AP CHEM REVIEW POWERPOINTS!!
Hey Chem kids taking the AP Chem Exam on Monday, or on the make-up day, here are some review powerpoints that go over the ENTIRE course and have practice questions & video links as well, they are very useful at least I think, and might help you study/review if you need it!! just click the links below (they are not mine, but a collaboration of multiple AP Chem teachers!)
PP1: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_sFm6oYQJoMSFdRVGVGX1J3Tlk/view?usp=sharing
PP2: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_sFm6oYQJoMRVNxR3BtWGJkeGM/view?usp=sharing
PP3: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_sFm6oYQJoMZmV3QlNTd1lNTU0/view?usp=sharing
also hit me up if you need any help w concepts, I have a pretty good grasp of the entire course and it would be helpful for me as well!! If any of the links are broken let me know!
please reblog & share, especially if you know you have high school followers who might be struggling!
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Topic Run-down For The Chemistry AP
The following outline for an AP Chemistry course is intended to be a guide to the level and breadth of treatment expected rather than to be a syllabus. The percentage after each major topic indicates the approximate proportion of multiple-choice questions on the exam that pertain to the topic.
Structure of Matter (20%)
States of Matter (20%)
Reactions (35-40%)
Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%)
Laboratory (5-10%)
Chemical Calculations
I. Structure of Matter (20%)
A. Atomic theory and atomic structure
Evidence for the atomic theory
Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means
Atomic number and mass number; isotopes
Electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals
Periodic relationships including, for example, atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation states
B. Chemical bonding
Binding forces
a. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces)
b. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matter
c. Polarity of bonds, electronegativities
Molecular models
a. Lewis structures
b. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds
c. VSEPR
Geometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure
C. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications
II. States of Matter (20%)
A. Gases
Laws of ideal gases
a. Equation of state for an ideal gas
b. Partial pressures
Kinetic-molecular theory
a. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory
b. Avogadro’s hypothesis and the mole concept
c. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature
d. Deviations from ideal gas laws
B. Liquids and solids
Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpoint
Phase diagrams of one-component systems
Changes of state, including critical points and triple points
Structure of solids; lattice energies
C. Solutions
Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility
Methods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.)
Raoult’s law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis
Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects)
III. Reactions (35-40%)
A. Reaction types
Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; amphoterism
Precipitation reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
a. Oxidation number
b. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction
c. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws; standard half-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions
B. Stoichiometry
Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equations
Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions
Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants
C. Equilibrium
Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chatelier’s principle; equilibrium constants
Quantitative treatment
a. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kc
b. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution
Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH
Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds
Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis
D. Kinetics
Concept of rate of reaction
Use of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate laws
Effect of temperature change on rates
Energy of activation; the role of catalysts
The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism
E. Thermodynamics
State functions
First law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hess’s law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry
Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes
Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials
IV. Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%)
Knowledge of specific facts of chemistry is essential for an understanding of principles and concepts. These descriptive facts, including the chemistry involved in environmental and societal issues, should not be isolated from the principles being studied but should be taught throughout the course to illustrate and illuminate the principles. The following areas should be covered:
A. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions
B. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements
C. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas.
V. Laboratory (5-10%)
The differences between college chemistry and the usual secondary school chemistry course are especially evident in the laboratory work. The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory: making observations of chemical reactions and substances; recording data; calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained; and communicating effectively the results of experimental work.
Colleges have reported that some AP candidates, while doing well on the exam, have been at a serious disadvantage because of inadequate laboratory experience. Meaningful laboratory work is important in fulfilling the requirements of a college-level course of a laboratory science and in preparing a student for sophomore-level chemistry courses in college.
Because chemistry professors at some institutions ask to see a record of the laboratory work done by an AP student before making a decision about granting credit, placement, or both, in the chemistry program, students should keep reports of their laboratory work that can be readily reviewed.
Chemical Calculations
The following list summarizes types of problems either explicitly or implicitly included in the topic outline. Attention should be given to significant figures, precision of measured values, and the use of logarithmic and exponential relationships. Critical analysis of the reasonableness of results is to be encouraged.
A. Percentage composition
B. Empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data
C. Molar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurements
D. Gas laws, including the ideal gas law, Dalton’s law, and Graham’s law
E. Stoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculations
F. Mole fractions; molar and molal solutions
G. Faraday’s law of electrolysis
H. Equilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibria
I. Standard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equation
J. Thermodynamic and thermochemical calculations
K. Kinetics calculations
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hey there! so I’m currently taking AP US History (which is basically the bane of my existence) and I wanted to share some of the resources I’ve been using!
What I Do
-flashcards flashcards flashcards! i personally use quizlet because i don’t have to make the flashcards myself (i’m lazy i know) and i can study just about anywhere using the app
-i never ever ever use the textbook. i know, strange, but i find textbooks super overwhelming. i completely depend on my review book because it takes so much less time to read and it has everything you need to know
Online Resources
website with notes, outlines, vocab, AND supreme court cases
this teachers website even though the formatting kills me (it has flashcards and review sheets)
also that same teachers youtube (the songs are catchy)
khan academy
videos of powerpoints (its kinda like Khan Academy but you can download the powerpoints!)
if you do HAVE to use the textbook, here’s most of The Enduring Vision and here’s The American Pageant (these are pdf’s so you have to download them)
Other Resources
-the internet is a magical place with lots of stuff! there are so so so many websites and things with notes and outlines!
-review books!! there’s the Amsco book my school uses, but i have friends who swear by the Princeton review book and the Barron’s review book
good luck guys and have fun :))
-samina
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ooo do you have any tips for ap calc and apush?
oh boy do ijk it’s been at least 2-3 years since i took ap classes but i sure do have some tips for you!
ap calc tips
it’s not that bad, just find as many old exams as you can and practice, practice, and practice! i know that it’s cliche, but the more you understand the format and the concepts that the ap calc wants, the easier the course will be!
heres an amazing derivative cheat sheet to help you study because derivatives and integrals are gonna be the biggest thing you need, my dude
here’s an amazing ap calculus guide / tutorial post
coping with math (math for people who aren’t good at math)
another cheat list of calculus
beyond that, i don’t really remember much about the ap calc exam, tbh?
i’d just say make sure you’re solid on terminology and stuff too!
apush tips
i nailed that thing, apush was easy af
know your dates
and for the essays and short answer stuff a lil cheat thing is to know enough information about either women (women’s events like suffrage or smth), a minority group, or something along those lines.
if you look at old exams, the prompts will always have something about these topics, so if you know enough information about them, just writing all the facts about the topics is enough that your argument doesn’t need much fleshing out bc ur bombarding them with sm information.
idk if that made any sense but it worked for me so idk lmao
apush crunch time masterpost
apush masterpost (her notes are so good, highly recommend)
apush resources
hope this helped! if you need anything else, just hmu and drop an ask in my inbox, love! xx
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66 Essay Transition Phrases-
To continue an idea:
Furthermore
Moreover
In addition
As well as this
What’s more
Additionally
Regarding this
The fact that [x] is so, shows that
To compare and contrast ideas:
In comparison
In contrast
Unlike [x], [y]…
Like with [x], [y]…
Similarly
Comparatively
In the same way
Another way of viewing this is
Yet
Still
Nevertheless
On one/the other hand
Conversely
Notwithstanding
In spite of this
However
Besides
Though/Although
On the contrary
Contrary to this
In order to list:
Firstly; Secondly; Thirdly; Finally
To begin with; In addition; In conclusion
These are the following:
These are as follows:
In order to introduce an example:
An example of this is (the fact that) (the following)
To illustrate this
This is exemplified by the fact that/to exemplify (this one seems a little bit weird, but I use it all the time in order to show an idea being strengthened within a lot of my English Literature essays)
For instance
For example
In this manner
In particular
Namely
[x] can be shown strongly/most clearly when…
To show that something causes something else:
As a result
Because of this (I wouldn’t use this one in very formal writing because formal writing tends to discourage the use of ‘because’ and ‘also’ at the start of your sentences)
Consequently
Hence (this can also be used in the middle of the sentence to explain why something is the way it is)
For this reason
The consequence of this is
To repeat an idea with more/as much detail:
To repeat
That is,
In other words
To be precise
To be exact
More precisely/exactly
To reiterate
To draw conclusions:
From this, I can extrapolate (most of the time, personal pronouns are not used in very formal writing, so ‘it can be extrapolated’ is good if you want to sound very sophisticated)
From this, it can be inferred that…
It is clear that from [x], [y] means…
This shows the reader/audience that…
This enables us to understand the fact that…
[x] shows us that [y] feels…
From this, it is clear that…
To make an overall conclusion:
In conclusion
In short
To summarise
In summary
To conclude
I hope this helps!
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