enemy were now more closely reconnoitered and Gen. Lee ordered the troops to Advance. But our advance troops had got into disorder--were much exhausted by marching and countermarching and the moment lost for attacking the enemy. They had now formed their order of battle and came on briskly to the charge with the cavalry in front. Our few horse were charged by their whole cavalry and were obliged to give way till supported by the infantry. Livingston & Col. Steuart were ordered to turn their left--when the enemy charged their front--These regiments were then ordered to fall back and form in the village. From thence they retired to Rus house and the rest of the detachment through the woods. Genl. Lee again ordered a retreat leaving a fine defile unguarded. In this juncture Genl. Washington met the detachment having received no notice of the order for retreat. He was much surprised, chagrinned and disappointed--and instantly perceiving there was no time to be lost--for the enemy were in full view and full march to improve the advantage they had gained over Lee’s detachment--he directed some of the disordered troops to form, till the main body could take a position of support. The moment was critical and the safety of the whole army depended upon a firm opposition. Col. Steuart & Col. Ramseys troops were nearest the General--He encouraged the men--he took the officers by the hand--he told them how much depended on a moments resistance, and he said he was satisfied every thing would be attempted. Col. Ramsey and Col. Steuart gave him assurances of their utmost exertions, and in that instant the whole was involved in the smoke of battle. As these two regiments were to sustain the assault of the whole British line, it is not to be supposed they could make a long opposition.--They were obliged to give way and retreated into the woods--but not before they had given our main body time to form and take an advantagious ground. Two Regiments of Varnums Brigade, under Lt. Col. Olney received the next shock of the enemy who keep advancing. The British cavalry dashed upon them with great impetuosity, but could not stand a cool and well directed fire from our troops. This opposition did Olney great honor. We had now everything disposed of for a general action--Our center was covered by a morass--the left commanded an extent of open ground on the flank which made it difficult for the enemy to turn in rear--& the right was covered by a ravine and close wood. Lord Stirling commanded our left wing and Genl. Greene the right. Olney was at length obliged to give way--but he did it with great dignity--Livingston who acted on his right was very powerful in his fire and did much execution. Lord Stirling planted a battery of cannon on the right of his wing, and made a detachment of Infantry under Col. Scilly and Col. Barker of the 1st Virginia Regt. which penetrated the woods and fell vigorously on the enemy’s right flank.--This obliged the enemy to give way. After this small repulse they appeared in motion towards our left. Gen. Wayne kept them at bay in front, having occupied a barn and orchard, which he defended with bravery. At this instant, when they pressed upon Wayne on all sides, Gen. Green took possession of a piece of ground on their left with a brigade under the immediate command of Gen. Woodford It was now the fate of our army was to be decided--the firing was supported with equal vigor--and neither party seemed inclined to give way--all was dubious--when Gen. Greene opened a battery of cannon which enfiladed the enemy--, this and Gen. Wayne’s fire at length forced them to retire with considerable loss--and gave us the ground upon which they had found, and all their wounded and killed. Night set in and we. . . Gen. Washington meets the retreating troops--they are rallied--and the day is disputed in a variety of placed--with great gallantry and spirit. We gain the field of battle--and at evening the two front lines of the two armies within musket shot of each other rest upon their arms. Failing in an attempt to turn the enemy’s flank--we composed ourselves to sleep behind the line of battle under a large tree.

29. Bury the dead. Col. Burmer on our side--a Capt. of the Artillery &c.--and Col. Moncton on the part of the enemy with the honors of war--and about 245, of the enemy’s privates. The enemy gain the heights of Middletown and we return to Englishtown. Capt. Plunket makes a Capn. Kennedy, formerly a Dr. in Baltimore a prisoner & brings him to Head Quarters.--obtains permission for Kennedy to go in on parole--Kennedy having down some favors for Plunket when a prisoner. The soil near English Town sandy--and water very scarce. Gen. Lee ordered under an arrest for retreating--misbehaviour &c.

30th. The army marches to Spottswood. Pass through Brunswick--and make Head Quarters at Ross Hall. The mistress of the house a pretty widdow. A fine prospect comprehending Brunswick from Ross Hall. This place still exhibits marks of war, and the remains of some elegant houses in ruins along the banks of the Raritan. We rest ourselves on this ground till the 5th. The 4 being the anniversary of Independence it is celebrated with a feu de joye. The fire from the two lines of the army with the intermingled discharge of cannon animating and brilliant. In our route to Paramus where a part of the army had encamped in order to rest and refresh we had an opportunity of seeing the falls of Pasaic. We crossed an old bridge very much out of repair on the Pasaic river, and in about half a mile, reached the falls. The river is about 40 yards broad--The cleft of the falls is from 4 to 12 feet broad. The rock into which the water tumbles is of considerable extent, and covered in general with herbage-- some trees, and shrubbery. But besides the great chasm into which it precipitates-- there are several large fissures in the rock, whose singularity combine with the falls to render the whole an interesting spectacle. One sees A smooth and gentle sheet of water hurrying down into the great aperture or cleft, while, at the same time several lesser portions seem to steal from different parts of the ledge, all rudely encountering each other in a descent of nearly seventy feet, till reaching the bottom they dash together with all the indignation of combatants.-- One end of the cleft being closed the water rushes out from the other with great rapidity, and is received into a large bason, where it loses all its rage and assumes the polish of a miror. The conflict and dashing of the water against the sides of the rock in its fall, produces a fine spray, that issuing from the cleft appears at a distance like a thin body of smoke, while viewed in the sunshine from the edge of the chasm it exhibits a beautiful rainbow. When the water leaves the bason it spreads itself into a pretty broad channel and continues its course uninterrupted to New Ark Bay. A little above the falls the water glides over some rocks raised across the channel in a pretty trembling manner, as if to suggest to the spectators the shock which it is about to encounter.-- One cannot help observing that the apertures or dismemberments in the rock, of which there are several, all run in the same direction. You may descend into some of them by means of earth and stones till you get to a great depth. On each side you are defended by a perpendicular and smooth wall of stone, overgrown with moss. There one enjoys a delightful coolness which no sun can render disagreeable. Overhead you see vines and branches of trees which of themselves would form a perfect shade. I wished for more time to examine the various beauties of a place well formed for love-- for lettered ease-- and contemplation. I wished to investigate the cause which seemed to have changed the course of a river-- and made such dismemberments in an immense rock. Was it as old as creation-- The effect of the deluge, or the production of a volcano or earthquake?-- But a soldier has other objects to fill up the measure of his idle hours-- more amusing but rarely so commendable. Adieu, gentle Pasaic, less noisy and boisterous than famed Niagara-- less stupendous also-- though, perhaps not less curious or interesting-- till days of returning leisure security come round (if such I am ever to enjoy), when I promise-- to make thee a second visit.-- But I was interrupted by a call from the General, and may never see thee more, Charming Pasaic,-- Adieu! I found the General & suite seated under a large spreading oak-- within view of the spray diversified by a beautiful rainbow. A fine cool spring bubled out most charmingly from the bottom of the oak. The traveling canteens were immediately emptied, and a sudden repast spread before us consisting of cold ham-- tongue-- and excellent biscuit. With the assistance of a little spirit we composed some grog–over which we chatted away a very cheerful hour, and then took leave of the friendly oak-- its refreshing spring-- and the meek falls of Pasaic. From this romantic spot we passed through a fertile country to Paramus. We stopped at Mrs. Watkin’s whose house was marked for headquarters.-- But the General receiving a note of invitation from a Mrs. Provost to make her Hermitage, as it was called, the seat of his stay while the army remained at Paramus, we only dined with Mrs. Watkins and her two handsome daughters. At our new quarters we found some fair refugees from New York on a visit to the lady of the Hermitage. Here we talked and walked and laughed-- and frolicked-- and gallanted away four days and nights, and would have gallanted-- and frolicked and laughed-- and walked and talked, I believe, for ever, had not the General given ordered for our departure. It was about 6 o’clock the next morning when we bad adieu to the Hermitage, coasting it through narrow and stony roads, to a place called Haverstraw in the state of New York.

July 15. Our quarters was engaged at the house of a Col. Hays, formerly a Mr. Smith’s. The house stands about one mile from the North River on an eminence commanding the view of a large extent of water-- a considerable part of Chester County and some of the heights of Duchess. After dinner I took a ride to a pond or lake about half a mile from the North river on the top of a large mountain. To get to it you must ride round the base of a high chain of rocks which border on the North river. We were obliged to ascend slowly and after about three miles riding came to a fine level and cultivated country. On this ground which is greatly elevated above the water of the north river--we discovered the lake. It is large and abounds in some excellent fish;--there are several farm houses along its banks which add considerably to the beauty of the scene. . . .

21st. The army remained on the same ground.

22d. Wednesday. Varnum & Glovers Brigades march for ------

23. Jacksons detachment, consisting of part of three regiments, march for Gen.------ The whole under Marquiss la fayette amounting to near 2,000 men.

#James McHenry #aides-de-camp #McHenry's journal

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nordleuchten · 5 months

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24 Days of La Fayette - Day 2

After beginning with one of my favourite portraits, let us continue with one of La Fayette’s favourite portraits of himself. This one:

Lafayette by Ary Scheffer, 1822-1823 via Wikipedia (12/02/2023)

It was a painted by the Dutch-French artist Ary Scheffer around 1822. The portrait was intended as a commemoration and present for La Fayette final visit to America - his Triumphant Tour in 1824/25. This was not the only work done by Scheffer for La Fayette, neither prior nor after the Tour.

The portrait accompanied him on this tour and La Fayette and Scheffer gifted it to the House of Representatives in 1824 when La Fayette was the first foreign visitor to address both the Senate and the House of Representatives in a joint meeting. To this day, it still hangs in the House Chamber (it was first displayed in the Capital Rotunda). The portrait was very well received by the people of the day. The newspapers wrote how close it resembled General La Fayette and no less than 27 state-banks featured the portrait on their currency. Many artists wanted to paint La Fayette during this momentous event but he neither had the time, nor the patience to sit for every single one of them. Instead, they copied this painting and made numerous engravings and prints. That is the reason why you see a number of copies and variations of this painting on the internet.

There is also an hilarious anecdote connected to this painting.

When Ary Scheffer was painting his portrait, someone asked the General how he was posed. He said:

“I am taking a walk - my hat and cane in my hand - like this.” “And the other hand?” “It is in my pocket, which is much better than having it in somebody else’s”

American friends of Lafayette, Gazette of the American Friends of Lafayette, No. 03, p. 3, May 1944. (12/02/2023)

#24 days of la fayette #marquis de lafayette #la fayette #french history #american history #history #art #ary scheffer #tour of 1824/1825 #1822 #1823

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ashl3yruiz · 4 years

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More City of LG Work...

Monday Feb. 17th, at noon

Come meet the GeekBus team from the San Antonio Museum of Science and Technology at the La Grange Career Fair on Tuesday, February 18 from 3-6 pm at the Historic Casino Hall.

The team will be providing interactive career exploration activities that will spark interest in skills needed for the 21st century. This opportunity is designed to teach students the value of "design thinking", and encourage students to apply these concepts to solve problems in the real world.

Students will be given the chance to experiment with a variety of tools and activities involved in cyber security, video game design, and computer programming to expand their perspective on possible career paths needed in the future.

Wednesday (2/19/20) at 9 am

We now sell Goat Soap and Lotion from local Scissortail Meadow Farm here at the La Grange Visitor Center Gift Shop! Did we mention we LOVE it?

We’ve got so many good scents like: Lily of the Valley, Lavender, and Wildflower Honey, but we also have unscented for sensitive skin!

Goat Milk is packed with vitamins and minerals all needed in your body and important for your skin, which makes this a GREAT natural moisturizer choice.

Come try a sample now! The La Grange Visitor Center Gift Shop is located within the Historic Casino Hall at 254 N. Jefferson St. in La Grange, TX.

Thurs. Feb 20. At 3

It may be past Valentine's Day, but we still LOVE love.

Which is why we’re highlighting Edward Froelich and Annie Speckles Froelich of Fayette County, who tomorrow, in 1888, were approximately 25, and 26 years old (respectively) when they wed.

Tomorrow they would have been married 132 years, crazy, right?

Feel free to drop comments below with your tales of long lasting love!

Friday 2/21/20 3pm

Katy Sweet was started by La Grange local Kay Carlton in 1995, and spent 5 years on the Square drawing in visitors and locals with her mouth-watering, fresh pralines.

Today, Katy Sweet Confectioners deliver their products to more than 4,000 retail and wholesale locations across the U.S. but they still love serving local.

They have so many tasty options made with the same fine ingredients and care Kay used 25 years ago. Feel free to drop in today and visit with Suzanne Hart, Kay’s daughter, while you make your selection!

Saturday Feb 22 noon

Have the garden you've always envisioned with the help of the 2nd annual Organic Garden & Landscape Seminar. It’s a FREE event with a panel of 4 experts that can help you maintain the perfect garden or manicured lawn.

The seminar is March 7th from 8 am-12 noon at 254 N Jefferson St. (Historic Casino Hall), in La Grange, TX.

Feb 22 noon

The City of La Grange has designated Saturday, April 18, 2020 as Residential Bulk Curbside Pick-Up Day for the hard to dispose of bulky items that are difficult for you to take to our drop off during our semi-annual cleanup. Waste Management will pick up one free load of bulky items on this day.

Monday 2/24/20 3 pm

This week we're super excited about Cottage Gatherings!

They're an eclectic boutique with a Texas edge, and they carry everything from home items, to clothing, and cute gift options.

Feel free to stop in and chat with owner (and La Grange Local!) Hayley Oleta while you browse her (ADORABLE) selection from 10:00 am to 5:30 pm Monday- Friday, and 9:00-5:00pm on Saturday.

You can find them on the Square in downtown La Grange!

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marq-de-laf · 6 years

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Young La Fayette, to whom your letter was delivered immediately upon the receipt of it, has, together with Mr Frestal his friend, been living with me since his arrival in this country, except in the first moments thereof. He is a modest, Sensible, & deserving youth; deserving of the parents who gave him being—Much, very much indeed to be regretted, is the rigorous fate they have met with. Everything in my power, as a private man (and in a public character I could not commit myself, or rather the government entrusted to me) has been essayed to effect his enlargement, as you possibly may have heard; these endeavours have been warm and unremitted, but hitherto in vain; but I hope, notwithstanding, that a period is arrived when the joint efforts of Mr La Fayettes friends will be able to accomplish what neither my wishes, nor exertions have been able to do. To see, or even to hear that his health is restored, that he is in possession of his liberty, and again enjoying the confidence of his Country, would add pleasure to the days I have to live; and would be grateful to the feelings of humanity, which are deeply wounded in the unjust & rigorous treatment which has been inflicted on him.

George Washington to Ségur, June 24, 1797. The first ‘Young La Fayette’ refers to Georges Washington de Lafayette, who had been under the supervision of Washington, Hamilton, and others while his family languished in prison. The second ‘Mr La Fayette’ mentioned is our dear Marquis…still a prisoner at this time along with his wife, Adrienne and two daughters. Washington fretted over the fate of his friend, but there was little to be done. Fortunately, Gilbert would be released in September of the same year.

#George Washington #Comte de Segur #Georges Washington de Lafayette #Mr. Frestal #???#I'll have to research that one.#Marquis de Lafayette #Lafayette #Gilbert du Motier #June 24 1797 #facts

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normandyamericanheroes · 5 years

Photo

In 2018 on April 23 we spent the morning just outside of Paris at Versailles. Though the château was closed on a Monday, we were able to enjoy its exterior & majestic grounds. Next we drove into Paris following the probable route of Bob’s father with the US 4th Infantry Division on August 24-25, 1944 during the liberation of Paris from German occupation. On August 24 Major General Philippe Leclerc’s French 2nd Armored Division, along with the US 4th Infantry, approached the city. On August 25 Paris was officially liberated! That afternoon General Charles de Gaulle arrived, taking control of the government & delivering a speech from Hôtel de Ville (city hall). During our brief stop in Paris we visited Le Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation, dedicated to those deported to the Nazi camps. This is a very moving, peaceful spot for reflection just behind the bustling area of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. We then crossed the Seine to take in the amazing architecture of Hôtel de Ville & to imagine the mood there on August 25, 1944 when de Gaulle spoke to the French after 4 years of German occupation. On one of the walls shell damage is very visible. Alongside is a plaque commemorating the events there from August 20-25, 1944. Last stop for the day before heading to our airport hotel for the next day’s flight back to the US was the Mémorial de L’Escadrille La Fayette. This site honors the birthplace of American combat aviation & is a symbol of WW I Franco-American comradeship. (at Château de Versailles) https://www.instagram.com/p/BxOoR0bHTwx/?igshid=19ts8m2i68w9h

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awesomemartineanciauxthings-blog · 7 years

Link

24-8-2017 Amis Internautes 200 JOURS QUE TRUMP EST LE NOUVEAU PRESIDENT DES USA

15-4-2016 MISE A JOUR DE CETTE PLAY LIST,A L'HEURE DES PRIMAIRES AMERICAINES POUR LA PRESIDENCE DES USA MARTINE ANCIAUX PHOTOGRAPHE D'ART ET CREATRICE DE LA PHOTO-PEINTURE martine anciaux,art photographer,creator of the photo painting, photo painting,new art of the photo painting j'ai visité en 2008 LES USA, des grandes villes aux parcs, chaque ville à sa personnalité, LOS ANGELES LA REINE DU CINEMA, hollywood boulevard, oscars ,stars,beverly hills,malibu, universal, studios, LAS VEGAS LA REINE DU JEUX,poker,bandit manchot,roulette,casino,décor,hotel, caesar palace, SAN FRANCISCO ,pacifique,golden gate,alcatraz, bullit,steve mac queen,cascade automobile,tramway,phoque,requin;mappa valley, NEW YORK, empire state building,wolrd trade center,11 septembre 2001,pompier,policier,courage,atlantique,statue liberte, bartholdi,broadway wall street WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT DES USA, PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA,ARLINGTON,honneur et patrie,mémorial LINCOLN,MAISON BLANCHE,FBI,PENTAGONE,PRESIDENT KENNEDY, AEROPORT. sénateurs,députés,CAPITOLE,POTOMAC La bibliothèque du Congrès de Washington est une des plus belles du monde. Cette ville de Washington a été construite par un architecte Français. Le plan de la ville est l'œuvre de Pierre Charles L'Enfant, un ingénieur militaire, fils d'un peintre de la cour de France qui propose ses services à George Washington, dont il a fait la connaissance durant la guerre d'indépendance alors qu'il s'était engagé en 1777, à l'âge de 23 ans, aux côtés des insurgés américains. WASHINGTON EST UNE VILLE MAGNIFIQUE DONT LA CONSTRUCTION EST GEOMETRIQUE.Sur le plan artistique, je voulais vous faire connaître ma création la photo-peinture, si cet art du 21ème siècle vous plait, vous pouvez consulter mes photos et photos-peintures.JE ME PERMETS DE SIGNALER QUE CES PHOTOS ET CES PHOTOS PEINTURES SONT EN VENTE SEPAREMMENT SUR LA BOUTIQUE DE MARTINE ANCIAUX http://www.anciaux-photos.fr et http://www.anciauxmartine.com, Sur le plan historique, USA : the Indépendence day 4 Juillet 1776 ©4 Juillet INDEPENDANCE DAY poème de THOMAS André©

Que fut longue, cette marche vers l’indépendance! Signifié aux 13 colonies britanniques, le 4 juillet 1776 l’indépendance, Fut proclamée par Thomas JEFFERSON, et depuis fête nationale aux USA, De colonies anglaises, après d’âpres batailles, ce nouveau pays, s’appela les USA.

Pourquoi la France, et les Etats-Unis, sont ils si liées? Et ont toujours étaient, des alliés? LA France aida les USA, pour conquérir leur indépendance Contre les anglais, qui avaient mis ses colonies lointaines, sous leurs dépendances.

Un des plus célèbres, fut le Marquis de La Fayette, Un des acteurs importants de la guerre d’indépendance des USA, Les insurgents, le héros des 2 mondes, surnom de La Fayette, Et ses soldats eurent de grandes batailles contre les anglais, pour gagner le droit d’être les Usa.

Cette année, l’association Hermione et la France ont avalisé, Le projet de refaire le trajet initial de l’Hermione vers la côte américaine, Un projet insensé, de plus de 18 ans, pour pouvoir arrivait, avant la fête nationale américaine, Et célébrer avec nos amis américains, the independence day, un rêve fou enfin réalisé.

Félicitations aux héroïques marins, Et longue vie à ce bateau, et à ces courses maritimes Qui ré ouvrent en nous les chemins de l’aventure, comme nos ancêtres marins, Partaient sur ces mers aux nombreux périls qui jonchent le passé maritime. translated by Google translation© July 4 INDEPENDENCE DAY poem André THOMAS That was long, the march towards independence! Served on the 13 British colonies, July 4, 1776 independence, Was proclaimed by Thomas Jefferson, and since national holiday in the US, English colonies, after hard battles, the new country was called the USA. Why France and the United States, whether they are related? And always were allies? THE France helped the USA to win their independence Against the English, who had put his distant colonies under their dependencies. One of the most famous, was the Marquis de La Fayette, One of the major players in the war of independence of the USA, The insurgents, the hero of two worlds, nickname La Fayette And his soldiers had great battles against the English, to earn the right to be the Usa. This year, the association Hermione and France have endorsed, The project to redo the initial leg of the Hermione towards the American coast, A foolish project over 18 years, in order to arrive before the American national holiday And celebrate with our American friends, the independence day, a crazy dream finally realized. Congratulations to the heroic sailors, Long live this boat, and these maritime races Who we re open in the paths of adventure, as our sailors ancestors Journeyed these seas to the many dangers that litter the maritime past.

#24-8-2017 Amis Internautes 200 JOURS QUE TRUMP EST LE NOUVEAU PRESIDENT DES USA 15-4-2016 MISE A JOUR DE CETTE PLAY LISTA L'HEURE DES PRIM

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john-laurens · 7 years

Text

As a sort of follow-up to this post, I decided to put together a list of every time that Hamilton or Laurens mentioned the other. There were two categories of quotations I compiled:

Hamilton or Laurens mentioning the other in their piece of writing

Records of meetings which note that Hamilton or Laurens spoke of the other

Again, these are all the instances I have come across or could recall when I made the list - if you can think of any more, feel free to add them!

“Col. Hamilton who was sent to the Northern Army to explain the necessity for Reinforcements from thence, lies dangerously ill on the Road_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, December 3, 1777

“two of our Gentlemen (*Cols. Harrison & Hamilton) are appointed Commissioners to meet General Howe at German Town, for negociating the exchange of prisoners_ their absence will render the presence of the rest more than ever necessary_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, March 25, 1778

“Col Hamilton in the absence of Mr Boudinot goes to hear Mr Lorings Propositions relative to the exchange of Prisoners; it is probable that Mr Clinton wishes to disburthen himself of such as he has at Philadelphia_ to save the trouble of transporting them_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, June 4, 1778

“I have seen the General much embarrassed this day, on the subject of those who distinguished themselves in the battle of Monmouth_ to name a few and be silent with regard to many of equal merit wd be an injustice to the latter_ to pass the whole over unnoticed wd be an unpardonable slight_ indiscriminate praise of the whole wd be an unfair distribution of rewards_ and yet when men generally conducted themselves so well as our officers did_ this method is Allowable, and is eligible because least liable to give offence_ The Merit of restoring the day is due to the General, and his conduct was such throughout the affair as has greatly increased my Love & esteem for him_ my three brother aids [John Fitzgerald, Alexander Hamilton, and Richard Kidder Meade] gained themselves great applause by their activity and bravery_ even the three Secretaries acted as military men on this occasion, and proved themselves as worthy to wield the sword as the pen_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, July 2, 1778

“What part our family acted let others say. I hope you will not suspect me of vanity when I tell you that one of them Fitsgerald, had a slight contusion with a Musket ball, another, Laurens, had a slight contusion also—and his horse killed—a third, Hamilton, had his horse wounded in the first part of the action with a musket ball.” - Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778

“I am sure it will give you pleasure to have heard, that our friend Greene did ample justice to himself on this expedition; and that Laurens was as conspicuous as usual.” - Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, September 8, 1778

Narrative of an Affair of Honor between General Lee and Col Laurens - Alexander Hamilton, December 24, 1778

“Major Tallmadge is in such a hurry that he will not allow me time to write to Capt. McQueen_ be so good as to excuse me to him. Col. Hamilton &c desire their respects_ He has half resolved to accom go to So Carolina_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, March 6, 1779

“Col Laurens, who will have the honor of delivering you this letter, is on his way to South Carolina, on a project, which I think, in the present situation of affairs there, is a very good one and deserves every kind of support and encouragement. This is to raise two three or four batalions of negroes; with the assistance of the government of that state, by contributions from the owners in proportion to the number they possess. If you should think proper to enter upon the subject with him, he will give you a detail of his plan. He wishes to have it recommended by Congress to the state; and, as an inducement, that they would engage to take those batalions into Continental pay. It appears to me, that an expedient of this kind, in the present state of Southern affairs, is the most rational, that can be adopted, and promises very important advantages. Indeed, I hardly see how a sufficient force can be collected in that quarter without it; and the enemy’s operations there are growing infinitely serious and formidable. I have not the least doubt, that the negroes will make very excellent soldiers, with proper management; and I will venture to pronounce, that they cannot be put in better hands than those of Mr. Laurens. He has all the zeal, intelligence, enterprise, and every other qualification requisite to succeed in such an undertaking.” - Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, March 14, 1779

“Col. Hamilton informed me that Col. Gibson had mentioned to him that he and Col Parke were concerned in the publications in favor of Mr Deane_” - John Laurens to Henry Laurens, April 1779 (more context here)

“I omitted informing you that a couple of horses which I received here from Col Abeel on my way to the French fleet were on my return delivered at this place to Lt Col Laurens and he took them to Philadelphia.” - Alexander Hamilton to Nathanael Greene, January 22, 1780

“I have received a letter from my Laurens solicitg an interview on the Pensylvania Boundary. The General has half consented to its taking place. I hope to be permitted to meet him; if so, I will go to Philadelphia and then you may depend, I shall not forget the picture you requested.” - Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Schuyler, July 2-4, 1780

“Two days since I wrote to you my dear girl and sent the letter to the care of Colonel Morris: there was with it a bundle to your mamma, directed to your father, containing a cloak which Miss Livingston sent to my care. I enclosed you in that letter, the copy of a long one to my friend Laurens with an account of Arnold’s affair. I mention this for fear of a miscarriage as usual.” - Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 13, 1780

“I expect in a few days to go to Philadelphia for a day or two. I shall there see my friend [Laurens] and make him participate in my good fortune by giving him a picture of my mistress.” - Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 27, 1780

“Your Excellency will be not a little surprised to learn that Congress have determined to send me to France for the special purpose of representing the present state of our affairs, and solliciting the necessary succours—I was in great hopes that Congress would have availed themselves of the abilities of Colonel Hamilton for these important objects—and that I should have been suffered to persevere in a line of duty, to which I feel myself more adequate—but unfortunately for America, Col. Hamilton was not sufficiently known to Congress to unite their suffrages in his favor and I was assured that there remained no other alternative to my acceptance than the total failure of the business.” - John Laurens to George Washington, December 23, 1780

“I must trouble Your Excellency to present my Respects to Mrs Washington—my love to the Marquis de la fayette Col. Hamilton and the rest of the family.” - John Laurens to George Washington, April 11, 1781

“Agreeable to your orders we advanced in two columns with unloaded arms, the right composed of Lt. Col Gimat’s batalion and my own commanded by Major Fish, the left of a detachment commanded by Lt Col Laurens, destined to take the enemy in reverse, and intercept their retreat. The column on the right was preceded by a van guard of twenty men let by Lt. Mansfield, and a detachment of sappers and miners, commanded by Capt Gilliland for the purpose of removing obstructions. [...] The rapidity and immediate success of the assault are the best comment on the behaviour of the troops. Lt Col Laurens distinguished himself by an exact and vigorous execution of his part of the plan, by entering the enemy’s work with his corps among the foremost, and making prisoner the commanding officer of the redoubt.” - Alexander Hamilton to the Marquis de Lafayette, October 15, 1781

Laurens's detachment at Yorktown is mentioned in an enclosure - Alexander Hamilton to the Marquis de Lafayette, October 15, 1781

“I feel the deepest affliction at the news we have just received of the loss of our dear and inestimable friend Laurens. His career of virtue is at an end. How strangely are human affairs conducted, that so many excellent qualities could not ensure a more happy fate? The world will feel the loss of a man who has left few like him behind, and America of a citizen whose heart realized that patriotism of which others only talk. I feel the loss of a friend I truly and most tenderly loved, and one of a very small number.” - Alexander Hamilton to Nathanael Greene, October 12, 1782

“Poor Laurens; he has fallen a sacrifice to his ardor in a trifling skirmish in South Carolina. You know how truly I loved him and will judge how much I regret him.” - Alexander Hamilton to the Marquis de Lafayette, November 3, 1782

“Col: Hamilton who warmly & cogently espoused the ratification, as an additional argument mentioned, that some intimations had been given by Col: Laurens of the army with the privity of Genl. Washington, to Cornwallis previous to his capitulation, that he might be exchanged for his father, then in the Tower.” - Continental Congress, Remarks on the Exchange of Charles, Earl Cornwallis, November 25, 1782

Laurens is mentioned in a list of names - Alexander Hamilton to Francisco de Miranda, November 23, 1784

#Alexander Hamilton #John Laurens #Henry Laurens #Marquis de Lafayette #Elias Boudinot #Francisco de Miranda #Nathanael Greene #George Washington #Elizabeth Hamilton #John Jay #Charles Lee

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